tái ahüm | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| 1,600,000+[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Assam | 1,464,000 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 100,000 |
| Languages | |
| Assamese (dominance),[2] andAhom (only used mainly in religious and educational purposes.[3]) | |
| Religion | |
| Majority: Hinduism Minority: Ahom religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherTai peoples | |
| Part ofa series on the |
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TheAhom (Pron:/ˈɑːhɒm/) orTai-Ahom is an ethnic group from theIndian states ofAssam andArunachal Pradesh. The members of this group are admixed descendants of theTai people who reached theBrahmaputra valley of Assam in 1228 and the local indigenous people who joined them over the course of history.Sukaphaa, the leader of the Tai group and his 9,000 followers established theAhom kingdom (1228–1826 CE), which controlled much of the Brahmaputra Valley in modernAssam until 1826.
The modern Ahom people and their culture are asyncretism of the originalTai and their culture[7] and localTibeto-Burman people and their cultures they absorbed in Assam. The local people of different ethnic groups of Assam that took to theTai way of life and polity were incorporated into their fold which came to be known as Ahom as in the process known asAhomisation.
Many local ethnic groups that came in contact with the Tai settlers, including theBorahis who were of Tibeto-Burman origin, were completely subsumed into the Ahom community; while members of other communities, based on their allegiance to the Ahom kingdom or the usefulness of their talents, too were accepted as Ahoms. Currently, they represent the largest Tai group in India, with a population of nearly 4.6 million in Assam. Ahom people are found mostly inUpper Assam in the districts ofGolaghat,Jorhat,Sibsagar,Charaideo,Dibrugarh,Tinsukia (south of Brahmaputra River); and inLakhimpur,Sonitpur,Bishwanath, andDhemaji (north) as well as some area ofNagaon,Guwahati.
Even though the already admixed group[8] Ahom made up a relatively small portion of the kingdom's population, they maintained their originalAhom language and practised their traditional religion till the 17th century, when the Ahom court as well as the commoners adopted theAssamese language.
The Tai speaking people came into prominence first in theGuangxi region, in China, from where they moved to mainlandSoutheast Asia in the middle of the 11th century after a long and fierce battle with theNorthern Han Chinese.[9] The Tai-Ahoms are traced to eitherMong Mao ofSouth China (present-dayDehong,Yunnan province of China)[10][11] or to theHukawng Valley inMyanmar.[9]
Sukaphaa, a Tai prince ofMong Mao, and a band of followers reached Assam in 1228 with an intention of settling there.[12] They came with a higher technology of wet-rice cultivation then extant and a tradition of writing, record keeping, and state formation. They settled in the region south of theBrahmaputra River and to the east of theDikhow River; the Ahoms today are found concentrated in this region.[13]Sukaphaa, the leader of the Tai group and his 9,000 followers established theAhom kingdom (1228–1826 CE), which controlled much of the Bramhaputra valley until 1826.
In the initial phase, the band of followers ofSukaphaa moved about for nearly thirty years and mixed with the local population. He moved from place to place, searching for a seat. He made peace with the Borahi andMoran ethnic groups, and he and his mostly male followers married into them, creating an admixed population identified as Ahoms[8] and initiating the process ofAhomisation. The Borahis, a Tibeto-Burman people, were completely subsumed into the Ahom fold, though the Moran maintained their independent ethnicity.Sukaphaa established his capital atCharaideo near present-daySivasagar in 1253 and began the task of state formation.
The Ahoms held the belief that they were destined by a divine force to cultivate fallow land using their wet-rice farming methods and to assimilate stateless shifting cultivators into their society.[14] They were also conscious of their numerical minority.[15] As a result, the Ahom polity initially absorbedNaga, Borahi andMoran, and later large sections of theChutia and theDimasa-Kachari peoples. This process ofAhomisation went on until the mid-16th century, when the Ahom society itself came under the directHindu influence.[16] That many indigenous peoples were ceremonially adopted into Ahom clans are recorded in the chronicles.[17] Since the Ahoms married liberally outside their own exogamous clans and since their own traditional religion resembled the religious practices of the indigenous peoples the assimilation under Ahomisation had little impediment.[16][18]
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the small Ahom community expanded their rule dramatically toward the west and they successfully saw off challenges fromMughal and other invaders, gaining them recognition in world history.[19] The rapid expansion resulted in the Ahom people becoming a small minority in their own kingdom, of which they kept control. Eventually, the Ahom court, as well as the Ahom peasants took toEkasarana dharma,Shaktism andSaivism over the traditional Ahom religion;[20] and adoptedAssamese over theAhom language for secular purposes.[21] The modern Ahom people and their culture are asyncretism of the originalTai and their culture[7] and localTibeto-Burman peoples and their cultures they absorbed in Assam.
The everyday usage of Ahom language ceased completely by the early 19th-century.[22] The loss of religions is also nearly complete, with only a few priestly families practising some aspects of it.[23] While the written language (and ritualistic chants) survive in a vast number of written manuscripts,[24] much of the spoken language is lost because the Ahom script does not mark tone and under-specifies vowel contrasts.[25]
Though the first political organisation (All Assam Ahom Association) was created in 1893[26] it was in 1954 when Ahom connection to other Tai groups in Assam was formally established.[27]
The Tai-Ahom people's traditional social structure, called Ban-Mong, revolved around agriculture and centered on irrigation methods.[28] TheBan orBan Na is a unit composed of families that settled by the side of the rivers. While manyBans together forms aMong which refers state.[28]
Ahom clans, calledphoids, formed socio-political entities. At the time of ingress into Assam, or soon thereafter, there were seven important clans, calledSatghariya Ahoms (Ahoms of the Seven Houses). There were Su/Tsu (Tiger) clan to which the Chao-Pha (Sukaphaa) belonged; his two chief counselorsBurhagohain (Chao-Phrung-Mung) andBorgohain (Chao-Thao-Mung); and three priestly clans: Bailung (Mo-plang), Deodhai (Mo-sham), Mohan (Mo-hang) and Siring.[29][30][31] Soon theSatghariya group was expanded—four additional clans began to be associated with nobility: Dihingia, Sandikoi, Lahon and Duarah.[30] In the 16th-centurySuhungmung added another great counselor, theBorpatrogohain and a new clan was established. Over time sub-clans began appearing. Thus during the Suhungmung's reign, the Chao-Pha's clan were divided into seven sub-clans—Saringiya, Tipamiya, Dihingiya, Samuguriya, Tungkhungiya, Parvatiya, and Namrupiya. Similarly, Burhagohain clan were divided into eight, Borgohain sixteen, Deodhai twelve, Mohan seven, and Bailung and Siring eight each. The rest of the Ahom gentry belonged to clans such asChaodangs,Gharphalias,Likchows etc. In general, the secular aristocratic clans, the priestly class, and the gentry clans did not intermarry.
Some clans admitted people from other ethnic groups as well. For example, Miri-Sandikoi and Moran-Patar were Sandikoi and Patar from theMising andMoran communities,[32] while the founders of Chetias and Lahons were from theChutia community.[33] This was true even for the priestly clans: Naga-Bailung, Miri-Bailung and Nara-Bailung.[29]
The Ahoms were literate with a writing system based on theAhom script,[34] which fell into disuse along with the language. TheAhom script evolved from an earlier script of theTai Nuea language[35] which developed further under the presentChinese Government.[36] There exists today a large corpus of manuscripts in this script on history, society, astrology, rituals, etc. Ahom people used to write their chronicles known asBuranji.[37] The priestly classes (Mo'sam, Mo'hung, Mo'Plong) are the custodians of these manuscripts.
The Ahom people used to use asexagenary cycle known asLak-Ni Tao-Si-Nga[38] with its origins in the middle kingdoms (Chung-Kuo). It has 12 months and an additional leap month with a ten days weekly cycle.[39][40] The first month is calledDuin-Shing which gregorian equivalent isNovember-December and the new year festival is known asPi-Mau Tai.[39] It is still in vogue inChinese andTai people.[41] The events inBuranji was counted withLak-ni.
Me-dam-me-phi is the communal ancestor worship festival of Tai-Ahom. It's observed in the month of Duin-Ha (March–April)in the ancient times but now it's celebrated in the 31st January.[42]
Poi cheng ken is the traditional spring festival of the Tai-Ahom people, celebrated during the Ahom month of Duin-Ha in theSexagenary cycle.[43] The festival includes rituals such as washing, particularly bathing household cattle, honoring ancestors, and worshipping the insigniaChum Pha Rueng Sheng Mueang.[43] The customs of Cheng Ken are documented in the ancient manuscriptKhyek Lai Bet.[43] As stated:
Duin ha jao pai ka duin ruk Poi cheng ken ao ma, hu ap nam, khai ap nam....,lit. '‘the month of Duin-ha is over. Poi cheng ken arrives in Duin-ruk. Cows and buffaloes are bathed in water.'
Like the ruralThai people ofThailand, the house rural Ahom families have been made of wood and bamboo, and two roofs are typically thatched.[44] Families' orchards and ploughed fields are situated near their house. Houses are built in a scattered fashion within bamboo groves.[44] At one time, the Ahom built their house on stilts called Rwan Huan[44] about two meters above ground level.
Food is one of the important variables of the culture of Tai-Ahom. Most Ahoms, particularly in rural areas, arenon-vegetarian,[45] still maintaining a traditional cuisine similar to otherTai people. Rice is a staple food. Typical dishes are pork, chicken, duck, slices of beef, frogs, many kinds of fishes,hukoti maas (dry preserved fish mixture),muga lota (cocoon seeds of endi and muga worms), and eggs of red ants.[45] Certain insects are also popular foods for the Ahoms.Luk-Lao orNam-Lao (rice beer, undiluted or diluted) are traditional drinks.[44] They consume "Khar" (a form of alkaline liquid extracted from the ashes of burned banana peels/bark), "Betgaaj" (tender cane shoots), and many other naturally grown herbs with medicinal properties. However beef for the general hindus and, pork for the Vaisnavites are avoided[46] DuringSiva Singha's reign, the people abandoned the free usage of meat and drinks.[47]
Ahom food specialties resemble Thai cuisine. Like the Thais, the Ahoms prefer boiled food that have little spices and directly burnt fish, meat and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, etc.[44] Some of them areThu–dam (black lentil),Khao–Moon (Rice Frumenty),Xandohguri (a powder made from dry roasted rice),ChewaKhao (steamed rice),Chunga Chaul (sticky rice cooked in tender bamboo tubes),Til pitha (sesame rice rolls prepared from sticky rice powder), andKhao-tyek (rice flakes).[44] The process of preparation of this item was quite unknown to population other than the Ahoms and the Thais. Khao (unboiled soft rice prepared from a special variety of sticky rice with a unique technique), Tupula Khao (a kind of rice cooked and packed with a particular kind of plant leaf with good smell called 'tora pat' and preserved bamboo sauce are some of the favourite food[44] items of the Ahoms, which are similar to their traditional diet.
Chaklong[48] is the main marriage ritual among the twenty marriage rituals of Tai Ahom people.[49] The name Cho Klong is derived from the TaiAhom language [Cho=to combine, klong=ritual]. The ritual is described in an ancient Tai Ahom scriptLai Lit nang Hoon Pha.[50] 101 ban-phai-s (earthen lamps) or lights are lit. The bride offers the groom aheng-dan (sword)[51] to protect her, their children, family, race and country. Sum of twenty rituals are performed in ahom wedding along with cho klong, including:
The majority of present-day Ahoms profess Hinduism as their religion, yet there's a movement aiming to rejuvenate the ancient Ahom faith. The Ahom religion started to decline since the days ofJayadhwaj Singha, he was the first Ahom king to adoptEkasarana Dharma and to take initiation of the Auniati Mahanta. From Jayadhawaj Singha toRantadhwaj Singha all were followers ofEkasarana Dharma. FromGadadhar Singha onwards the kings veered towardsShaktism.Siva Singha made theShaktism the state religion,Suremphaa Rajeswar Singha (1751–1769) orderedSanskritisation. All funerals were to be practised under the Hindu cremation rites, conducted by aMaithil Brahmin priest and a traditional priest.[53] Nevertheless,Me-Dam-Me-Phi is widely celebrated.
The Ahoms today use theAssamese language after the traditional language, theAhom language, fell into complete disuse. The Ahom language, a member of theTai branch of theKra–Dai languages is now dead, with its tone system completely lost. Nevertheless, it is being revived by some Tai Ahom organisations.[54]
From the latter part of the 20th century through the early 21st century, there has been a resurgence of interest among the Ahoms in their culture and language, resulting in heightened scholarly focus and efforts towards revival.[55] The 1901 census of India enumerated approximately 179,000 people identifying as Ahom. The latest available census records slightly over 2 million Ahom individuals, however, estimates of the total number of people descended from the original Tai-Ahom settlers are as high as eight million.[56] TheAhom script also finds a place in the Unicode Consortium and the script declared the topmost in theSouth-East Asia category.[57]
Ahom people today are categorised in theother backward classes (OBC) caste category; there is longstanding discussion and demand forScheduled Tribe status.[58] The term "ethnic Assamese" is now associated by theIndian government with the variousindigenous Assamese people.[59][60][61] According to Anthony Van Nostrand Diller, possibly eight million speakers ofAssamese can claim genetic descent from the Ahoms.[56] HistorianYasmin Saikia contends that during pre-colonial eras, the Ahoms didn't constitute an ethnic community; instead, they formed a relatively inclusive social group. Any group entering the socio-economic framework of the Ahom state could acquire Ahom status, subject to the explicit approval of the king.[59]
Ahom [aho]
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