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Ahmarian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Paleolithic archeological industry in the Levant
Ahmarian culture
Ahmarian is located in Near East
Ahmarian culture
Ahmarian culture
Map showing the approximate location of the Ahmarian culture
Geographical rangeLevant
PeriodUpper Paleolithic
Datesc. 46,000 – c. 42,000 BP
Preceded byAterian,Emiran,Bohunician
Followed byLevantine Aurignacian
Châtelperronian
Aurignacian (Europe)

TheAhmarian culture[1][2][3][4][5][6] was aPaleolithicarcheological industry in theLevant dated at 46,000–42,000 yearsbefore present (BP) and thought to be related to LevantineEmiran and younger EuropeanAurignacian cultures.

The word "Ahmarian" was adopted from thearchaeological site of Erq el-Ahmar (also written Erk el Ahmar),West Bank,Palestine, arockshelter in theJudean Desert in the northernDead Sea Rift.[7] It was explored and excavated by French PrehistorianRené Neuville in 1951.[8] The "Ahmarian" category had only been recognized since the 1980s, and was previously designated as "Phase II Upper Paleolithic" or "Ksar Akil Phase B".[9][10]

Ahmarian period

[edit]

The Ahmarian period together with theEmiran period, both from theLevant, are among the first periods of theUpper Paleolithic, corresponding to the first stages of the expansion ofHomo sapiens out of Africa. From this stage, the first modern humans migrated to Europe to form the beginning of the European Upper Paleolithic, including theAurignacian culture, where they become known as theCro-Magnons.[11]

The EuropeanBohunician culture, probably linked to the Emiran and Ahmarian, may slightly predate the Ahmarian at 48,000 BP.[12] There is also a claim that it is roughly contemporary with the Aurignacian and theGravettian cultures of Europe, all emerging prior to the Atlitian, which was also contemporary with theSolutrean andMagdalenian cultures of Western Europe.[13]

Ahmarian technology, which included the complex of blade/bladelet-knapping techniques is also linked to the tools used by thehunter-gatherers of southwestern Asia.[14]

Late Ahmarian is called Masraqan.[15]

Technology

[edit]

Ahmarian blades are usually elongated with some curves.[8] TheLevallois technique is still in use, but only sparsely, thereby making Ahmarian the first fullyUpper Paleolithic period.[8]

Ahmarian assemblages can be found throughout theLevant, includingSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Palestine, andJordan.[8] The Lagaman industry in theSinai can be considered as derivative to the Ahmarian culture.[8]

"Levantine Aurignacian", from theLevant, is a type of blade technology very similar to the EuropeanAurignacian, immediately following chronologically theEmiran and Early Ahmarian in the same area of theNear East, and closely related to them.[8]

  • Flint Knives, Ahmarian Culture, Nahal Boqer, 47,000-40,000 BP. Israel Museum.
    Flint Knives, Ahmarian Culture, Nahal Boqer, 47,000-40,000 BP.Israel Museum.
  • Stone core for making fine blades, Boqer Tachtit, Negev, Israel, circa 40,000 BP.
    Stone core for making fine blades, Boqer Tachtit, Negev,Israel, circa 40,000 BP.
  • El-Wad points are typical of the Ahmarian culture.[8]
    El-Wad points are typical of the Ahmarian culture.[8]
  • Ksar Akil flake made by Levallois technique. Found on the surface at Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Another point type typical of the Ahmarian culture (Northern Facies).[8]
    Ksar Akil flake made byLevallois technique. Found on the surface at Ksar Akil,Lebanon. Another point type typical of the Ahmarian culture (Northern Facies).[8]
  • Entrance to el-Wad Cave, an important Ahmarian site
    Entrance to el-Wad Cave, an important Ahmarian site
  • Inside of el-Wad Cave.
    Inside of el-Wad Cave.

Ahmarian sites

[edit]
ThePaleolithic
↑Pliocene (beforeHomo)

Fertile Crescent:

Europe:

Africa:

Siberia:

↓Mesolithic

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Archaeologists carbon dated a cave in Israel to reveal details about the two first modern human cultures".Newsweek. 28 December 2017.
  2. ^Kadowaki, Seiji; Omori, Takayuki; Nishiaki, Yoshihiro (2015)."Variability in Early Ahmarian lithic technology and its implications for the model of a Levantine origin of the Protoaurignacian".Journal of Human Evolution.82:67–87.doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.017.PMID 25924809.
  3. ^Goring-Morris, Nigel; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (2018). "The Ahmarian in the Context of the Earlier Upper Palaeolithic in the Near East".The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archeology of the Levant and Beyond. pp. 87–104.doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6826-3_7.ISBN 978-981-10-6825-6.
  4. ^Gilead, Isaac (1991). "The Upper Paleolithic period in the Levant".Journal of World Prehistory.5 (2):105–154.doi:10.1007/BF00974677.S2CID 163984548.
  5. ^Akazawa, Takeru; Nishiaki, Yoshihiro; Aoki, Kenichi (16 December 2013).Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 1: Cultural Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media.ISBN 9784431545118 – via Google Books.
  6. ^Nishiaki, Yoshihiro; Akazawa, Takeru (6 December 2017).The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archeology of the Levant and Beyond. Springer.ISBN 9789811068263.
  7. ^Marder, Ofer; Yeshurun, Reuven; Smithline, Howard; Ackermann, Oren; Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Grosman, Leore; Hershkovitz, Israel; Klein, Noa,"Hof Shahaf",Natufian Foragers in the Levant, Berghahn Books, pp. 505–526,doi:10.2307/j.ctv8bt33h.35, retrieved2023-12-19
  8. ^abcdefghShea, John J. (2013).Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East: A Guide. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152–153.ISBN 9781107006980.
  9. ^Shea, John J. (2013).Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East: A Guide. Cambridge University Press. p. 154.ISBN 9781107006980.
  10. ^Shea, John.(PDF) Selected Figures from Chapter 5. Upper Paleolithic | John Shea - Academia.edu.
  11. ^Klein, Richard G. (2009).The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. University of Chicago Press. p. 610.ISBN 9780226027524.
  12. ^Hoffecker, J. F (2009)."The spread of modern humans in Europe".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.106 (38):16040–16045.doi:10.1073/pnas.0903446106.PMC 2752585.PMID 19571003.
  13. ^Avi-Yonah, Michael (2001).A History of Israel and the Holy Land. New York: Continuum. p. 20.ISBN 0826413226.
  14. ^De Laet, S.J.; Dani, A.H.; Lorenzo, J.L.; Nunoo, R.B. (1994).History of Humanity: Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization. London: Routledge. pp. 244.ISBN 0415093058.
  15. ^Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Goring-Morris, Adrian (2012)."The earlier Upper Palaeolithic: a View from The Southern Levant". In Otte, M.; Shidrang, S.; Flas, D. (eds.).The Aurignacian from the Yafteh Cave and its context (2005–2008 excavations). pp. 127–136 – viaResearchGate.
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