| Akkala Sámi | |
|---|---|
| Babin Sami | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | SouthwestKola Peninsula |
| Ethnicity | 80 Akkala Sámi (2011)[1] |
| Extinct | 29 December 2003, with the death of Maria Sergina[2] 4 passive speakers (2018)[3] |
| Cyrillic | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sia |
| Glottolog | akka1237 |
| ELP | Akkala Saami |
 Akkala Sami language area (red) within Sápmi (grey) | |
 Akkala Sámi is classified as Extinct by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) [4] | |
Akkala Sámi, also referred to, particularly inRussia, asBabin Sámi (Russian:Бабинский саа́мский), was aSámi language spoken in theSámi villages ofAʼkkel (Russian:Бабинский;Finnish:Akkala),Čuʼkksuâl (Russian:Экостровский) andSââʼrvesjäuʼrr (Russian:Гирвасозеро; Finnish:Hirvasjärvi), in the inland parts of theKola Peninsula inRussia. Formerly erroneously[according to whom?] regarded as a dialect ofKildin Sámi, it has recently[when?] become recognized as an independent Sámi language that is most closely related to its western neighborSkolt Sámi, and the two are somewhatmutually intelligible.[1]
Akkala Sámi was noted as extinct in the 2010UNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Previously, it had been considered the most endangered Eastern Sámi language. On December 29, 2003, Maria Sergina – the last fluent native speaker of Akkala Sámi – died.[5][6] However, as of 2011 there were at least two people, both aged 70, with some knowledge of Akkala Sámi. Remaining ethnic Akkala Sámi live in the villageYona,[1] where there is a cultural office.
Although there exists a description of Akkala Sámiphonology andmorphology, a few published texts, and archived audio recordings,[1] as well as a grammar of the language, the Akkala Sámi language remains among the most poorly documented Sámi languages.[1] One of the few items in the language are chapters 23–28 of the Gospel of Matthew published in 1897. It was translated by A. Genetz, and printed at the expense of theBritish and Foreign Bible Society.[citation needed]
In the Russian 2020 census, 1 person still claimed knowledge of Akkala.[7]
The following overview is based on Pekka (Pyotr) M. Zaykov's volume.[8] Zaykov'sUralic phonetic transcription is retained here. The middle dot ˑ denotes palatalization of the preceding consonant, analyzed by Zaykov assemisoft pronunciation.
Akkala Sámi has eightcases,singular and plural:nominative,genitive-accusative,partitive,dative-illative,locative,essive,comitative andabessive. Case and number are expressed by a combination of endings andconsonant gradation:
The table below gives the declension of thepersonal pronounsmonn ‘I’ andmij ‘we’. The pronounstonn ‘you (sg.)’ andsonn ‘(s)he’ are declined likemonn, the pronounstij ‘you (pl.)’ andsij ‘they’ are declined likemij.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | monn | mij |
| Genitive-Accusative | mū | mii̭ji |
| Essive | munˑ | — |
| Dative-illative | munˑnˑa͔ | mii̭ji |
| Locative | muśtˑ | miśtˑ |
| Comitative | muinˑ | mii̭jivuim |
| Abessive | muta | mii̭ta |
Theinterrogative pronounsmī ‘what?’ andtˑī, kī ‘who?’ are declined as follows:
| mī ‘what?’ | tˑī, kī ‘who?’ | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | mī | tˑī, kī |
| Genitive-Accusative | mi̮n | t́an, ḱan |
| Dative-illative | mi̮z | koz |
| Locative | mi̮st | kośtˑ |
| Comitative | mi̮i̭nˑ | ḱainˑ |
| Abessive | mi̮nta | ḱanta |
Thedemonstratives are declined as follows:
| proximal tˑa͕t ‘this’ | medial ti̮t ‘that’ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | tˑa͕t | tˑa͕k | ti̮t | ti̮k |
| Genitive-Accusative | tˑa͕nˑ | tˑa͕i | ti̮n | ti̮i̭ |
| Essive | tˑa͕inˑ | — | ti̮i̭nˑ | — |
| Dative-illative | tˑa͕z | tˑai(t) | ti̮k, ti̮z | ti̮i̭(t) |
| Locative | tˑa͕śtˑ | tˑa͕in | ti̮śtˑ | ti̮i̼(n) |
| Comitative | tˑa͕inˑ | tˑa͕ivuim | ti̮i̭nˑ | ti̮i̭vuim |
| Abessive | tˑa͕ta | tˑa͕ita | ti̮ta | ti̮i̭ta |
Akkala Sámiverbs have threepersons and two numbers, singular and plural. There are threemoods:indicative,imperative andconditional; thepotential mood has disappeared.
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Compound tenses such asperfect andpluperfect are formed with the verbĺii̭je in the present or imperfect asauxiliary, and theparticiple of the main verb. Examples areĺam tĭĕhtmi̮nč ‘I have known’ fromtĭĕhttɛ ‘to know’, andĺai tui̭jāma ‘(s)he had made’ fromtui̭je ‘to make’.
The conditional mood has the marker-č, which is added to the weak grade of the stem:kuarčim ‘I would sew’,vizzčik ‘you (sg.) would become tired’.
As in other Sámi languages, Akkala Sámi makes use of anegative verb that conjugates according to person and number, while the main verb remains unchanged. The conjugation of the negative verb is shown here together with the verbaĺ̄ḱe ‘to begin’:
| 1SG | jim aĺg |
|---|---|
| 2SG | jik aĺg |
| 3SG | ij aĺg |
| 1PL | jepˑ aĺg |
| 2PL | jepˑpˑe aĺg |
| 3PL | jetˑ aĺg |
The third person singular and plural of the verbĺii̭je ‘to be’ have special contracted formsɛĺĺa andjāĺa.
Media related toAkkala Sami language at Wikimedia Commons| Finnic | .png) | ||||||
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