 | |
Native name | شبكة الجزيرة الإعلامية |
|---|---|
| Company type | Private foundation forpublic benefit |
| Industry | Mass media |
| Founded | 1 November 1996; 28 years ago (1996-11-01) |
| Founder | Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani |
| Headquarters | Qatar Radio and Television Corporation Complex, Wadi Al Sail, Doha ,Qatar |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people |
|
| Products | News broadcasting,web portal |
Number of employees | 3,000 |
| Subsidiaries | |
| Website | network |
| Footnotes / references [2][3][4][5][6][7] | |
Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN;Arabic:الجزيرة,romanized: Al-Jazīrah[æl(d)ʒæˈziːrɐ],lit. 'The Island'or 'ThePeninsula') is a private-mediaconglomerate headquartered inWadi Al Sail,Doha,[3][4] funded in part by the government ofQatar. The network's flagship channels includeAl Jazeera Arabic andAl Jazeera English, which provide coverage of regional and international news, along with analysis, documentaries, and talk shows. In addition to its television channels, Al Jazeera has expanded its digital presence with platforms such asAJ+, catering to younger audiences with formats and content tailored for online consumption. Al Jazeera broadcasts in over 150 countries and territories, and has a large global audience of over 430 million people.[8]
Originally conceived as a satellite TV channel delivering Arabic news andcurrent affairs, it has since evolved into a multifaceted media network encompassing various platforms such as online, specializedtelevision channels in numerous languages, and more. The network's news operation currently has 70bureaus around the world that are shared between the network's channels and operations, making it one of the largest collections of bureaus among media companies globally.[7]
AJMN receives public funding from the Qatar government. While critics often view Al Jazeera Arabic as being influenced byQatar’s foreign policy, Al Jazeera English is seen as editorially independent.[9] The network has often been targeted by foreign governments upset with its reporting.[10][11][12] During theQatar diplomatic crisis, several Arab countries severed diplomatic ties with Qatar and imposed a blockade. One of their demands was the closure of Al Jazeera.[13] Other media networks have spoken out against this demand.[14]
The original Al Jazeera Satellite Channel (then called JSC or Jazeera Satellite Channel) was launched on 1 November 1996.[15] The creation of the new Arabic news network followed the closure of the firstBBC Arabic language television station, then a joint venture withOrbit Communications Company, owned by Saudi KingFahd's cousin,Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud. The BBC channel had closed after a year and a half when the Saudi government attempted to thwart a documentary pertaining toexecutions under sharia law.[16]
The founder of Al Jazeera News Network isHamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani theEmir of that State of Qatar and head of theAl Thani Qatari Royal Family.[17] TheEmir of Qatar, SheikhHamad bin Khalifa, provided a loan ofQAR 500 million ($137 million) to sustain Al Jazeera through its first five years, asHugh Miles detailed in his bookAl Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That Is Challenging the West.
Al Jazeera's first day on air was 1 November 1996. It offered six hours of programming per day which would increase to12 hours by the end of 1997. It was broadcast to the immediate neighborhood as a terrestrial signal, and on cable, as well as through satellites (which was also free to users in the Arab world). 1 January 1999 was Al Jazeera's first day of24-hour broadcasting.[18] Employment had more than tripled in one year to 500 employees, and the agency had bureaus at a dozen sites as far as EU andRussia. Its annual budget was estimated at $25 million at the time.
Al Jazeera covered theArab spring more than any other news outlets and had a significant role in spreading theArab uprising.[19] Al Jazeera was the leading media spreading the news about unrest in a small city inTunisia throughout the Middle East in 2011.[20]
People in the Middle East have heavily relied on Al Jazeera to obtain news about their regions and the world even more thanYouTube andGoogle.[20]Hillary Clinton, who at the time of theArab Spring was theU.S. Secretary of State stated that Al Jazeera "has been the leader in that [it is] literally changing people’s minds and attitudes. And like it or hate it, it is really effective."[20]
The news of unrest in the Arab states was broadcast by Al Jazeera in Arabic for theArab world as well as in English for the audiences from the rest of the world.[19]
In Tunisia, theBen Ali regime banned Al Jazeera from operating in the country, but with the help ofFacebook users inside Tunisia, Al Jazeera was able to access reports from the events such as protests and government crackdowns that were taking place inside the country.[19] The intensive media coverage of people's uprising against their leaders by Al Jazeera mobilized more people from other parts of the country to join the revolution.[19]
The population in other Arab countries such asBahrain,Egypt,Yemen,Libya,Syria also mobilized against their governments influenced by the Tunisian's successful revolt which was extensively covered by Al Jazeera inArabic.[19] The international opinion also came to support the Arab movements in theMiddle East since Al Jazeera English covered and reported governmental human right abuses against political activists and even ordinary citizens in theMiddle East.[19]
Al Jazeera restructured its operations to form a network that contains all their different channels.Wadah Khanfar, then the managing director of the Arabic Channel, was appointed as the Director-General of the Al Jazeera Network. He also acted as the managing director of the Arabic channel. Khanfar resigned on 20 September 2011, proclaiming that he had achieved his original goals and that eight years was enough time for any leader of an organization, in an interview aired on Aljazeera English.
On 26 November 2009, Al Jazeera English received approval from the CRTC, which enables Al Jazeera English to broadcast via satellite in Canada.[21]
In 2011, in accordance with the renaming of the corporation, Al Jazeera Media Network was legally re-designated from a "public institution to a 'private institution of public utility'"; however, it was unknown how this would affect editorial management and funding.[22][23] The network is also funded through its television contracts and revenue from its sports division.
Al Jazeera Arabic was launched on November 1, 1996, by the government of Qatar. The channel was established after BBC Arabic Television shut down due to censorship disagreements with its Saudi partner. Many former BBC Arabic journalists joined Al Jazeera, bringing Western-style investigative journalism to the Arab world.[24]
Noted for its journalistic professionalism, especially when contrasted with other Arab news organizations,[25] Al Jazeera gained popularity in the Arab world as an alternative to the previous landscape of largely local state-owned broadcasters,[26] with its early coverage being openly critical of autocratic leaders in the region, as well as hosting a wide range of viewpoints,[27] gaining credibility through its extensive frontline coverage of theSecond Intifada and theIraq War.[28] Al Jazeera Arabic is editorially independent fromAl Jazeera English.[29][30][27] While the news network insists on it's editorial independence the network is widely seen by foreign governments as a soft power tool for Qatar.[31]
Al Jazeera English (AJE) was launched on November 15, 2006, as the English-language counterpart toAl Jazeera Arabic. It positions itself as an alternative media platform to the dominance of Western media outlets likeCNN andBBC, focusing on narrative reporting where subjects present their own stories.[32] Al Jazeera is known for its in-depth and frontline reporting particularly in conflict zones[33][34] such as theArab Spring, theGaza–Israel conflict and others.[35][36][34][37] Al Jazeera's coverage of the Arab Spring won the network numerous awards, including thePeabody Award.[33][38]
In 2001, Al Jazeera stood as the sole international news network broadcasting from Kabul, Afghanistan. Following the events of 9/11, there was a notable surge in demand for an English-language version of Al Jazeera. Consequently, the network began considering the establishment of an English-language service.
In late 2002, the director of marketing of Al Jazeera, Ali Mohamed Kama began to push a "repositioning" of Al Jazeera, "accompanied by the introduction of English subtitles and dubbing of broadcast into English."[39]
In 2003, Al Jazeera hired its first English-language journalists, among whom wasAfshin Rattansi,[40] from the BBC'sToday programme.
In March 2003, it launched an English-language website[41] (seebelow). The name of the website was "Al Jazeera Net"; it was launched by younger journalists. The site published various stories covered by the network, but it did not depend on Arabic-language channels and websites. The website aimed to connect to the Western audience, cooperate with BBC, and be "a global citizen's home page."
However, twelve hours after the launch of the website, "Al Jazeera Net" was kept offline due to manydenial of service attacks. Over twenty-four hours later, "Al Jazeera Net" came back online however, Freedom Cyber Force Militia hacked the website to redirect web browsers to a picture of theAmerican flag with a slogan saying "Let Freedom Ring". "Al Jazeera Net" was then unable to be securely hosted because three of Al Jazeera's web providers, Horizons Media, Information Services, and Akamai Technologies canceled the contract. Also in March, Yahoo and AOL stopped advertising contracts with Al Jazeera. Therefore, the English-translated website was put off later in 2003.[42]
On 4 July 2005 Al Jazeera officially announced plans to launch a new English-language satellite service to be calledAl Jazeera International.[43] The new channel started at 12hGMT on 15 November 2006 under the nameAl Jazeera English and launched with broadcast centers inDoha (next to the original Al Jazeera headquarters and broadcast center), London,Kuala Lumpur andWashington D.C. Initially, 12 hours of news a day were broadcast from Doha, and the rest of the day's output was split equally between London, Kuala Lumpur, and Washington D.C. Among its staff were journalists hired fromABC'sNightline and other top news outfits. Josh Rushing,[44] a former media handler forCENTCOM during theIraq war, agreed to provide commentary;David Frost was also on board.[45][46]
The new English-language venture faced considerable regulatory and commercial hurdles in the North American market for its perceived sympathy with extremist causes.[47][48][49] The channel eventually secured carriage on a small number of cable systems in the United States, including one in Washington, D.C.[50]
In February 2011, theSavings Deposit Insurance Fund of Turkey putCine5 up for sale[51] after the channel was confiscated when the owner Erol Aksoy went in debt and became bankrupt.[52] Al Jazeera made a bid for the network[53] and acquired it for $40.5 million after an unsuccessful $21 million bid.[54] Al Jazeera then renamed the channel and worked on launching a Turkish language Al Jazeera operation.[55]
In April 2012, there were reports of the channel being delayed over its refusal to call theKurdistan Workers Party (PKK) asterrorists, despite it beingdesignated as a terrorist organization by many countries and supranational organisations including but not limited toTurkey, theUnited States, theEU,NATO,Israel, theUnited Kingdom, citing journalistic standards. TheForeign Ministry, who advocated the project, became at odds with the channel. Vural Ak, a major Turkish investor, withdrew from the partnership with Al Jazeera. Nuh Yilmaz, head of Al Jazeera's Turkish editorial team, also resigned.[56]
In 2013 they announced the creation of Al Jazeera Türk, a version of Al Jazeera in theTurkish language(s), stationed in Istanbul, and catering to and broadcasting around Turkey. On January 22, 2014, Al Jazeera Türk's website was launched with news content. The move made Al Jazeera Türk the first 24-hour news operation to go digital before broadcast.[57] The channel was under construction with plans to launch towards the end of 2014. Construction and indoor works were underway at the upcoming channel's building in Topkapı, İstanbul.[58] The website shut down in 2017 without the channel being launched.[59][60]
Al Jazeera America was an American version of Al Jazeera English. The channel launched on 20 August 2013 exclusively on cable and satellite systems in theUnited States.[citation needed]
On 2 January 2013, Al Jazeera Media Network announced that it purchasedCurrent TV from its foundersAl Gore,Joel Hyatt, andRonald Burkle, in the United States and would be launching an American news channel. Originally 60% of the channel's programming would be produced in America while 40% would be from Al Jazeera English, which later changed to almost all the content being U.S. originated.
Though Current TV had large distribution throughout the United States on cable and satellite TV, it averaged only 28,000 viewers at any time.[61] The acquisition of Current TV by Al Jazeera allowedTime Warner Cable to drop the network due to its low ratings, but released a statement saying that they would consider carrying the channel after they evaluated whether it made sense for their customers.[62][63][64][65][66] The channel was later added to Time Warner andBright House Networks lineups after a new carriage deal was agreed upon.
On January 13, 2016, Al Jazeera America CEO Al Anstey announced that the network would cease operations on April 12, 2016, citing the "economic landscape".[67] The Al Jazeera English news channel became available digitally in the US in September, 2016.[68]
Al Jazeera Media Network also has a digital online-only news channelAJ+. The channel is an online and mobile-only news channel primarily found on various social media networks andYouTube and operated by Al Jazeera New Media out ofWashington, D.C. (previouslySan Francisco, California). The channel consists of mostly On Demand content. It soft-launched on 13 June 2014 with a new webpage,Facebook page and videos onYouTube. The full channel launched with an app on 15 September 2014.[69] There are alsoArabic andSpanish language versions of the channel.
In 2004 Al Jazeera expanded into the world of sports with the establishment ofAl Jazeera Sport (now known asbeIN Sports) and the building of 8 Arabic language specialty sports channels.
On 1 January 2014, Al Jazeera Sport was renamed tobeIN Sports after it along with all of the organisation's non-news andcurrent affairs assets werespun off andprivatised intobeIN Media Group; the channels were legally spun off to have consistency with all the Network's sports properties[clarification needed]. According toKate O'Brian, President of Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera Sport revenue helped fund the network when it was in operation similar to howBBC Worldwide helps fund the BBC.[citation needed]
On September 9, 2005, Al Jazeera established a children's division with the launch ofAl Jazeera Children's Channel (since 2013 it was known as JeemTV). The channel targets an audience of 7 to 15-year-olds and broadcasts 24 hours a day.[citation needed]
On January 16, 2009,Baraem launched, the channel targets an audience of three to seven-year-olds and broadcasts 17 hours a day (6 am to 11 pm Doha time).[citation needed]
On April 1, 2016, both JeemTV and Baraem were acquired bybeIN Media Group and were made part ofbeIN Channels Network. Since then, as a result, the channels were no longer free to view and made exclusive to beIN Channels Network.[citation needed]
The network operatesAljazeera.com which is the main website for theAl Jazeera English,Al Jazeera Balkans and the formerAl Jazeera America web sites. For its Arabic language properties, it has Aljazeera.net. and for its Turkish properties Aljazeera.tr.
On January 1, 2018, Al Jazeera launched aMandarin-language news website becoming the first Middle Eastern news provider to target the Chinese audience. The staff of the project is in contact with their audience via Chinese social media likeWeibo, Meipai and WeChat.[70]
In 2017, the network launched a podcasting network called Jetty. Later renamed Al Jazeera Podcasts, the network is available via the network's website as well asSoundCloud, Apple Podcasts,Stitcher,TuneIn, andiHeartRadio. The network is based out of San Francisco alongside AJ+ and is available in English.[71] Jetty debuted with the podcastCloser Than They Appear, a hybrid interview/narrative show hosted by writerCarvell Wallace. Other podcasts that debuted in 2018 includedThe Game of Our Lives which uses soccer to explain global economics and cultures, a podcast on freedom dubbed (Freedom Stories, featuringMelissa Harris-Perry), sex (The Virgie Show) withVirgie Tovar, and global music (Movement) withMeklit Hadero.[72]
In 2021, the network launched Rightly, an online news channel aimed at center-right American conservatives. The channel much like AJ+ is only available online, primarily on YouTube. The launch of the channel spurred questions from Al Jazeera staff questioning if the channel took away from Al Jazeera's mission to be non-partisan and from various media critics wondering if conservative audiences would watch a channel from Al Jazeera, a long time target of American conservatives.[73][74]
Al Jazeera Media Network owns and operates the Al Jazeera Center for StudiesAl Jazeera Center for Studies. Established in 2006, the Al Jazeera Center for Studies conducts in-depth analysis of current affairs at both regional and global levels. Its research agenda focuses primarily on geopolitics and strategic developments in the Arab world and surrounding regions.[75] The center with an extensive network of distinguished researchers, and a wide range array of experts from across the globe, the center aims to promote dialogue and build bridges of mutual understanding and cooperation between cultures, civilizations, and religions. The center also contains the Al Jazeera Media Training and Development Center.[citation needed]
The Al Jazeera International Documentary Film Festival is an annual film festival held at the Doha Sheraton inDoha, Qatar. The first festival was held on 18 April 2005. Every year the festival has a different theme.[76]
The Al Jazeera Balkans Documentary Film Festival was started in 2018 as an annual internationaldocumentary film festival based inSarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina.[77]
Al Jazeera Media Network also operates Al Jazeera Documentary Channel, an Arabic language documentary channel,Al Jazeera Mubasher, a live politics and public interest channel, which broadcasts conferences in real time without editing or commentary. Al Jazeera Mubasher is first channel of its kind in the Middle East.[citation needed]
In 2017, Al Jazeera signed a strategic partnership agreement withGoogle.[78] In 2019, Al Jazeera signed a partnership agreement with theChina Intercontinental Communication Center over Al Jazeera's documentary channel with the aim of expanding its documentary content through co-production and exchange of media.[79][80] The same year, Al Jazeera andBloomberg signed a content license agreement.[81] In 2021, Al Jazeera partnered withArewa 24 to provide its content inHausa.[82] In 2023, Al Jazeera partnered withAvid Technology.[83]
The “Al Jazeera effect” describes the impact of Al Jazeera Media Network on global politics. It reduces the monopoly governments and mainstream media have on information, empowering groups that previously lacked a global voice.[84]
Al Jazeera aimed to counter government censorship and the dominant Western viewpoint of Arabs.[85][better source needed] The term, coined byPhilip Seib and possibly used earlier by Simon Henderson, initially referred to Arab governments losing control of information due to Al Jazeera’s popularity. Seib later generalized it to other Internet-powered news media.[86]
Al Jazeera challenges authoritarian governments by stimulating discussion and providing multiple perspectives, acting as the “voice of the voiceless.”[87] It shifted the flow of information from the “West to the rest,” reporting on underrepresented countries and offering a platform for Arab citizens’ expression.[85][better source needed] Critics acknowledge its role in reforms during the 2005 Arab Spring.[88] It has been compared to the CNN effect. Seib concludes that the new media, while not beyond being abused, are largely contributing todemocratization andpolitical reform worldwide.[86]
AJMN receives public funding from the Qatari government and ischartered as a "private foundation forpublic benefit" under Qatari law.[89][90] Some scholars and media outlets argued that the government of Qatar has a degree of editorial influence over its content,[91][92] particularly over its Arabic language reporting.[93] However, AJMN maintains that "its reporting is not directed or controlled by the Qatari government nor does it reflect any government viewpoint."[94] While there is evidence supporting Al Jazeera’s claims of editorial independence, the network enjoys only relative autonomy: it is not government-controlled, yet it remains government-owned.[95][9]
Critics have argued that its Arabic-language coverage in particular is influenced byQatari foreign policy, often framing events in ways favourable to the government's aims, such as itscoverage of the Iraq War and theArab Spring.[96] It has been alleged that in its domestic Arabic-language coverage, criticism of the ruling Qatari regime iscensored.[97] Other authors have argued that Qatar does not have firm editorial control of Al Jazeera's Arabic coverage and that it largely operates independently, and that its coverage sometimes goes against Qatar's foreign policy.[98] Most sources agree that Al Jazeera's English- language reporting is more objective and independent than its Arabic-language reporting.[99][98]Al Jazeera English has developed its own internal editorial guidelines and is editorially independent fromAl Jazeera Arabic.[29][30][27]
Several Algerian cities lost power on 27 January 1999, reportedly to keep residents from watching a program in which Algerian dissidents implicated theAlgerian military in a series of massacres.[100][101][102] On 4 July 2004, theAlgerian government froze the activities of Al Jazeera's Algerian correspondent. The official reason was that a reorganization of the work of foreign correspondents was in progress. According toReporters Without Borders, however, the measure was a reprisal for a broadcast the previous week of anotherAl-Itijah al-Mouakiss debate on the political situation inAlgeria.[103]
Bahrain Information MinisterNabeel bin Yaqub Al-Hamar banned Al Jazeera correspondents from reporting from inside the country on 10 May 2002, saying that the station was biased towards Israel and against Bahrain.[104] After improvements inrelations between Bahrain and Qatar in 2004, Al Jazeera correspondents returned to Bahrain. In 2010, however, the Information Ministry again banned Al Jazeera correspondents from reporting inside the country. The ministry accused the network of "flouting [Bahrain's] laws regulating the press and publishing" after Al Jazeera aired a report on poverty in Bahrain.[105]
Al Jazeera has been banned three times by theIraqi government, most recently in 2016 where officials accused it of "inciting violence andsectarianism."[106][107] Iraqi authorities had long perceived Al Jazeera's media coverage as hostile to Iraq'sShi’ite majority and too friendly toward theIslamic State.[108] In 2013, the broadcaster was accused by many Iraqi government supporters of backing Arab spring protests in the country.[109]
The UAE blocked Al Jazeera in the emirates on 5 June 2017 (after the onset of theQatar diplomatic crisis) because the organization was a state-endowed entity of the Qatari government and they claimed that Qatar was "a major sponsor of hate speech through Al Jazeera's Arabic-language network and its other state-controlled media entities."[110] In theInternational Court of Justice case filed by Qatar against the United Arab Emirates about the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Qatar requested that the court order the UAE to suspend its block of Al Jazeera.[111] The court ruled, "both parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the court or make it more difficult to resolve".[112]
In May 2019,Sudan closed Al Jazeera's office. Sudan summoned its envoy in Qatar for consultation the following month, saying that the envoy would soon return to Qatar. Qatar was seen as a close ally of oustedSudanese presidentOmar al-Bashir.[113]
Israel banned Al Jazeera in May 2024, forcing their offices in the country to close.[114] In September 2024, theIDF ordered the closure of the Al Jazeera Office inRamallah, considering it a threat to national security.[115] At the start of 2025, thePalestinian Authority suspended Qatar's Al Jazeera TV broadcasts from The West Bank, claiming it shows "inciting material." Both the culture, interior and communications ministers of the authority were cited by WAFA that the channel broadcast material that was "deceiving and stirring strife."[116]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Al Jazeera Media Network responded in a statement to the Washington Examiner, claiming that Al Jazeera "is not owned by Qatar" and that "its reporting is not directed or controlled by the Qatari government nor does it reflect any government viewpoint."
Iraqi officials have reportedly revoked the broadcaster's license, marking the third time Al Jazeera has been banned in Iraq. The news organization says it was told it had violated codes of conduct and other rules.
