Grand Agricultural Wheel | |
| Abbreviation | "the Wheel" |
|---|---|
| Successor | Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America |
| Founded | February 15, 1882 (1882-02-15) |
| Founders | Nine farmers led by W. W. Tedford, W. A. Suit and W. Taylor McBee |
| Founded at | Prairie County, Arkansas |
| Dissolved | 1889 (1889) |
| Merger of | Farmers' Alliance |
| Purpose | U.S.agricultural union |
| Origins | American farm discontent |
Region served | 11 states, mostlyAmerican South |
| Subsidiaries | state and local Wheels |
| Affiliations | Knights of Labor National Union Labor Party Union Labor Party of Arkansas |
Formerly called | Wattensas Farmers' Club |
TheAgricultural Wheel was acooperative alliance of farmers in the United States. It was established in 1882 in Arkansas.[1] A major founding organizers of the Agricultural Wheel was W. W. Tedford, anArkansas farmer and school teacher. Like similar farmer organizations such as the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the Louisiana Farmers' Union, and the Brothers of Freedom, the Agricultural Wheel had been formed to expose and correct the injustices and oppressions done to the small farmers by merchants, grain elevators and the railroads. The Wheel promoted a radical agenda including currency expansion throughfree silver; closing all national banks; regulation or nationalization of the railroads, the telephones and thetelegraph; allow only Americans to purchase public lands; impose an income tax on high incomes; and elect senators by popular election instead of by state legislatures. The Wheel encouraged farmers to join local cooperatives, avoid the debt cycle, and avoid one crop overemphasis on cotton.[2]
On February 15, 1882, during a period of depressed farm prices and drought, a group of nine Arkansas farmers led by W. W. Tedford, W. A. Suit and W. Taylor McBee met at the McBee Schoolhouse eight miles south ofDes Arc inPrairie County in easternArkansas and formed theWattensas Farmers' Club. The club vowed to improve the lives of farmers, improve their education and knowledge, and improve communications between them. Many Arkansas farmers were suffering under what they viewed as oppressive mortgages (known asanaconda mortgages) and were heavily in debt. The Wheel's early platform reflected the prior work ofThe Grange, an earlier agricultural organization supportingproducerism who had largely faded by 1882.[3]
Within a short time it was suggested that the organization change its name. The choices were between "The Poor Man's Friend" and "The Agricultural Wheel" which was the name finally selected.
The situation did not improve in Arkansas that year and farmers were in such desperate straits that they called uponGovernor of ArkansasThomas J. Churchill to ask the legislature to postpone the collection of taxes.
By 1883 the organization consisted of over 500 members in Arkansas. At the organization's meeting in the spring a state Wheel was established and deputies were appointed to spread the word to neighboring states and seek to establish local wheels in those states. The Wheel was limited to white male farmers and mechanics engaged in agriculture.[4]
In 1882, a separate but similar organization, known as theBrothers of Freedom was formed inJohnson County, Arkansas also seeking to increase the economic power of small farmers in opposition to monopolists and big business. One of the founders was Isaac McCracken, a farmer and former machinist and who had experience with labor unions in theNorthern United States, including a membership in theKnights of Labor.[5] Over time, the organization grew to attract former Grange andGreenback Party members in a sixteen-county area of northwestern Arkansas, where the rocky soil and hills was not conducive to cotton farming.[6]
In October 1885 the Wheel absorbed the Brothers of Freedom by a vote of both organizations, becoming official in July 1886.[7] McCracken would become president of the Wheel in 1886.[8]
In 1886 delegates from Arkansas,Kentucky andTennessee gathered at the town of Litchfield, Arkansas, to establish theNational Agricultural Wheel and an official newspaper for the organization. The national organization allowed women into the organization, and the establishment of segregated Wheel lodges for non-white Wheelers, though members could attend white Wheel meetings as "guests".[9] Among farmers' organizations of the period the Wheel was remarkable for refusal to hold racially segregated meetings, a policy it held until merger with the Farmers' Alliance.
By the time of the 1887 meeting, the membership of the national organization was over 500,000 farmers from Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky,Mississippi,Missouri,Indian Territory, andWisconsin.
The growing political clout of the organization led it to promulgate a platform consisting of the following demands:[10]
In 1888 at the national meeting inMeridian, Mississippi a merger between the Wheel and the Farmers' Alliance was proposed. The two organizations met jointly in 1889 inBirmingham, Alabama and merged that same year.
Centered largely in the state of Arkansas the Agricultural Wheel sought association with other farm protest organizations outside the state. Merger talks had begun as early as 1887 between these protest groups. Besides the similarity of their political goals the Agricultural Wheel and the other farm protest organization shared the same organizational structure.[11] The Agricultural Wheel and the other farm protest organizations anticipating merger were organized on the basis of small clubs of farmers organized at the neighborhood level. Even organization at the county level had proved to be impractical. County level organization was too large and not "local enough." In the 1880s, small farmers rarely journeyed to the county seat of theirhome counties. The Agricultural Wheel continued to exist as a separate organization until 1889 when it merged with theNational Farmers' Alliance to form the Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America.
HistorianTheodore Saloutos wrote that: