 Skeletons discovered at ʿAin Mallaha | |
  Location in the Levant Show map of Near East ʿAin Mallaha (Israel) Show map of Israel | |
| Region | Israel |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 33°05′13″N35°34′45″E / 33.086975°N 35.579159°E /33.086975; 35.579159 |
ʿAin Mallaha (Arabic:عين ملاحة) orEynan (Hebrew:עינן) was anEpipalaeolithic settlement belonging to theNatufian culture, occupied circa 14,326–12,180cal. BP.[1] The settlement is an example of hunter-gatherersedentism, a crucial step in the transition from foraging to farming.[2]
ʿAin Mallaha has one of the earliest known archaeological evidence ofdog domestication.[3]
This site is located in theHula Valley of northernIsrael, 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of theSea of Galilee, and is in an area surrounded by hills and located by an ancient lake,Lake Huleh. At the time of itsNatufian inhabitance, the area was heavily forested in oak, almond, and pistachio trees.[4]
Evidence of settlement at Mallaha or ʿAin Mallaha dates back to theMesolithic period at circa 10,000 BCE.[5] The first permanent village settlement of pre-agricultural times inIsrael,Kathleen Kenyon describes the material remains found there as Natufian.[6][7] The Natufian village was colonized in three phases. The first two phases had massive stone-built structures with smaller ones in the third phase. These phases occurred from 12,000 to 9600 BCE. The dwellings were cut into the earth, had subterranean floors, and walls that were built ofdry stone. Wooden posts supported the roofs, which were probably thatches with brushwood or animal hides.[8] Hearths were located within the dwellings. Kenyon describes the Natufian village as consisting of 50 circular, semi-subterranean, one-room huts, paved with flat slabs and surrounded by stone walls up to 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) high.[6] The floors and walls of the homes were decorated in solid white or red, a simple and popular decorativemotif in theNear East at the time.[5]
The inhabitants of ʿAin Mallaha were sedentaryhunter-gatherers; it is likely that they lived in ʿAin Mallaha year round, gathering food from the surrounding wild stands of edible vegetation, and hunting local game. The inhabitants used hand mortars for grinding wild nuts and grain, and stone sickles for cutting plants from wild stands. Many of these sickle stones hold "sickle-gloss," indicating they had been used to cut large numbers of plant stems, most likely wild wheat and barley.[9] The inhabitants are known to have eaten gazelle, fallow deer, wild boar, red and roe deer, hare, tortoise, reptiles, and fish.[10]
The inhabitants appear to have subsisted on fish from nearbyLake Hula, as well as by hunting and gathering; no evidence of animal domestication or cultivation has been found,[6][11] with the conspicuous exception of dogs (seeBurial customs).
It is likely that entire families were buried in the remains of their own houses, the houses being subsequently abandoned. During excavation, Perrot found one dwelling to contain the graves of 11 men, women, and children, many of them wearing elaborate decorations made fromdentalium shells. In another dwelling (131), twelve individuals were found, one buried with her hand resting on the body of a small puppy.[12][page needed] This burial of a human being with a domestic dog represents the earliest known archaeological evidence of dog domestication.[13] One of the female burials has disarranged body parts and gazelle horn-cores placed near the head,David Wengrow has used this as evidence for the deep-history ofhuman-animal hybrid motifs found in ancient beliefs, practices, and folklore.[14]
ʿAin Mallaha was discovered in 1954 and salvage excavations were carried out under the supervision ofJean Perrot,Monique Lechevalier andFrançois Valla of theCNRS.[15] Since 2022, the site is excavated byFanny Bocquentin andLior Weissbrod.[16]
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