| Al-Wadiah War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theArab Cold War | |||||||||
 Yemeni tanks at Wadiah | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 South Yemen |  Saudi ArabiaSupported by:  Pakistan (air support) | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Salim Rubaya AliPresident of South Yemen Muhammad Ali HaithamPrime Minister of South Yemen Ali Salem al-BeidhMinister of Foreign Affairs of South Yemen Ali Abdullah MaisaryLeader of the People's Defense Forces Faisal AttasGovernor of theFifth Governorate | Faisal of Saudi Arabia King of Saudi Arabia Sultan bin AbdulazizMinister of Defense and Aviation | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| 130th Infantry Brigade Royal Saudi Air Force Pakistan Air Force personnel | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 35 killed (Saudi claim)[1] | 39 killed and 26 taken hostage[2][3] | ||||||||
Al-Wadiah War (Arabic:حرب الوديعة) was a military conflict which broke out on 27 November 1969 betweenSaudi Arabia and thePeople's Republic of Southern Yemen (PRSY; South Yemen) after disputes over the towns ofal-Wadiah andSharurah on thePRSY-Saudi Arabian border. The conflict ended on 6 December whenSaudi forces captured al-Wadiah.
Al-Wadiah is a part of the geographicHadhramaut region, which had previously been part of theQu'aiti Sultanate, itself part of the BritishProtectorate of South Arabia, which had been incorporated into the then-newly establishedSouth Yemen following thewithdrawal of British forces from the region.[4] The PRSY, therefore, considered the towns as part of its territory.[5][4] The Saudi government, however, saw al-Wadiah as part of their territory, as well as a frontier in confrontations with the PRSY.[5] There were also rumors of oil and water deposits around the town, thereby aggravating the dispute.[6]
The town was located along the contentious border of South Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and had some fifteen years prior, in 1954–1955, been the site of a border dispute between the Saudis and theBritish.[5]
Simultaneously Yemeni-Saudi relations had been incredibly tense, withFaisal of Saudi Arabia regarding the left-wing government with extreme hostility, which was in turn reciprocated by Yemen, which supported the overthrow of the Gulf monarchies.[7] The Saudi government went so far as to fund and arm South Yemeni dissidents, and encouraged them to conduct raids across the border into South Yemen.[7] Yemen accused the Saudi government of planning further attacks in November 1969.[7]
In November 1969, the Saudis built a road to al-Wadiah and garrisoned soldiers there, incorporating it into the Kingdom.[8] The Yemeni government claimed that the Saudis had occupied al-Wadiah to secure potential oil reserves in the area. The Saudi government, in turn, accused Yemen of seizing al-Wadiah.[7]
On 27 November 1969, PRSY regular army units advanced on and took the town of al-Wadiah. Saudi forces deployed in the region were limited to some tribal militias, backed by some aircraft and artillery. A small section of the PRSY force began advancing onSharurah, but was halted.
Having been informed of the PRSY advance,King Faisal orderedSultan bin Abdulaziz, the Minister of Defense and Aviation, to expel Yemeni forces. Sultan commissioned all units in the southern region for the task of attempting to reoccupy al-Wadiah within two days.
The initial part of the conflict was largely limited to aerial battles, with a series of air clashes taking place in late November and early December.[7] During this initial periodIraq andJordan attempted to mediate an end to the conflict.[7]
TheRoyal Saudi Air Force also conducted a series of aerial bombardments on Yemeni positions. On one instance,English Electric Lightnings flown by Saudi andPakistani pilots fromKhamis Airbase launched devastating rocket attacks on Yemenisupply lines.[9][10][11] These attacks continued over the course of two days, initially being directed at PRSY Army forces in the region, and later specifically at the PRSY leadership, whilst also attacking PRSY logistics.
At 9:45 in the morning, the Saudi ground offensive began advancing on Yemeni positions on two axes: A battalion of Saudi National Guard units, along with some other forces, advanced on Yemeni positions from the West. A second group, composed of exiled Yemenis and Saudi border guards, advanced on Yemeni positions from the east.
During the attack PRSY forces were divided into two pockets. A PRSY counterattack failed to unite the pockets. The following day clashes began at dawn, and continued throughout the day. The commander of the PRSY Brigade was killed in the fighting, following which PRSY forces began to withdraw. Saudi forces harassed PRSY forces during the retreat, although stopped at the border under orders.
Saudi forces then proceeded to take up defensive positions within al-Wadiah. Some abandoned PRSY equipment was seized.
The Saudis claimed to have occupied al-Wadiah by 5 December, and took journalists to the town. Saudi forces claimed to have killed 35 soldiers from the PRSY, and also claimed that they could have marched onAden, the PRSY capital, had they not been ordered to stop at the border by King Faisal.[7]
Following the conflict the Saudi government began a large scale program of construction of military sites in the region, whilst also deploying further military forces toSharurah, close to al-Wadiah.[5] Tensions continued, especially after the 1972 Tripoli Agreement, under which North and South Yemen agreed to unite, due to Saudi hostility to any merger. In March 1973 Saudi Arabia claimed that two PRSY MiGs had attacked al-Wadiah, although the PRSY denied any such incident, and claimed Saudi Arabia was searching for a pretext for military intervention in South Yemen.[7] There was a brief warming of relations between the two countries in November 1977, although this soon lapsed and ambassadors were recalled by both countries.[7] There were further reports of clashes in January 1978, including the shooting down of 4 RSAFLightnings by a PRSY MiG, although this was denied. There were minor clashes in February 1987.[7]
The issue of ownership was finally settled by theTreaty of Jeddah of 2000, which affirmed Saudi ownership of the town.[8]
Pakistani combat pilots also flew RSAF English Electric Lightning supersonic fighter aircraft during the al-Wadiah War between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of South Yemen in 1969.
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| List of wars involvingSouth Yemen | |
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