Al-Sukhnah ٱلسُّخْنَة Sikne | |
|---|---|
  Al-Sukhnah Location in Syria | |
| Coordinates:34°53′12.5″N38°52′19.5″E / 34.886806°N 38.872083°E /34.886806; 38.872083 | |
| Country |  Syria |
| Governorate | Homs |
| District | Tadmur |
| Subdistrict | Al-Sukhnah |
| Elevation | 1,510 ft (460 m) |
| Population (2004) | |
• Total | 16,173 |
Al-Sukhnah (Arabic:ٱلسُّخْنَة,romanized: as-Suẖnah, also spelledal-Sukhanah oral-Sakhnah oral-Sakhanah, Roman "Sikne") is a town in easternSyria under the administration of theHoms Governorate, located east ofHoms in theSyrian Desert. Nearby localities includeMayadin andal-Asharah to the east,al-Taybah andRaqqa to the north,Salamiyah to the west,Arak andTadmur (Palmyra) to the southwest.
According toSyria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Sukhnah had a population of 16,173 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of the al-Sukhnahnahiyah ("subdistrict") which consists of six localities with a collective population of 21,880 in the 2004 census.[1] The town's inhabitants are predominantlySunni Muslims.[2][3] Al-Sukhnah has attracted hundreds of residents from nearby villages in the 20th century[4] and is currently a processing center for natural gas.
Al-Sukhnah means "the Warm" inArabic, and is so named because of the nearbysulphur springs.[5] As late as the early 20th century, the inhabitants of the village would bathe in the hot springs.[5]
In 634, following the capture ofArak by theRashidun army ofKhalid ibn al-Walid, al-Sukhnah peacefully received theMuslim force upon hearing the generous surrender terms negotiated for Arak.[6]
In 1225, al-Sukhnah was described byArab geographerYaqut al-Hamawi as "a small town in theSyrian Desert, lying between Tadmur and 'Urd and Arak. Beside its spring are palm trees. It is on the road of one going toDamascus from Raqqa, and you come to it before reaching Arak." In the mid-14th century,Ibn Batuta wrote that al-Sukhnah was "a pretty town", with a mostlyMuslim population. He noted that the al-Sukhnah received its name from the heat of its water, and that there were bathhouses in the town.[7]
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, al-Sukhnah served as an important trade center in the Syrian Desert among the inhabitants of nearby villages and variousBedouin tribes.[4] In particular, theSawakhina ("people from al-Sukhnah"), were integral in the commerce with the'Anizzah tribal confederation. Unlike most Bedouin groups, the 'Anizzah did not maintain economic relations with the inland villages of Syria and their trade with al-Sukhnah was unique. The 'Anizzah would tradecamels, horses,alkali ashes and leather while merchants from al-Sukhnah marketed wheat, clothing, arms and utensils.[8] By the mid-19th-century, however, its role decreased with the rise ofDeir ez-Zor, and many of its inhabitants migrated to that city and toAleppo,Homs andHama.[5]
In the early 20th-century, al-Sukhnah had about 100 houses and a large, fortified outpost manned by an Ottoman garrison.[5] Its inhabitants were impoverished and were engaged in the subsistence farming of grain.[5]
Until the present day, al-Sukhnah continues to function as a trading center between its residents and the tribes in its vicinity, such as the 'Umur and theSba'a,[4] two sub-branches of the 'Anizzah.[9] In the 1960 Syrian census, al-Sukhnah had a population of 2,648.[10]
The town was taken byrebels early in theSyrian civil war. On 25 July 2013, theSyrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the government-loyalSyrian Arab Army secured the town, after expelling theal-Nusra Front.[citation needed]
After a number of unsuccessful attempts, theIslamic State in Iraq and Syria captured the town on 13 May 2015, as part of their wideroffensive to controlTadmur (Palmyra) and the Syrian Desert, a strategic area that is key to ISIS supply lines and an area with numerous oil wells.[11] During the battle for al-Sukhnah, theSyrian Army incurred 70 fatalities, while ISIS lost 40 of its militants. About 1,800 families fled the town for safety in Tadmur. Following their capture of al-Sukhnah, ISIS militants executed 26 civilians, beheading ten of them.[12]
Since the finalPalmyra offensive in February 2017, a battle which resulted in a major Syrian government victory, government forces made advances along the Palmyra-Al Sukhnah Road. By 27 July 2017, the government forces had reached and captured strategic hills less than two kilometres from the town.[13][self-published source?] On 6 August 2017, government forces recaptured the town in theCentral Syria offensive; this left the road open to the besieged city ofDeir ez-Zor.[14][15]
During theSyrian opposition offensives in 2024, it was captured by the leading group of the offensiveTahrir al-Sham.
The residents of Sukhnah were linked to the different tribes in the region through various hierarchical economic ties. They paid the levy on their grain harvest to the Sba'a, who in return protected their trade. They also consigned their sheep flocks to the 'Umur and the Hadidiyin. To all these tribes, al-Sukhnah's residents supplied grain, cloth, clothing, and various household items and foodstuffs, while purchasing from them pastoral products for resale to Syria's large cities.[4] Today, al-Sukhnah has become a minor industrial center fornatural gas.[16]
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