33°18′35.54″N86°44′23.31″W / 33.3098722°N 86.7398083°W /33.3098722; -86.7398083
| Alabama's 6th congressional district | |
|---|---|
.svg)  Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2025 | |
| Representative | |
| Area | 4,649 mi2 (12,040 km2) |
| Distribution |
|
| Population (2024) | 728,184[2] |
| Median household income | $86,712[3] |
| Ethnicity |
|
| Occupation |
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| Cook PVI | R+20[4] |
Alabama's 6th congressional district is a United Statescongressional district inAlabama that elects a representative to theUnited States House of Representatives. It is composed of the wealthier portions ofBirmingham, nearly all ofJefferson County outside Birmingham and the entirety ofAutauga,Bibb,Chilton,Coosa,Elmore, andShelby counties.[5] It is the richest congressional district in the state ofAlabama.[6]
It is currently represented byRepublicanGary Palmer.
Once encompassing all ofBirmingham andJefferson County, Alabama's 6th congressional district is now the suburban Birmingham-area district, with nearly all of the urban precincts having been removed since 1992. Due to a continual process of redistricting since the 1990s, the 6th district has taken on an increasingly unusual shape (typical ofgerrymandered districts); it has included all of Jefferson County except for a long gash where most of Birmingham itself has been drawn into the neighboring majority-black7th district.
The demography of the district consists mostly of middle and upper middle-class white-collar white families whose adults work in Birmingham. Increasingly, the population of the Birmingham districts has become racially and politically polarized. Since the 1960s, most wealthierwhites moved from the city to the suburbs, settling in newer housing in suburban Jefferson County and nearby Shelby County. TheAfrican American population of the region has remained largely in more urban areas, even as the upper-class live in income-related neighborhoods. Since assuming its present configuration in 1993, it has become one of the most Republican districts in the country. In 2004 it voted 78% for RepublicanGeorge W. Bush in thepresidential election (in keeping with the current proportion of white majority of its population).John McCain swept the district in2008, taking 75.91% of the vote whileBarack Obama received 23.28%. The district's Republican bent is no less pronounced at the congressional level. Since it assumed its current configuration after the 1990 census, a Democrat has only won as much as 30 percent of the vote twice.
Birmingham was once the vanguard district for steel production and metalworking in the South, but restructuring of heavy industries hollowed out the economy of the city, taking many jobs with it. The economy of the 6th district since the late 20th century has centered on the banking industry (Birmingham is the second-largest banking area in the South) and health care/medical research. Voters are socially conservative; however,fiscal conservatism is the most salient feature of this district.
Alabama's 6th congressional district was originally created in 1843. It encompassed the northeastern portion of Alabama, approximately the modern counties ofDeKalb,Jackson,Madison,Marshall,Etowah,St. Clair,Blount andCullman.
The district had a population of 66,111 as of the 1840 U.S. census, which made it the second least populous district in Alabama.[7] Neither Cullman County nor Etowah County existed at the time, so only the eastern portion of what today is Cullman County was in the district. In the case of St. Clair County, it appears that only about half of St. Clair County in 1843 was in the district. The district was redrawn in 1855. This was done in time for the election of representatives to the34th Congress which was held August 6, 1855. The new boundaries putCherokee County in the 6th district and removed St. Clair County. These boundaries remained in place until theCivil War.
When Alabama again elected representatives to the U.S. Congress in 1868 for the halfway completed40th Congress, the 6th district consisted of northwestern Alabama. The only county remaining in the district from before was Blount County. It also encompassedJefferson,Marion,Walker,Morgan,Limestone,Franklin,Lauderdale andWinston counties. Colbert County did not exist at the time, but was part of Franklin County. This was one of the areas of Alabama where the Democrats soonest regained control after the Civil War.
In 1876, the 6th district was redrawn again. The sixth-most northern counties (includingColbert County which now existed) were transferred to the new Alabama 8th Congressional district, while the six counties southwestward from Jefferson County were transferred to the 6th district. This set of boundaries only existed for one election. By the time of the 1878 election, Cullman County had been formed. It was in the 6th district, but Blount County was moved to the 8th district. The boundaries did not exactly correspond to county lines at that time, and with another change in county boundaries by 1880 even more area in the general vicinity of Blount County was moved to the 7th district. This process was continued in 1884 with the removal of Cullman County from the district.
1892 saw more changes in the boundaries of the 6th district. Winston County was moved to the 7th district. At the same time, Jefferson County was placed in the new 9th district. By this time the 6th district consisted of west central Alabama. In the 1892 election, there were about 22,000 votes cast in the 6th district as opposed to 30,000 cast in the 9th district.[8]
In 1902,Perry County and some other areas in the southern portion of Alabama's 9th Congressional District were transferred to the 6th District. The state legislature did not redistrict for several decades, resulting in urban and industrial areas being under-represented in congressional and state districts. It was forced to redistrict after a 1972 Supreme Court case based on the principle ofone man-one vote.
For the119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following the Supreme Court's decision inAllen v. Milligan), the district contains all or portions of the following counties and communities.[9]
Bibb County(5)
Coosa County(11)
Elmore County(12)
Jefferson County(22)
Shelby County(28)
The following chart shows the results of recent federal and statewide races in the 6th district.[10]
| Year | Office | Winner | D % | R % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | President | Mitt Romney (R) | 24.6% | 74.3% |
| 2016 | President | Donald Trump (R) | 25.8% | 69.6% |
| Senate | Richard Shelby (R) | 27.0% | 72.8% | |
| 2017 | Senate (special) | Roy Moore (R) | 44.9% | 52.7% |
| 2018 | Governor | Kay Ivey (R) | 35.4% | 64.5% |
| Lieutenant Governor | Will Ainsworth (R) | 31.6% | 68.4% | |
| Attorney General | Steve Marshall (R) | 34.2% | 65.8% | |
| 2020 | President | Donald Trump (R) | 31.5% | 66.8% |
| Senate | Tommy Tuberville (R) | 34.6% | 65.2% | |
| Redistricted for the 2022 cycle | ||||
| 2022 | Senate | Katie Britt (R) | 29.1% | 67.5% |
| Governor | Kay Ivey (R) | 26.7% | 68.0% | |
| Secretary of State | Wes Allen (R) | 29.1% | 67.4% | |
| Attorney General | Steve Marshall (R) | 30.4% | 69.5% | |
| Redistricted for the 2024 cycle | ||||
| 2024 | President | Donald Trump (R) | 29.7% | 68.6% |
These are the results from the previous twelve election cycles in Alabama's 6th district.[11]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Spencer Bachus (incumbent) | 178,171 | 89.83 | |
| Libertarian | J. Holden McAllister | 19,639 | 9.90 | |
| Write-in | 536 | 0.27 | ||
| Total votes | 198,346 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Spencer Bachus (incumbent) | 264,819 | 98.80 | |
| Write-in | 3,224 | 1.20 | ||
| Total votes | 268,043 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Spencer Bachus (incumbent) | 163,514 | 98.32 | |
| Write-in | 2,786 | 1.68 | ||
| Total votes | 166,300 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Spencer Bachus (incumbent) | 280,902 | 97.79% | |
| Write-in | 6,335 | 2.21% | ||
| Total votes | 287,237 | 100% | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Spencer Bachus (incumbent) | 205,288 | 98.05 | |
| Write-in | 4,076 | 1.95 | ||
| Total votes | 209,364 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Spencer Bachus (incumbent) | 219,262 | 71.17 | |
| Democratic | Penny Hudgins Bailey | 88,267 | 28.65 | |
| Write-in | 573 | 0.19 | ||
| Total votes | 308,102 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Gary Palmer | 135,945 | 76.18 | |
| Democratic | Mark Lester | 42,291 | 23.70 | |
| Write-in | 213 | 0.12 | ||
| Total votes | 178,449 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Gary Palmer (incumbent) | 245,313 | 74.49 | |
| Democratic | David Putman | 83,709 | 25.42 | |
| Write-in | 284 | 0.09 | ||
| Total votes | 329,306 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Gary Palmer (incumbent) | 192,542 | 69.18 | |
| Democratic | Danner Kline | 85,644 | 30.77 | |
| Write-in | 142 | 0.05 | ||
| Total votes | 278,328 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Gary Palmer (incumbent) | 274,160 | 97.13 | |
| Write-in | 8,101 | 2.87 | ||
| Total votes | 282,261 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Gary Palmer (incumbent) | 154,058 | 83.73 | |
| Libertarian | Andria Chieffo | 27,792 | 15.11 | |
| Write-in | 2,135 | 1.16 | ||
| Total votes | 183,985 | 100.00 | ||
| Republicanhold | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Gary Palmer (incumbent) | 243,741 | 70.32 | ||
| Democratic | Elizabeth Anderson | 102,504 | 29.57 | ||
| Write-in | 380 | 0.11 | |||
| Total votes | 346,625 | 100.00 | |||
| Republicanhold | |||||
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