Ajmer is surrounded by theAravalli Mountains.Ajmer has been a municipality since 1869. Ajmer has been selected as one of the heritage cities for theHRIDAY[7] and Smart City Mission schemes of theGovernment of India.[8]
The city of Ajmer was established as "Ajaya Meru", meaning "invincible hill" inSanskrit[9] by aChahamana ruler, eitherAjayaraja I orAjayaraja II. It refers to the Taragarh Hill, on which the city is situated. Over time, "Ajaya Meru" evolved into "Ajmer".[10] It served as their capital until the 12th century CE.
A Gujarati historic novel namedGujaratno Jay written byZaverchand Meghani, based on various Jain Prabandhas, describes the city assapādalakṣaṇa (સપાદલક્ષણ).[11]
Jahangir receives Prince Khurram at Ajmer on his return from the Mewar campaign
Ajmer was originally known asAjayameru. The city was founded by an 11th-century Chahamana king, Ajaydeva. HistorianDasharatha Sharma notes that the earliest mention of the city's name occurs in Palha'sPattavali, which was copied in 1113 CE (1170VS) atDhara. This suggests that Ajmer was founded sometime before 1113 CE.[12] Aprashasti (eulogistic inscription), issued byVigraharaja IV and found atAdhai Din Ka Jhonpra (Sanskrit college), states Ajayadeva (that is Ajayaraja II) moved his residence to Ajmer.[13]
A later text,Prabandha-Kosha states that it was the 8th-century kingAjayaraja I who commissioned the Ajayameru fort, which later came to be known as theTaragarh fort of Ajmer.[14] According to historian R. B. Singh, this claim appears to be true, as inscriptions dated to the 8th century CE have been found at Ajmer.[15] Singh theorises that Ajayaraja II later expanded the town area, constructed palaces, and moved the Chahamana capital fromShakambhari to Ajmer.[16]
In 1193, Ajmer was annexed by theGhurids and later was returned toGaur Rajput rulers under condition of tribute.[17]
By the 15th century, Ajmer was captured byMewar and in 1506, Ajja Jhala was appointed as the Governor of Ajmer.[18]
In 1556, Ajmer came under theMughal Empire after being conquered byMughal EmperorAkbar.[17] It was made the capital of the eponymousAjmer Subah. The city enjoyed special favour under the Mughals, who made frequent pilgrimages to the city to visit thedargah of Moinuddin Chishti. The city was also used as a military base for campaigns against Rajput rulers and, on a number of occasions, became the site of celebration when a campaign bore success. Mughal Emperors and their nobles made generous donations to the city, and endowed it with constructions such asAkbar's palace and pavilions along theAna Sagar.[19][20][21] Their most prominent building activities were in thedargah and its vicinity.[22]Jahanara Begum andDara Shikoh, children ofShah Jahan, were both born in the city in 1614 and 1615, respectively.[23][24]
Mughal patronage of the city had waned by the beginning of the 18th century.[25] In 1752, theScindias conquered the city,[26] and in 1818, the British gained authority over the city.[17] A municipality was established at Ajmer in 1866.[27] Colonial-era Ajmer served as the headquarters of theAjmer-Merwara Province and possessed a Central jail, alarge General Hospital, and two smaller hospitals, according to Gazetteer, 1908. It was the headquarters of a native regiment and of a Railway Volunteer corps. From the 1900s, the United Free Church of Scotland, the church of England, the Roman Catholics, and the American Episcopal Methodists have had mission establishments here.[28] At that time there were twelve printing presses in the city, from which eight weekly newspapers were published.[29]
At the time of India's independence in 1947, Ajmer continued as a separate state with its own legislature until its merger with erstwhile Rajputana province, then called Rajasthan. The Legislature of Ajmer State was housed in the building which now houses T. T. College. It had 30 MLAs, and Haribhau Upadhyay was the first chief minister of the erstwhile state, with Bhagirath Chaudhary as the first Vidhan Sabha speaker. In 1956, after acceptance of the proposal by Fazil Ali, Ajmer was merged into Rajasthan to form Ajmer District with the addition of Kishangarh sub-division of Jaipur district.[30][31]
Ajmer is in the northwest of India and is surrounded by the Aravali Mountains. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Taragarh Hill of that range. To the northwest is the Nagapathar Range of the Aravali Mountain Ranges which protects it fromdesertification from theThar Desert.
Ajmer has a hot, semi-arid climate with over 55 centimetres (22 inches) of rain every year, but most of the rain occurs in themonsoon months, between June and September. Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months of April to early July having an average daily temperature of about 30 °C (86 °F). During the monsoon there is frequent heavy rain and thunderstorms, but flooding is not a common occurrence. The winter months of November to February are mild and temperate with average temperatures ranging from 15–18 °C (59–64 °F) with little or no humidity. There are, however, occasional cold weather fronts that cause temperatures to fall to near freezing levels.
Climate data for Ajmer (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
According to the 2011 census, Ajmer had a population of 542,321 in the city, 551,101 including its suburbs.[3]
The female to male ratio in the city was 947/1,000. The literacy rate in the city was 86.52%, male literacy being 92.08% and female literacy being 80.69%.[3]
Ajmer's population growth in the decade was 18.48%; this compares to a growth figure of 20.93% in the previous decade.[38]
View of Ajmer fromTaragarh FortDargah Sharif AjmerRemnants of Jain and Hindu temple in converted Adhai Din Ka Jhopara Monument.Swarna Nagari Ayodhya inSoniji Ki NasiyanAkbari Fort and MuseumNareli Jain Temple is a recent addition to AjmerBaradari on LakeAnasagarTomb of Khwaja Husain Ajmeri
Pushkar: Located a few kilometres from Ajmer, it is an important tourist and pilgrimage destination and a satellite town of Ajmer city. It is famous for thePushkar Lake and the 14th centuryBrahma Temple at Pushkar, dedicated toBrahma. According to thePadma Purana, Pushkar is an important pilgrimage site of Brahma, and is regarded to be the only major shrine dedicated to the deity.[40]
Taragarh Fort: It is reputed to be the oldest hill fort in India. It stands, with precipitous surroundings, at a height of 2,855 ft. above sea-level, and between 1,300 and 1,400 ft. above the valley at its base; and it is partially enclosed by a wall some 20 feet thick and as many high, built of huge blocks of stone, cut and squared and are about two miles (3 km) in circumference. This hill fort guarding Ajmer, was the seat of theChauhan rulers. It was built by King Ajaypal Chauhan on the summit of Taragarh Hill and overlooks Ajmer. The battlements run along the top of the hill. When it fell to theBritish Raj, the fort was dismantled on the orders ofLord William Bentinck in 1832 and was converted into a sanatorium for the British troops stationed at the garrison town ofNasirabad.[41] Within it stands the shrine of a Muhammadan saint, Saiyid Husain, known as the Ganj Shahldan.In the older city, lying in the valley beneath the Taragarh hill and now abandoned, the Nur-chashma, a garden-house used by the Mughals, still remains, as also a water-lift commenced by Maldeo Rathor, to raise water to the Taragarh citadel.
Ajmer Sharif Dargah: It is a shrine of KhwajaMoinuddin Chishti which is situated at the foot of the Taragarh hill, and consists of several white marble buildings arranged around two courtyards, including a massive gate donated by theNizam ofHyderabad, and the Akbari Mosque, built by theMughal emperorShah Jahan and containing the domed tomb of the saint.Akbar and his queen used to come here by foot every year on pilgrimage fromAgra in observance of a vow when he prayed for a son. The large pillars called "Kose ('Mile') Minars" (Kos Minar), erected at intervals of about two miles (3 km) along the entire way between Agra and Ajmer mark the places where the royal pilgrims halted every day, they are also seen today, one such is near private bus station in Ajmer City.[41] About 125,000 pilgrims visit the site every day. TheUrs of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti is celebrated every year on the 6th and 7th of Rajab.
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra: Literally meaning "shed of two-and-a-half days", it is anASI protected monument near Ajmer Sharif Dargah and a converted mosque built after the partial destruction of earlier Hindu and Jain temples there on orders ofMuhammad Ghori after he defeatedPrithviraj Chauhan at the second battle of Tarain.Originally built as a Sanskrit college, the mosque underwent a transformative evolution in the 12th century under the reign of Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak.[42][43][44]
Mayo College: The college was founded in 1875 at the suggestion of Lord Mayo as a college where the sons of chiefs and nobles might receive an education to fit them for their high positions and important duties.[45] It was known as "IndianEton", as a number of Indian princes studied in this college. The main building, in white marble, is a classic example ofIndo-Saracenic architecture. In front of the college is memorial marble statue of Lord Mayo. The boarding-houses are arranged in the form of a horseshoe, with the college in the centre of the base. Some of the Native States built boarding-houses, while the Government of India presented the college park, comprising 167 acres and formerly the site of the old Residency, and erected the main building, the residences of the principal and vice-principal, and the Ajmer boarding- house. It provided the salaries of the English staff. The foundation-stone of the college was laid in 1878, and the building was opened by the Marquis of Dufferin in 1885.[45] John Lockwood Kipling, father of Nobel Laureate, Rudyard Kipling, had been principal of Mayo College.
Soni Ji Ki Nasiyaan: It is architecturally richJain temple built in the late nineteenth century whose main chamber Swarna Nagari "City of Gold", has prominent depiction ofAyodhya made from 1000 kg of gold.[46]
Akbari Fort & Museum: The city's museum was once the residence of PrinceSalīm, the son of the EmperorAkbar, and presently houses a collection of Mughal andRajput armour and sculpture. This is a magnificent example of Mughal architecture, construction of which was commissioned by Akbar in 1570. This is where Salim, as the EmperorJahangir, read out thefirman permitting theBritish East India Company to trade with India.[47] It is a massive square building, with lofty octagonal bastions at each corner. It was the headquarters of the administration in their time and in that of the Marathas. It was here that the emperors appeared in state, and that, as recorded by Sir Thomas Roe, criminals were publicly executed. The interior was used as a magazine during the British occupation until 1857; and the central building, used as a tahsil office. With the fort, the outer city walls, of the same period, are connected. These surround the city and are pierced by the Delhi, Madar, Usri, Agra, and Tirpolia gates.
Nareli Jain Temple: is a Jain temple complex of fourteen temples recently built. It is known for its architecture and intricate stone carvings which gives it both a traditional and contemporary look.[48]
Ana Sagar Lake: This is a historic man-made lake built by Maharaja Anaji (1135–1150 CE).[49] By the lake is the Daulat Bagh, a garden laid out by Emperor Jahangir. Emperor Shah Jahan later added five pavilions, known as the Baradari, between the garden and the lake embankment of the Ana Sagar supports the beautiful marble pavilions erected as pleasure-houses by Shah Jahan. The embankment, moreover, contains the - site of the formerhammam (bath-room). Three of the five pavilions were at one time formed into residences for British officials, while the embankment was covered with office buildings and enclosed by gardens. The houses and enclosures were finally removed in 1900–1902, when the two south pavilions were re-erected, the marble parapet completed, and the embankment restored, as far as practicable, to its early condition. The Baradari has since been closed for the public because of increased crowd and pollution caused by people.A new garden called Subhash Udhyan has been opened in the recent years in place of Baradari.
Lake Foy Sagar: It is a picturesque artificial lake that was created as a famine relief project in 1892 some 3 miles to the west of the city. It offers excellent views of Aravali mountains range as well migrating birds.[50] The city used to derive its water-supply from it during colonial times. The water was conveyed into the city and suburbs through pipes which were laid underground. The capacity of the lake is 150,000,000 cubic feet.
Prithviraj Smark: Prithviraj Smark is dedicated toPrithviraj Chauhan. It is located on the way to Taragarh Fort. This place has a life-size statue of King Prithviraj Chauhan mounted on a horse.[51]
TheKishangarh Airport is the nearest airport. It is 25 km from Ajmer city. The Ajmer Airport ground breaking ceremony was done by then Prime Minister of IndiaManmohan Singh in 2012. The airport was finally completed and inaugurated by then Union Minister of State for Civil AviationJayant Sinha and Chief MinisterVasundhara Raje on 11 October 2017.[52] The airport is operational since then and regular flights to/fromDelhi,Mumbai,Hyderabad,Ahmedabad,Indore andSurat are currently available. The airport is now among main and busy airports of Rajasthan. CurrentlySpiceJet andStar Air operate from Ajmer Airport on daily basis. Kishangarh Airport, Ajmer is being managed and operated byAirports Authority of India (AAI).
^Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 173.
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