| al-Qahir القاهر | |
|---|---|
| Caliph Commander of the Faithful | |
 Gold dinar of al-Qahir | |
| 19thCaliph of theAbbasid Caliphate | |
| Reign | 1 March 929 – 2 March 929 (1st reign) |
| Predecessor | al-Muqtadir |
| Successor | al-Muqtadir |
| Reign | 31 October 932 – 24 April 934 (2nd reign) |
| Predecessor | al-Muqtadir |
| Successor | al-Radi |
| Born | 899 Baghdad, Iraq |
| Died | 950 (aged 50–51) Baghdad |
| Consort | Umm al-Mansur |
| Issue | Mansur |
| Dynasty | Abbasid |
| Father | al-Mu'tadid |
| Mother | Fitnah |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Abū al-Manṣūr Muḥammad ibnAḥmad ibnṬalḥa ibnJaʿfar ibnMuḥammad ibnHārūn al-Qāhir bi'Llāh (Arabic:أبو المنصور محمد بن أحمد المعتضد,romanized: Abū al-Manṣūr Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muʿtaḍid), usually known simply by hisregnal titleal-Qahir bi'Llah (Arabic:القاهر بالله,romanized: al-Qāhir bi'Llāh,lit. 'Victorious by the will of God'), was the nineteenthcaliph of theAbbasid Caliphate from 932 to 934. He was born 286AH (899 C.E.) and died 339 AH (950 C.E.).
Al-Qahir was a son of the 16thAbbasid caliph,al-Mu'tadid (r. 892–902), and brother of the 18th Caliph,al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932).[1] The mother of al-Qahir was a concubine called Fitnah.[2][3] His full name was Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mu'tadid al-Qahir bi'llah, and hiskunya was Abu Mansur.
Al-Qahir came to the throne as part of his brother's conflict with the increasingly powerful commander-in-chief,Mu'nis al-Muzaffar.[4] He was first chosen as Caliph in March 929,[1] when Mu'nis launched a coup and deposed al-Muqtadir. Although al-Muqtadir was restored after a few days, Mu'nis now possessed virtually dictatorial authority over the Abbasid government.[5][4]
In 932, after another breach with al-Muqtadir, Mu'nis marched onBaghdad. Al-Muqtadir tried to confront him, and was killed in the ensuing battle.[5][4] However, in the subsequent assembly of dignitaries, Mu'nis' candidacy of al-Muqtadir's son Ahmad (the futureal-Radi) was rejected in favour of al-Qahir (31 October 932).[1][6] He was then 35 years old.[6]
The new caliph had a pronounced "headstrong and vindictive personality", according toDominique Sourdel, which made itself felt soon after his accession, when he tortured his brother's sons and officials, as well as al-Muqtadir's motherShaghab, to extract their fortune.[1][6] He was more energetic than his predecessor and cultivated an image of austerity and puritanism at his court, in deliberate contrast to the extravagantly dissolute life led by al-Muqtadir, but behind the scenes he too indulged in drunkenness.[7]
Trying to counteract the influence of Mu'nis and of thevizierIbn Muqla, who controlled government, and re-assert the power of his office,[1] al-Qahir resumed contacts with the defeated court faction throughMuhammad ibn Yaqut.[8] This alarmed Mu'nis and his supporters, but they were too late. In July 933, al-Qahir struck: the plans of the chamberlainIbn Yalbaq to depose him were thwarted, and he and Mu'nis were arrested and executed, while Ibn Muqla was forced to flee the capital.[9][10]
Al-Qahir appointedMuhammad ibn al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah as vizier. Al-Qahir embarked on a firmly anti-Shi'a policy, declaring himself the "Avenger of the enemies of the Faith" (al-muntaqim min aʿdāʾ dīn Allāh), a slogan which he even put on his coins.[11] Despite his support of the Caliph's anti-Shi'a policies, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was soon dismissed in favour ofAhmad al-Khasibi. Like his predecessor, however, al-Khasibi was unable to overcome the mounting financial crisis of the state.[11]
The contemporary Baghdadi historianal-Mas'udi, in hisMeadows of Gold, reports that "His fits of violence made him the fear and terror of his subjects". He went about armed with a lance, striking down those who displeased him. However, the very "inconstancy of his behaviour and the horror inspired by his rages" alienated the populace and the court alike, and prepared the ground for his downfall.[12]
The exiled vizier Ibn Muqla continued plotting against al-Qahir; he won over thecaliphal guard, which on 24 April 934 staged a coup and took the Caliph prisoner while the latter was drunk.[10][11]
Refusing to abdicate in favour of al-Radi (r. 932–940), he was blinded and cast into prison.[6][11] According to al-Mas'udi, al-Radi "kept news of him hidden", so that he vanished from common knowledge.[12] He was not freed until eleven years later, whenal-Mustakfi (r. 944–946) came to the throne and discovered him locked away in a remote room in the palace.[11][12] He lived the remainder of his life as a beggar, dying in October 950.[6][11]
al-Qahir Born: 899 Died: 950 | ||
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Abbasid Caliph March 929 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Abbasid Caliph 31 October 932 – 24 April 934 | Succeeded by |
