| Ahab | |
|---|---|
 Portrait fromPromptuarium Iconum Insigniorum | |
| King of Israel (Northern Kingdom) | |
| Reign | 22 years 874–853 BC (Thiele) 869–850 BC (Albright) 871–852 BC (Coogan) |
| Predecessor | Omri |
| Successor | Ahaziah |
| Died | c. 853 BC Ramoth-Gilead,Syria |
| Burial | |
| Consort | Jezebel ofSidon |
| Issue | [1] |
| Dynasty | Omrides |
| Father | Omri |
Ahab (/ˈeɪhæb/;Hebrew:אַחְאָב,romanized: ʾAḥʾāḇ;Akkadian:𒀀𒄩𒀊𒁍,romanized: Aḫâbbu;Koine Greek:Ἀχαάβ,romanized: Akhaáb;Latin:Achab) was a king of theKingdom of Israel (Samaria), the son and successor of KingOmri, and the husband ofJezebel ofSidon, according to theHebrew Bible.[2] He is depicted in the Bible as aBaal worshipper and is criticized for causing moral decline in Israel, though modern scholars argue that Ahab was a Yahwist himself.[3][4][5]
The existence of Ahab is historically supported outside the Bible. The contemporaryKurkh Monolith inscription of kingShalmaneser III[6] from theNeo-Assyrian Empire documented in 853 BC that Shalmaneser III defeated an alliance of a dozen kings in theBattle of Qarqar; one of these was Ahab. Though not named, he is also mentioned on the inscriptions of theMesha Stele.[7]
Ahab became king of Israel in the thirty-eighth year of KingAsa of Judah, and reigned for twenty-two years, according to1 Kings 16:29.William F. Albright dated his reign to 869–850 BC, whileEdwin R. Thiele offered the dates 874–853 BC.[8] Most recently,Michael Coogan has dated Ahab's reign to 871–852 BC.[9]
As Omri's successor, Ahab married Jezebel, the daughter ofIthobaal I ofTyre. Under Jezebel's influence, he abandoned Yahweh and establishedBaal andAsherah cults in Israel according to 1 Kings 16:29–33. For example, he allowed Hiel the Bethelite to rebuildJericho, even though it was 'cursed' by Yahweh (1 Kings 16:34), and helped his wife kill opponents, such as the "servants of Yahweh" and possibly, the priests ofJeroboam's cult (1 Kings 18:3–16).[10] Edward Lipiński argues that the "Baal" worshipped by Ahab and Jezebel was the "YHWH of Samaria", which was opposed as Yahwist heresy by the Judean priests.[11] Others disagree based on archaeological evidence and extrabiblical sources about Jezebel's upbringing.[12][13]
In terms of foreign policy, Ahab continued Omri's policies against Moab, which was atributary state of Israel (2 Kings 1:1). According to the Moabite Mesha Stele, Omri and Ahab "oppressedMoab for many days". By marriage, he allied withJehoshaphat, who was the king of Judah (2 Kings 8:16–18).Aram-Damascus was the only foreign state that Ahab opposed but he made peace with them aftertheir king promised to withdraw from conquered territory. He also allowed Ahab to conquer Aramean territory to compensate (1 Kings 20:34).[14][14]
TheBattle of Qarqar is mentioned in extra-biblical records, and occurred atApamea, whereShalmaneser III ofAssyria fought a great confederation of princes fromCilicia, northernSyria, Israel,Ammon, and the tribes of theSyrian desert (853 BCE), including Arabs, Ahab the Israelite (A-ha-ab-bumatSir-'a-la-a-a)[15] andHadadezer (Adad-'idri).[14]
Ahab's contribution was estimated at 2,000chariots and 10,000 men. In reality, however, the number of chariots in Ahab's forces was probably closer to a number in the hundreds (based upon archaeological excavations of the area and the foundations of stables that have been found).[16] If, however, the numbers are referring to allies, they could include forces from Tyre,Judah,Edom, andMoab. The Assyrian king claimed victory, but his immediate return and subsequent expeditions in 849 BC and 846 BC against a similar but unspecified coalition implied that the victory had no lasting impact.
Jezreel was identified as Ahab's fortified chariot and cavalry base.[17]
In the Biblical text, Ahab has four important encounters with prophets:
Ahab is mortally wounded by an unaimed arrow after he and Jehoshaphat tried to re-captureRamoth-Gilead from the Arameans.[14][22] Depending on translation, Ahab's corpse was licked by dogs or a combination of dogs and pigs, according to Elijah's prophecy. It marked his "uncleanliness" in the presence of Israelites, who abstained from pork consumption.[24][page needed]
Ahab's reign was deeply unpopular among Yahwists and was considered to be worse than the previous kings of Israel. Whilst the previous kings followed a "heretical" interpretation of Yahwism, known as the "sins of Jeroboam", Ahab institutionalizedBaalism, which was completely divorced from Yahwism. He was likewise criticized for his oppressive policies, both domestically[25][14] and by the Moabites.[26]
However, Yahwists commend him for fortifying numerous Israelite cities and building an ivory palace.[27] Christian Frevel argues that Ahab used imperialism to introduce Yahweh to the Kingdom of Judah. To do this, he gave his children theophoric names whilst expanding in northern territories and Judah.[4] Michael J. Stahl clarifies that this mostly occurred in the latter half of his reign, according to biblical and extrabiblical evidence.[5]
Ahab was one of the three or four wickedkings of Israel singled out by tradition as being excluded from the future world of bliss (Sanh. x. 2; Tosef., Sanh. xii. 11). Midrash Konen places him in the fifth department of Gehenna, as having the heathen under his charge. Though held up as a warning to sinners, Ahab is also described as displaying noble traits of character (Sanh. 102b; Yer. Sanh. xi. 29b).Talmudic literature represents him as an enthusiasticidolater who left no hilltop in theLand of Israel without an idol before which he bowed, and to which he or his wife, Jezebel, brought his weight in gold as a daily offering. So defiant in his apostasy was he that he had inscribed on all the doors of the city ofSamaria the words, "Ahab hath abjured the living God of Israel." Nevertheless, he paid great respect to the representatives of learning, "to the Torah given in twenty-two letters," for which reason he was permitted to reign for twenty-two successive years. He generously supported the students of the Law out of his royal treasury, in consequence of which half his sins were forgiven him. A type of worldliness (Ber. 61b), the Crœsus of his time, he was, according to ancient tradition (Meg. 11a), ruler over the whole world. Two hundred and thirty subject kings had initiated a rebellion; but he brought their sons as hostages to Samaria andJerusalem. All the latter turned from idolaters into worshipers of the God of Israel (Tanna debe Eliyahu, i. 9). Each of his seventy sons had an ivory palace built for him. Since, however, it was Ahab's idolatrous wife who was the chief instigator of his crimes (B. M. 59a), some of the ancient teachers gave him the same position in the world to come as a sinner who had repented (Sanh. 104b, Num. R. xiv). Like Manasseh, he was made a type of repentance (I Kings, xxi. 29). Accordingly, he is described as undergoingfasts and penances for a long time; praying thrice a day to God for forgiveness, until his prayer was heard (PirḲe R. El. xliii). Hence, the name of Ahab in the list of wicked kings was changed to Ahaz (Yer. Sanh. x. 28b; Tanna debe Eliyahu Rabba ix, Zuṭṭa xxiv.).[28]
Pseudo-Epiphanius ("Opera," ii. 245) makesMicah anEphraimite. Confounding him withMicaiah, son ofImlah,[29] he states that Micah, for his inauspicious prophecy, was killed by order of Ahab through being thrown from a precipice, and was buried at Morathi (Maroth?; Mic. i. 12), near the cemetery of Enakim (Ένακεὶμ Septuagint rendering of ; ib. i. 10). According to "Gelilot Ereẓ Yisrael" (quoted in "Seder ha-Dorot," i. 118, Warsaw, 1889), Micah was buried in Chesil, a town in southern Judah (Josh. xv. 30).[30] Naboth's soul was the lying spirit that was permitted to deceive Ahab to his death.[31]
Ahab is portrayed byEduard Franz in the filmSins of Jezebel (1953). He is also the namesake ofCaptain Ahab inMoby Dick byHerman Melville.
McCurdy, J. Frederic; Kohler, Kaufmann (1906)."Ahab". InSinger, Isidore; et al. (eds.).The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Singer, Isidore; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906)."Micah". InSinger, Isidore; et al. (eds.).The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Media related toAhab at Wikimedia Commons
Ahab | ||
| Preceded by | King of Israel 874–853 BCE | Succeeded by |
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