al-Juwayni | |
|---|---|
| Title | Imam al-Haramayn[1] Sheikh ul-Islam[1] Ḍiyā' al-Dīn[1] |
| Personal life | |
| Born | 17 February 1028 |
| Died | 20 August 1085 (aged 57) |
| Era | Islamic Golden Age |
| Region | Persia,Hejaz,Iraq |
| Main interest(s) | Islamic theology (kalam),Islamic jurisprudence,Principles of Islamic jurisprudence |
| Notable idea(s) | Al-Irshad Al-Burhan Nihayat al-Matlab fi Dirayat al-Madhhab |
| Occupation | Islamic Scholar,Muslim Jurist,Theologian |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | SunniIslam |
| Jurisprudence | Shafi'i |
| Creed | Ash'ari[2][3] |
| Muslim leader | |
Dhia' ul-Dīn 'Abd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Juwaynī al-Shafi'ī (Arabic إمام الحرمين ضياء الدين عبدالملك بن يوسف الجويني, 17 February 1028 – 20 August 1085;[4] 419–478AH) was an Arab[5]Sunni scholar famous for being the foremost leadingjurisconsult,legal theoretician andIslamic theologian of his time.[6][7] His name is commonly abbreviated asal-Juwayni; he is also commonly referred to asImam al-Haramayn meaning "leading master of thetwo holy cities", that is,Mecca andMedina.[1][8] He acquired the status of amujtahid in the field offiqh andusul al-fiqh.[9] Highly celebrated as one of the most important and influential thinkers in theShafi'i school oforthodox Sunni jurisprudence, he was considered as the virtual second founder of the Shafi'i school, after its first founderImam al-Shafi'i.[10] He was also considered a major figurehead within theAsh'ari school of theology where he was ranked equal to the founder, Imam al-Ash'ari. He was given the honorific titles ofShaykh of Islam,The Glory of Islam,The Absolute Imam of all Imams.[11]
Al-Juwayni was born on 17 February 1028 in a village on the outskirts ofNaysabur called Bushtaniqan in Iran,[12] Al-Juwayni was a prominentMuslim scholar known for his gifted intellect in Islamic legal matters. Al-Juwayni was born into a family of legal study. His father,Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni, was a well-known master of law in the Shafi′i community as well as a Shafi'i teacher and his older brother, Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali al-Juwayni, was a Sufi teacher of Hadith.
Al-Juwayni grew up in Naysabur,[12] an intellectually thriving area drawing scholars to it. Early on, al-Haramayn studied a variety of fundamental religious subjects under his father,Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni. These subjects included theArabic grammar and its eloquence (balagha), theQuran, thehadith, thefiqh (Islamic law), khilaf (the art of disagreements), andprinciples of Islamic jurisprudence. He even read and studied all of his father's books, including Sharh al-Muzani, Sharh usul al-Shafi'i, Mukhtasar al-Mukhtasar, al-Tafsir al-Kabir, and al-Tabsirah. He had a solid foundation in Shafi'i law. His father was a well-known Shafi'i scholar, so al-Haramayn had a strong intellectual lineage, and he was well-established in Shafi'i circles in Nishapur because of two factors: his thorough understanding of the Shafi'i legal tradition, to the point where he could offer hisijtihad, and his assumption of his father's role as a house tutor following his death in 439/1047.[13]
In addition to his father's studies, underAbu al-Qasim al-Isfarayini, the son ofAbu Ishaq al-Isfarayini, he studiedIslamic theology and legal theory. Underal-Bayhaqi, he studied hadith. FurtherArabic grammatical instruction was received by Imam al-Haraym from Abu al-Hassan 'Ali b. Fadl b. 'Ali al-Majashi, while Abu 'Abdullah al-Khabbazi providedQuranic exegesis. Regarding thestudy of hadith and its dissemination, Imam al-Haramayn acquired knowledge from various sources. He receivedhadith transmission from scholars like Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Tamimi, Abu Sa'd 'Abd al-Rahman b. Hamdan al-Nadrawi, Abu Hassan Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Muzakki, Abu Abdullah Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Tarrazi, and Abu Muhammad al-Jawharri in addition to learning from his father and al-Bayhaqi. Following his acquisition of a firm foundation in the fundamental disciplines of Islamic studies, Imam al-Haramayn began to broaden his horizons intellectually in order to forge greater religious credentials within the Ash'ari theological school and Shafi'i legal school. In addition to learning fiqh and usul al-fiqh from his father, Imam al-Haramayn received some legal instruction from the leaders of the Shafi'is inMarw, al-Qadi Abu ali Husayn b. Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Marw al-Rudhi, and al-Qasim al-Furani. After that, he visitedIsfahan,Baghdad, andHejaz, where he met academics. He made use of the chance to learn both fiqh and usul al-fiqh. In addition to acquiring expertise in the legal sciences, Imam al-Haramayn founded a robust intellectual and pedagogical legacy within the Shafi'i legal tradition.[13]
Al-Juwayni was left to fleeNishapur by force when theKarramite governor Al-Kundduri passed a verdict to curse Abu Hassan al-Ashari during the weekly Friday prayer gatherings and to imprison any of his adherents. Among those that were forced to secretly flee were Abu Sahl al-Bastami, Al-Furati,Al-Qushayri, andAl-Bayhaqi and many other scholars of the Shafi'is.[11]
As a result, Al-Juwayni fled toMecca andMedina in search of a new home. He taught knowledge and wrote books inHijaz for four years.[14] His scholarship was so widely acclaimed amongst the scholars of the Hejaz that he acquired the title ofImam al Haramayn meaning "leading master of thetwo holy cities". He gained a large following and was invited back toNishapur as an undisputed grandmufti onceNizam Al Mulk took power, and was appointed the headmaster of newly built prestigiousNizamiyya school where he stayed for the next 30 years, training and preparing for the next generation of Shafi'i jurists and Ash'ari theologians.[11] Al-Juwayni spent his life studying and producing influential treatises in Muslim government; it is suspected that most of his works (below) came out of this period after his return from Mecca and Medina.[12]
Al-Juwayni had over 400 students; his most famous students became world famous scholars of their time and they include:[15][16][17][18]
Al-Ghazali was the foremost pupil of Al-Juwayni and who became one of the most influential scholars in the Islamic history.[8][14] Following are some of the famous remarks of al-Juwayni towards al-Ghazali:
Al-Ghazali is a quenching sea in which you can drown in.[19]
You buried me while I am still alive. Can't you wait until I'm dead? (By this al-Juwanyni meant, your books outshine me)[20]
He died of liver disease and was buried at his home after a huge crowd attended his funeral. Unrestrained demonstration of sorrow by four hundred of his over-zealous students lasted for days in Khurasan.Ibn Asakir said: "I believe that the marks of his hard work and striving in Allah's religion shall endure until the rising of the Hour."[21]
Al-Juwayni, aSunnijurist andMutakallim, or scholar engaged in the study of theological principles, spent his life deciphering between what a Muslim ought and ought not to do. He was said to be stubborn and unaccepting of any legal speculation whatsoever. His basic principle was that the law should not be left to speculation on any grounds. Rather, texts hold the answers to any possible legal debate in some capacity or another.[12]
Ibn Asakir said: "the Glory of Islam, absolute Imam of all imams, main authority in the Law, whose leadership is agreed upon East and West, whose immense merit is the consensus of Arabs and non-Arabs, upon the like of whom none set eyes before or after."Al-Kawthari said: "whose work forms the connecting link between the respective methods of the Salaf and Khalaf."[11]
Al-Bakhirzi made a comparison of Al-Juwanyi's toAl-Shafi'i andAl-Muzani injurisprudence,Al-Asmaʿi in manners,Al-Hasan al-Basri in preaching eloquence, andAl-Ash'ari inspeculative theology. Ibn Asakir replied and said: "Truly he is above that by far."Ibn al-Subki said: "Whoever thinks that there is anyone in the Four Schools that comes near his clarity of speech has no knowledge of him."[11]
His well-known works:
The bookFara'id al-Simtayn is sometimes mistakenly thought to be authored by the Sunni Abd'al Malik al-Juwayni. It was in fact authored by another Sunni scholar, Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Himaway al Juwaynim who died in 1322 (722 A.H.)[22]
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