Alash Autonomy | |||||||||||||
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| 1917–1920 | |||||||||||||
 Seal | |||||||||||||
| Motto: Оян, Қазақ! Oian, Qazaq! Проснись, казах! Wake up, Kazakh! | |||||||||||||
| Anthem: «Оян, Қазақ!» "Oian, Qazaq!"[3] "Wake Up, Kazakh!" | |||||||||||||
 Alash autonomy in the summer of 1918. | |||||||||||||
| Status | Unrecognizedquasi-state ofRussia | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Alash-Qala | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Kazakh Russian | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam[4] | ||||||||||||
| Government | Provisional government | ||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
• 1917–1920 | Alikhan Bukeikhanov | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Russian Civil War | ||||||||||||
• Established | 13 December 1917 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 26 August 1920 | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Kazakhstan Russia | ||||||||||||
TheAlash Autonomy,[a] also known asAlash Orda,[b] was an unrecognizedKazakhproto-state located inCentral Asia and was part of theRussian Republic, and thenSoviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after theBolsheviks banned the rulingAlash party. The goal of the party was to obtainautonomy within Russia, and to form anationaldemocratic state. The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, theTurkestan Autonomy to the south, andChina to the east.
The use of the word Alash is widespread in Kazakh culture. Most commonly, Alash is the group of threejüzes, territorial andtribal divisions of Kazakhs. It means that the name of autonomy can be used as a synonym to Kazakh. The ruling party wanted autonomy to unite allTurkic people fromCentral Asia, however the idea failed, as after several negotiations, congresses became a scene to show the unity of the Turks rather than serious talks about pan-Turkism.
After almost a century of Russian colonialism and policies ofRussification, many Kazakhs began to openly support measures against the Russian state. In the 1870s and 80s, access to education was increasingly assured with the opening of schools and other educational institutions. Many of the future higher-up members of the Alash party were pupils during this period of time. In 1916, after the conscription of Muslims into the military for service in theEastern Front during World War I, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz peoplerose up against the Russian government, with uprisings lasting until February 1917.
The state was proclaimed during the Second All-Kazakh Congress, held atOrenburg from 5 to 13 December 1917OS (18 to 26 December 1917 NS), with a provisional government being established under the oversight ofAlikhan Bukeikhanov.[5] However, the nation's purported territory was still under thede facto control of the region's Russian-appointed governor,Vasily Balabanov, until 1919. In 1920, he fled the Russian Red Army for self-imposed exile in China, where he was recognised by the Chinese as Kazakhstan's legitimate ruler.[citation needed]
Following its proclamation in December 1917, Alash leaders established theAlash Orda, a Kazakh government which was aligned with theWhite Army and fought against theBolsheviks in theRussian Civil War. In 1919, when the White forces were losing, the Alash Autonomous government began negotiations with the Bolsheviks. By 1920, the Bolsheviks had defeated the White Russian forces in the region and occupied Kazakhstan. On 17 August 1920, the Soviet government established theKirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1925 changed its name toKazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, and finally toKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936.[6]
Alash Orda (Kazakh:Алаш Орда, "Alash Horde") was the name of the provisionalKazakhgovernment from 13 September 1917 to 1918. This provisional government consisted of twenty-five members: ten positions reserved for non-Kazakhs and fifteen for ethnic Kazakhs.[7] During their rule, the Alash Orda formed a special educational commission and established militia regiments as their armed forces. They issued a number of legislative resolutions.
Alongside the authority of the Alash Orda, independentBolshevik councils sprang up which opposed the body's rule and aligned themselves withVladimir Lenin in the brewingRussian Civil War. By 1919, the legitimate government of the Alash Autonomy had been effectively dismantled by Soviet forces, its territory being integrated into the nascentSoviet Union. On 17 August 1920, theKirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed by Lenin andMikhail Kalinin; this would eventually become theKazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and would remain the functioning authority in the region until thedissolution of the Soviet Union in the late-1980s.
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