Alan Greenspan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 13th Chairman of the Federal Reserve | |
| In office August 11, 1987 – January 31, 2006 | |
| President | |
| Deputy | |
| Preceded by | Paul Volcker |
| Succeeded by | Ben Bernanke |
| Member of theFederal Reserve Board of Governors | |
| In office August 11, 1987 – January 31, 2006 | |
| President |
|
| Preceded by | Paul Volcker |
| Succeeded by | Ben Bernanke |
| 10th Chairman of theCouncil of Economic Advisers | |
| In office September 4, 1974 – January 20, 1977 | |
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | Herbert Stein |
| Succeeded by | Charles Schultze |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1926-03-06)March 6, 1926 (age 99) New York City, U.S. |
| Party | Republican |
| Spouses | |
| Education | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Economics |
| Thesis | Papers on economic theory and policy (1977) |
Alan Greenspan (born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as the 13thchairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006. He worked as a private adviser and provided consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC.
First nominated to theFederal Reserve by PresidentRonald Reagan in August 1987, Greenspan was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position, behind onlyWilliam McChesney Martin.[1] PresidentGeorge W. Bush appointedBen Bernanke as his successor. Greenspan came to theFederal Reserve Board from a consulting career. Although he was subdued in his public appearances, favorable media coverage raised his profile to a point that several observers likened him to a "rock star".[2][3][4] Democratic leaders of Congress criticized him for politicizing his office because of his support forSocial Security privatization[5][6] and tax cuts.[7]
Many have argued that the"easy-money" policies of the Fed during Greenspan's tenure, including the practice known as the "Greenspan put", were a leading cause of thedot-com bubble andsubprime mortgage crisis (the latter occurring within a year of his leaving the Fed), which, saidThe Wall Street Journal, "tarnished his reputation".[8][9] Yale economistRobert Shiller argues that "once stocks fell, real estate became the primary outlet for the speculative frenzy that the stock market had unleashed".[10] Greenspan has argued that the housing bubble was not a result of low-interest short-term rates but rather a worldwide phenomenon caused by the progressive decline in long-term interest rates – a direct consequence of the relationship between high savings rates in the developing world and its inverse in the developed world.[11]
Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926, in theWashington Heights area of New York City. His father, Herbert Greenspan, was ofRomanian Jewish descent, and his mother, Rose Goldsmith, was ofHungarian Jewish descent.[12] After his parents divorced, Greenspan grew up with his mother in the household of his maternal grandparents who were born in Russia.[13] His father worked as a stockbroker and consultant in New York City.[14]
Greenspan attendedGeorge Washington High School from 1940 until he graduated in June 1943, where one of his classmates wasJohn Kemeny.[15] He played clarinet and saxophone along withStan Getz. He further studied clarinet at theJuilliard School from 1943 to 1944.[16] Among his bandmates in theWoody Herman band[17] wasLeonard Garment,Richard Nixon'sspecial counsel.[18] He reported to a draft board for potential military service inWorld War II and was rejected as medically unfit in 1944 due to a spot on his lung.[19] In 1945, Greenspan attendedNew York University's Stern School of Business, where he earned a B.A. degree in economicssumma cum laude in 1948[20] and anM.A. degree in economics in 1950.[21] AtColumbia University, he pursued advanced economic studies underArthur Burns but withdrew because of his increasing work demand at Townsend-Greenspan & Company.[22]
In 1977, Greenspan obtained a Ph.D. in economics from New York University. His dissertation is not available from the university[23] since it was removed at Greenspan's request in 1987, when he became chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. In April 2008, however,Barron's obtained a copy and notes that it includes "a discussion of soaring housing prices and their effect on consumer spending; it even anticipates a bursting housing bubble".[24]
During his economics studies at New York University, Greenspan worked under Eugene Banks, a managing director at theWall Street investment bankBrown Brothers Harriman, in the firm's equity research department.[25] From 1948 to 1953, Greenspan worked as an analyst at the National Industrial Conference Board (currently known asthe Conference Board), a business- and industry-orientedthink tank in New York City.[26]
From 1955 to 1987, Greenspan was chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co., Inc., an economics consulting firm in New York City. His 32-year stint there was interrupted only from 1974 to 1977, when he served as chairman of theCouncil of Economic Advisers, under PresidentGerald Ford.[27]
In mid-1968, Greenspan agreed to serve as Richard Nixon's coordinator on domestic policy in the nomination campaign.[28] Greenspan has also served as a corporate director forAluminum Company of America (Alcoa);Automatic Data Processing;Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.;General Foods;J.P. Morgan & Co.;Morgan Guaranty Trust Company;Mobil Corporation; and thePittston Company.[29][30] He was a director of theCouncil on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization between 1982 and 1988.[31] He also served as a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, theGroup of Thirty.[32]
| What I've learned at the Federal Reserve is a new language which is called "Fed-speak". You soon learn to mumble with great incoherence. |
| — Alan Greenspan[33] |
On June 2, 1987, PresidentRonald Reagan nominated Greenspan as a successor toPaul Volcker, as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, and theSenate confirmed him on August 11, 1987.[34] Investor, author and commentatorJim Rogers has said that Greenspan lobbied to get this chairmanship.[35]
Two months after his confirmation, Greenspan said immediately following the1987 stock market crash that the Fed "affirmed today its readiness to serve as a source of liquidity to support the economic and financial system".[36][37][38] Although the Federal Reserve followed its announcement with monetary policy actions, which became known as theGreenspan put,George H. W. Bush attributed his re-election loss to a sluggish response. Democratic presidentBill Clinton reappointed Greenspan, and consulted him on economic matters. Greenspan lent support to Clinton's 1993 deficit reduction program.[39] Greenspan was fundamentally amonetarist andAustrian Economist in orientation on the economy,[40] and his monetary policy decisions largely followed standardTaylor rule prescriptions (see Taylor 1993 and 1999). Greenspan also played a key role in organizing the U.S. bailout of Mexico during the 1994–1995Mexican peso crisis.[41]
In 2000, Greenspan raised interest rates several times; these actions were believed by many to have caused the bursting of thedot-com bubble. According toNobel laureatePaul Krugman, however, "he didn't raise interest rates to curb the market's enthusiasm; he didn't even seek to impose margin requirements on stock market investors. Instead, he waited until the bubble burst, as it did in 2000, then tried to clean up the mess afterward".[42] E. Ray Canterbery agrees with Krugman's criticism.[43]
In January 2001, Greenspan, in support of President Bush's proposed tax decrease, stated that the federal surplus could accommodate a significant tax cut while paying down the national debt.[44]
In autumn 2001, as a decisive reaction to theSeptember 11 attacks and various corporate scandals which undermined the economy, the Greenspan-led Federal Reserve initiated a series of interest cuts that brought down thefederal funds rate to 1% in 2004. While presenting theFederal Reserve's Monetary Policy Report in July 2002, he said that "It is not that humans have become any more greedy than in generations past. It is that the avenues to express greed had grown so enormously", and suggested that financial markets need to be more regulated.[45] His critics, led bySteve Forbes, attributed the rapid rise incommodity prices andgold to Greenspan's loose monetary policy, which Forbes believed had caused excessive asset inflation and a weak dollar. By late 2004, the price of gold was higher than its 12-year moving average.
Greenspan advised senior members of the George W. Bush administration to deposeSaddam Hussein for the sake of the oil markets.[46] He believed that even a moderate disruption to the flow of oil could translate into high oil prices,[47] which could lead to "chaos" in the global economy and bring the industrial world "to its knees".[48][49] He feared that Saddam could seize control of the Straits of Hormuz and restrict the transport of oil through them. In a 2007 interview, he said, "people do not realize in this country, for example, how tenuous our ties to international energy are. That is, we on a daily basis require continuous flow. If that flow is shut off, it causes catastrophic effects in the industrial world. And it's that which made him [Saddam] far more important to get out than bin Laden."[50]
On May 18, 2004, Greenspan was nominated by PresidentGeorge W. Bush to serve for an unprecedented fifth term as chairman of the Federal Reserve. He was previously appointed to the post by Presidents Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton.
In a May 2005 speech, Greenspan stated: "Two years ago at this conference I argued that the growing array ofderivatives and the related application of more-sophisticated methods for measuring and managing risks had been key factors underlying the remarkable resilience of the banking system, which had recently shrugged off severe shocks to the economy and the financial system. At the same time, I indicated some concerns about the risks associated with derivatives, including the risks posed by concentration in certain derivatives markets, notably theover-the-counter (OTC) markets for U.S. dollar interest rate options."[51]
Greenspan opposedtariffs against the People's Republic of China for its refusal tolet the yuan rise,[52] suggesting instead that any American workers displaced byChinese trade could be compensated through unemployment insurance and retraining programs.[53]
Greenspan's term as a member of the board ended on January 31, 2006, andBen Bernanke was confirmed as his successor.
As chairman of the board, Greenspan did not give any broadcast interviews from 1987 through 2005.[54]
Immediately after leaving the Fed, Greenspan formed aneconomic consulting firm, Greenspan Associates LLC.[55] He also accepted an honorary (unpaid) position atHM Treasury in the United Kingdom.
On February 26, 2007, Greenspan forecast a possiblerecession in the United States before or in early 2008.[56] Stabilizing corporate profits are said to have influenced his comments. The following day, theDow Jones Industrial Average decreased by 416 points, losing 3.3% of its value.[57]
In May 2007, Greenspan was hired as a special consultant byPacific Investment Management Company (PIMCO) to participate in their quarterly economic forums and speak privately with the bond managers about Fed interest rate policy.[58]
In August 2007,Deutsche Bank announced that it would be retaining Greenspan as a senior advisor to itsinvestment banking team and clients.[59]
In mid-January 2008,hedge fundPaulson & Co. hired Greenspan as an adviser. According to the terms of their agreement, he was not to advise any other hedge fund while working for Paulson. In 2007, Paulson had foreseen the collapse of the sub-prime housing market and hiredGoldman Sachs to package their sub-prime holdings into derivatives and sell them. Some economic commentators blamed this collapse on Greenspan's policies while at the Fed.[60][61]
On April 30, 2009, Greenspan offered a defense of theH-1B visa program, telling a U.S. Senate subcommittee that the visa quota is "far too small to meet the need" and saying that it protects U.S. workers from global competition, creating a "privileged elite". Testifying on immigration reform before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship, he said more skilled immigration was needed "as the economy copes with the forthcoming retirement wave of skilled baby boomers".[62]
Greenspan wrote a memoir titledThe Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World, published September 17, 2007.[63] Greenspan says that he wrote the book in longhand mostly while soaking in the bathtub, a habit he regularly employs since injuring his back in 1971.[64] Greenspan discusses in his book, among other things, his history in government and economics, capitalism and other economic systems, current issues in the global economy, and future issues that face the global economy. In the book, Greenspan criticizes President George W. Bush, Vice PresidentDick Cheney, and the Republican-controlled Congress for abandoning theRepublican Party's principles on spending and deficits. Greenspan's criticisms of President Bush include his refusal to veto spending bills, sending the country into increasingly deep deficits, and for "putting political imperatives ahead of sound economic policies".[65] Greenspan writes, "They swapped principle for power. They ended up with neither. They deserved to lose [the2006 election]".[66][67]
Greenspan praised Bill Clinton above all the other presidents for whom he'd worked for his "consistent, disciplined focus on long-term economic growth".[68] Although he respected what he saw asRichard Nixon's immense intelligence, Greenspan found him to be "sadly paranoid, misanthropic and cynical". He said ofGerald Ford that he "was as close to normal as you get in a president, but he was never elected".[67] Regarding future U.S. economic policy, Greenspan recommends improving the U.S. primary and secondary education systems. He asserts this would narrow the inequality between the minority of high-income earners and most workers whose wages have not grown in proportion withglobalization and the nation's GDP growth.[69]
| Objectivist movement |
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In the early 1950s, Greenspan began an association with novelist andObjectivist philosopherAyn Rand.[70] Greenspan was introduced to Rand by his first wife, Joan Mitchell. Rand nicknamed Greenspan "the undertaker" because of his penchant for dark clothing and reserved demeanor. Although Greenspan was initially alogical positivist,[71] he was converted to Rand's philosophy ofObjectivism by her associateNathaniel Branden. He became one of the members of Rand's inner circle,the Ayn Rand Collective, who readAtlas Shrugged while it was being written. During the 1950s and 1960s, Greenspan was a proponent of Objectivism, writing articles for Objectivist newsletters and contributing several essays for Rand's 1966 bookCapitalism: The Unknown Ideal including an essay supporting thegold standard.[72][73] During the 1960s, Greenspan offered a ten-lecture course, "The Economics of a Free Society", under the auspices of theNathaniel Branden Institute. The course highlighted the causes of prosperity and depression, the consequences of government intervention, and the fallacies of collectivist economics.[74] Rand stood beside him at his 1974 swearing-in as chairman of theCouncil of Economic Advisers.[75] Greenspan and Rand remained friends until her death in 1982.[70]
Greenspan has come under criticism fromHarry Binswanger,[76] who believes his actions while at work for the Federal Reserve and his publicly expressed opinions on other issues show abandonment of Objectivist andfree market principles. When questioned in relation to this, however, he has said that in a democratic society individuals have to make compromises with each other over conflicting ideas of how money should be handled. He said he himself had to make such compromises, because he believes that "we did extremely well" without a central bank and with agold standard.[77] In a congressional hearing on October 23, 2008, Greenspan admitted that his free-market ideology shunning certain regulations was flawed.[78] When asked about free markets and Rand's ideas, however, Greenspan clarified his stance onlaissez faire capitalism and asserted that in a democratic society there could be no better alternative. He stated that the errors that were made stemmed not from the principle, but from the application of competitive markets in "assuming what the nature of risks would be".[79]
Economist E. Ray Canterbery, a writer associated withpost-Keynesian[80]/Keynesian economics,[81] has argued that Greenspan’s association with Rand negatively influenced his policy.[82]
In the wake of thesubprime mortgage and credit crisis in 2007, Greenspan stated that there was abubble in the U.S. housing market, warning in 2007 of "large double digit declines" in home values "larger than most people expect".[83] Greenspan also noted, however, "I really didn't get it until very late in 2005 and 2006."[84]
Greenspan stated that the housing bubble was "fundamentally engendered by the decline in real long-term interest rates",[85] though he also claims that long-term interest rates are beyond the control of central banks because "the market value of global long-term securities is approaching $100 trillion" and thus these and other asset markets are large enough that they "now swamp the resources of central banks".[86]
After theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks, theFederal Open Market Committee voted to reduce thefederal funds rate from 3.5% to 3.0%.[87] Then, after theaccounting scandals of 2002, the Fed dropped the federal funds rate from then current 1.25% to 1.00%.[88] Greenspan stated that this drop in rates would have the effect of leading to a surge in home sales and refinancing, adding that "Besides sustaining the demand for new construction, mortgage markets have also been a powerful stabilizing force over the past two years of economic distress by facilitating the extraction of some of the equity that homeowners have built up over the years".[88]
According to some[who?], however, Greenspan's policies of adjusting interest rates to historic lows contributed to a housing bubble in the United States.[89] TheFederal Reserve acknowledged the connection between lower interest rates, higher home values, and the increased liquidity the higher home values bring to the overall economy: "Like other asset prices, house prices are influenced by interest rates, and in some countries, the housing market is a key channel of monetary policy transmission."[90]
In a February 23, 2004, speech,[91] Greenspan suggested that more homeowners should consider taking outadjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) where the interest rate adjusts itself to the current interest in the market.[92] The Fed's own funds rate was at a then all-time-low of 1%. A few months after his recommendation, Greenspan began raising interest rates, in a series of rate hikes that would bring the funds rate to 5.25% about two years later.[93] A triggering factor in thesubprime mortgage crisis is believed to be the many subprime ARMs that reset at much higher interest rates than what the borrower paid during the first few years of the mortgage.
In 2008, Greenspan expressed great frustration that the February 23 speech was used to criticize him on ARMs and thesubprime mortgage crisis, and stated that he had made countervailing comments eight days after it that praised traditional fixed-rate mortgages.[94] In that speech, Greenspan had suggested that lenders should offer to home purchasers a greater variety of "mortgage product alternatives" other than traditional fixed-rate mortgages.[91] Greenspan also praised the rise of the subprime mortgage industry and its tools for assessing credit-worthiness:
Innovation has brought about a multitude of new products, such as subprime loans and niche credit programs for immigrants. Such developments are representative of the market responses that have driven the financial services industry throughout the history of our country ... With these advances in technology, lenders have taken advantage of credit-scoring models and other techniques for efficiently extending credit to a broader spectrum of consumers. ... Where once more-marginal applicants would simply have been denied credit, lenders are now able to quite efficiently judge the risk posed by individual applicants and to price that risk appropriately. These improvements have led to rapid growth in subprime mortgage lending; indeed, today subprime mortgages account for roughly 10 percent of the number of all mortgages outstanding, up from just 1 or 2 percent in the early 1990s.[95]
Thesubprime mortgage industry collapsed in March 2007, with many of the largest lenders filing for bankruptcy protection in the face of spiraling foreclosure rates. For these reasons, Greenspan has been criticized for his role in the rise of the housing bubble and the subsequent problems in the mortgage industry,[96][97] as well as "engineering" the housing bubble itself.
In 2004,Businessweek magazine analysts argued: "It was the Federal Reserve-engineered decline in rates that inflated the housing bubble ... the most troublesome aspect of the price runup is that many recent buyers are squeezing into houses that they can barely afford by taking advantage of the lower rates available from adjustable-rate mortgages. That leaves them fully exposed to rising rates."[98]
In September 2008,Joseph Stiglitz stated that Greenspan "didn't really believe in regulation; when the excesses of the financial system were noted, (he and others) called for self-regulation—anoxymoron".[99] Greenspan, according toThe New York Times, says he himself is blameless.[100] On April 6, 2005, Greenspan called for a substantial increase in the regulation ofFannie Mae andFreddie Mac: "Appearing before theSenate Banking Committee, the Fed chairman, Alan Greenspan, said the enormous portfolios of the companies—nearly a quarter of the home-mortgage market—posed significant risks to the nation's financial system should either company face significant problems."[101] Despite this, Greenspan still claims to be a firm believer in free markets, although in his 2007 biography he wrote, "History has not dealt kindly with the aftermath of protracted periods of lowrisk premiums" as seen before the credit crisis of 2008.
In 2009,Robert Reich wrote that "Greenspan's worst move was to contribute to the giant housing bubble and the worst worldwide crash since theGreat Depression. In 2004 he lowered interest rates to 1%, enabling banks to borrow money for free, adjusted for inflation. Naturally, the banks wanted to borrow as much as they possibly could, then lend it out, earning nice profits. The situation screamed for government oversight of lending institutions, lest the banks lend to unfit borrowers. He refused, trusting the market to weed out bad credit risks. It did not."[102]
In congressional testimony on October 23, 2008, Greenspan finally conceded error on regulation.The New York Times wrote, "a humbled Mr. Greenspan admitted that he had put too much faith in the self-correcting power of free markets and had failed to anticipate the self-destructive power of wanton mortgage lending ... Mr. Greenspan refused to accept blame for the crisis but acknowledged that his belief in deregulation had been shaken". Although manyRepublican lawmakers tried to blame the housing bubble on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Greenspan placed far more blame on Wall Street for bundling subprime mortgages into securities.[103]
In March 2008, Greenspan wrote an article for theFinancial Times' Economists' Forum in which he said that the2008 financial crisis in the United States is likely to be judged as the most wrenching since the end ofWorld War II. In it he argued: "We will never be able to anticipate all discontinuities in financial markets." He concluded: "It is important, indeed crucial, that any reforms in, and adjustments to, the structure of markets and regulation not inhibit our most reliable and effective safeguards against cumulative economic failure: market flexibility and open competition." The article attracted a number of critical responses from forum contributors, who, finding causation between Greenspan's policies and the discontinuities in financial markets that followed, criticized Greenspan mainly for what many believed to be his unbalanced and immovable ideological suppositions about global capitalism and free competitive markets. Notable critics includedJ. Bradford DeLong,Paul Krugman,Alice Rivlin,Michael Hudson, andWillem Buiter.[104]
Greenspan responded to his critics in a follow-up article in which he defended his ideology as applied to his conceptual and policy framework, which, among other things, prohibited him from exerting real pressure against the burgeoning housing bubble or, in his words, "leaning against the wind". Greenspan argued, "My view of the range of dispersion of outcomes has been shaken, but not my judgment that free competitive markets are by far the unrivaled way to organize economies". He concluded: "We have tried regulation ranging from heavy to central planning. None meaningfully worked. Do we wish to retest the evidence?"[105]Financial Times associate editor and chief economics commentatorMartin Wolf defended Greenspan primarily as a scapegoat for the market turmoil. Several notable contributors in defense of Greenspan includedStephen S. Roach,Allan Meltzer, and Robert Brusca.[106][failed verification]
However, an October 15, 2008, article inThe Washington Post analyzing the origins of the economic crisis claims that Greenspan vehemently opposed any regulation ofderivatives, and actively sought to undermine the office of theCommodity Futures Trading Commission when the commission sought to initiate regulation of derivatives. Meanwhile, Greenspan recommended improving mark-to-market regulations to avoid having derivatives or other complex assets marked to a distressed or illiquid market during times of material adverse conditions seen during the late 2000s credit crisis.[107]
Greenspan was not alone in his opposition to derivatives regulation. In a 1999 government report that was a key driver in the passage of theCommodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000—legislation that clarified that mostover-the-counter derivatives were outside the regulatory authority of any government agency—Greenspan was joined by Treasury SecretaryLawrence Summers,Securities and Exchange Commission ChairmanArthur Levitt, and Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chairman William Ranier in concluding that "under many circumstances, the trading of financial derivatives by eligible swap participants should be excluded from the CEA" (Commodity Exchange Act). Other government agencies also supported that view.[108]
In Congressional testimony on October 23, 2008, Greenspan acknowledged that he was "partially" wrong in opposing regulation and stated "Those of us who have looked to the self-interest of lending institutions to protect shareholder's equity—myself especially—are in a state of shocked disbelief."[109][110] Referring to his free-market ideology, Greenspan said: "I have found a flaw. I don't know how significant or permanent it is. But I have been very distressed by that fact." When RepresentativeHenry Waxman (D-CA) pressed him to clarify his words. "In other words, you found that your view of the world, your ideology, was not right, it was not working," Waxman said. "Absolutely, precisely", Greenspan replied. "You know, that's precisely the reason I was shocked, because I have been going for 40 years or more with very considerable evidence that it was working exceptionally well."[111] Greenspan admitted fault[112] in opposing regulation of derivatives and acknowledged that financial institutions didn't protect shareholders and investments as well as he expected.
Matt Taibbi described theGreenspan put and its bad consequences saying: "every time the banks blew up a speculative bubble, they could go back to the Fed and borrow money at zero or one or two percent, and then start the game all over", thereby making it "almost impossible" for the banks to lose money.[113] He also called Greenspan a "classiccon man" who, through political savvy, "flattered and bullshitted his way up theMatterhorn of American power and ... jacked himself off to the attention of Wall Street for 20 consecutive years".[114]
In the documentary filmInside Job, Greenspan is cited as one of the persons responsible for the2008 financial crisis. He is also named inTime magazine as one of the "25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis".[115]
Greenspan describes himself as a "lifelonglibertarian Republican".[67] Somefree-market critics argue that Greenspan abandoned his libertarian ideals asFederal Reserve Chair. Greenspan was once a proponent ofsound money andlimited government but later backed policies that countered these principles such as prolonged artificially low interest rates.[116][117][page needed] Critics argue that these policies contributed toasset bubbles andmoral hazard.[118][119]
In March 2005, in reaction to Greenspan's support of PresidentGeorge W. Bush's plan topartially privatizeSocial Security, then-Democratic Senate Minority LeaderHarry Reid attacked Greenspan as "one of the biggest political hacks we have in Washington"[5][6] and criticized him for supporting Bush's 2001 tax cut plan.[7] Then-Democratic House Minority LeaderNancy Pelosi added that there were serious questions about the Fed's independence as a result of Greenspan's public statements.[120] Greenspan also received criticism from Democratic CongressmanBarney Frank and others for supporting Bush's Social Security plans favoring private accounts.[121][122][123] Greenspan had said Bush's model has "the seeds of developing full funding by its very nature. As I've said before, I've always supported moves to full funding in the context of a private account".[124]
Others, like Republican SenatorMitch McConnell, disagreed that Greenspan was too deferential to Bush, stating that Greenspan "has been an independent player at the Fed for a long time under both parties and made an enormous positive contribution".[125]
Economist Paul Krugman wrote that Greenspan was a "three-card maestro" with a "lack of sincerity" who, "by repeatedly shilling for whatever the Bush administration wants, has betrayed the trust placed in the Fed chairman".[126]
Republican SenatorJim Bunning, who opposed Greenspan's fifth reconfirmation, charged that Greenspan should comment only on monetary policy, not fiscal policy.[127][128] Greenspan had used his position as Fed chairman to comment upon fiscal policy as early as 1993, however, when he supportedPresident Clinton's deficit reduction plan, which included tax increases and budget cuts.[129]
In an October 2011 lecture addressing theOccupy movement,[130]Noam Chomsky characterized portions of Greenspan's February 1997 testimony to the U.S. Senate as an example of the self-serving attitudes of the so-called 1%. In that testimony, Greenspan had stated that growing worker insecurity is a significant factor keeping inflation and inflation expectation low, thereby promoting long-term investment.[131]
He celebrated a marriage to artist Joan Mitchell in October 1952,[132] but this was declaredinvalid (not a legally completed marriage) 10 months later.[133] He dated newswomanBarbara Walters in the late 1970s.[134]
In December 1984, Greenspan began dating journalistAndrea Mitchell.[135] Greenspan at the time was 58 and Mitchell was 38. In April 1997, they were married by Supreme Court JusticeRuth Bader Ginsburg.[136] Because of the annulment, the marriage to Mitchell is legally considered his first marriage.[citation needed]
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Presidential Medal of Freedom The highest civilian award in the United States, by President George W. Bush in November 2005.[137]
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service January 23, 2006.[138][139]
Commander of the Legion of Honour (France) 2000._Ribbon.png)
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom) 2002.[140][141]In 1976, Greenspan received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually byJefferson Awards.[142]
In 1989, Greenspan was elected as afellow of the American Statistical Association.[143]
Greenspan was elected to theAmerican Philosophical Society in 2000.[144]
On September 26, 2002, Greenspan received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II.[145]
In 2004, Greenspan received the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service, from Eisenhower Fellowships. In 2005, he became the first recipient of the Harry S. Truman Medal for Economic Policy, presented by the Harry S. Truman Library Institute. In 2007, Greenspan was the recipient of the inaugural Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Citizen Leadership, presented by theUniversity of Virginia.
On April 19, 2012, Greenspan received theEugene J. Keogh Award for Distinguished Public Service from NYU.[146]
| Location | Date | School | Degree | Gave Commencement Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Indiana | May 21, 1995 | University of Notre Dame | Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[147] | |
 Pennsylvania | 1998 | University of Pennsylvania | Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[148] | |
 Massachusetts | June 10, 1999 | Harvard University | Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[149] | Yes[150] |
 Connecticut | 1999 | Yale University | Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[151] | |
 Scotland | 2005 | University of Edinburgh | Doctorate[152] | |
 New York | December 14, 2005 | New York University | Doctor of Commercial Science[153] |
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Judy, you understand, I hope, that I'm not a big Greenspan fan -- Alan Greenspan fan. I voted against him the last two times. I think he's one of the biggest political hacks we have in Washington. The fact of the matter is, he told us when we were in power and Clinton was president the biggest problem facing the American people was the deficit. And we did something about it. We, during the Clinton years, paid down the debt by about a half a trillion dollars. Why doesn't he respond to the Republicans and tell them the big problem here is the debt that this administration is created?
Once stocks fell, real estate became the primary outlet for the speculative frenzy that the stock market had unleashed. Where else could plungers apply their newly acquired trading talents? The materialistic display of the big house also has become a salve to bruised egos of disappointed stock investors. These days, the only thing that comes close to real estate as a national obsession is poker.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Mr Greenspan said it was clear to him that Saddam Hussein had wanted to control the Straits of Hormuz and so control Middle East oil shipments through the vital route out of the Gulf. He said that had Saddam been able to do that it would have been "devastating to the west"
My friends, I will have an energy policy that we will be talking about, which will eliminate our dependence on oil from the Middle East that will prevent us from having ever to send our young men and women into conflict again in the Middle East
Miss Rand first persuaded Mr. Greenspan to go into Government, as an economic adviser to President Nixon. She said he could help curb spending and move government 'toward reason as a last resort.' 'When I met Ayn Rand, I was a free enterpriser in the Adam Smith sense - impressed with the theoretical structure and efficiency of markets,' Mr. Greenspan said in 1974. 'What she did - through long discussions and lots of arguments into the night - was to make me think why capitalism is not only efficient and practical, but also moral.'
said he was "partially" wrong to resist regulation of some securities
If we have promised more than our economy has the ability to deliver to retirees without unduly diminishing real income gains of workers, as I fear we may have, we must recalibrate our public programs so that pending retirees have time to adjust through other channels...
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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| Preceded by | Chairman of theCouncil of Economic Advisers 1974–1977 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of theFederal Reserve Board of Governors 1987–2006 | Succeeded by |
| Chairman of the Federal Reserve 1987–2006 | ||
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