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Agra

Coordinates:27°11′N78°01′E / 27.18°N 78.02°E /27.18; 78.02
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India
This article is about the city in Uttar Pradesh, India. For other uses, seeAgra (disambiguation).

Metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India
Agra
Nickname: 
The Taj City (Taj Nagari)
Agra is located in Uttar Pradesh
Agra
Agra
Show map of Uttar Pradesh
Agra is located in India
Agra
Agra
Show map of India
Agra is located in Asia
Agra
Agra
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Coordinates:27°11′N78°01′E / 27.18°N 78.02°E /27.18; 78.02
Country India
StateUttar Pradesh
DivisionAgra
DistrictAgra[2]
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyAgra Municipal Corporation
 • MayorHemlata Divakar[3] (BJP)
 • Municipal CommissionerAnkit Khandelwal,IAS[4]
Area
121 km2 (47 sq mi)
Elevation170 m (560 ft)
Population
 (2011)[7]
1,585,704
 • Rank23rd
 • Density13,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi)
 • Metro1,760,285
Language
 • OfficialHindi[9]
 • Additional officialUrdu[9]
 • RegionalBraj Bhasha
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Pincode
282001-282009
Telephone code0562
Vehicle registrationUP-80
GDP Nominal$ 1.53 Billion (2019-20)[10]
Sex ratio875 / 1000
Literacy73.11%
WebsiteOfficial District Website

Agra (/ˈɑːɡrə/AH-grə;Hindi:[ˈaːɡɾaː]) is a city on the banks of theYamuna river in the Indian state ofUttar Pradesh, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) south-east of the national capitalDelhi and 330 km west of the state capitalLucknow. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh andtwenty-third most populous city in India.[11]

Agra's notable historical period began duringSikandar Lodi's reign, but the golden age of the city began with theMughals in the early 16th century. Agra was the foremost city of theIndian subcontinent and the capital of theMughal Empire under Mughal emperorsBabur,Humayun,Akbar,Jahangir andShah Jahan. Under Mughal rule, Agra became a centre for learning, arts, commerce, and religion, and saw the construction of theAgra Fort,Sikandra and Agra's most prized monument, theTaj Mahal, constructed between 1632 and 1648 by Shah Jahan in remembrance of his wifeMumtaz Mahal. With the decline of the Mughal empire in the late 18th century, the city fell successively first toMarathas and later to theEast India Company. After Independence, Agra has developed into an industrial town, with a boomingtourism industry, along with footwear, leather and other manufacturing. The Taj Mahal and the Agra Fort areUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and amonsoon season, and is famous for its Mughlai cuisine. Agra is included on theGolden Triangle tourist circuit, along withDelhi andJaipur; and theUttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh, along withLucknow andVaranasi.

Name

[edit]

The name Agra is explained by different derivations, all of which have low verifiability. The most accepted one is that it had its origin from the Hindi wordagar meaning salt-pan, a name which was given to it because the soil in the region is brackish and salt used to be made here once by evaporation. Others derive it from Hindu History claiming that theSanskrit wordagra (अग्र) which means the first of the many groves and little forests whereKrishna frolicked with thegopis ofVrindavan. The termAgravana hence means grove forest.[12][13]

Agra was also known as Akbarabad in the Mughal era. The name was coined by the emperorShah Jahan, in honour of his grandfather Akbar.[14][15]

History

[edit]

Pre-Mughal era

[edit]

Agra has two histories: one of the ancient city on the east, or left, bank of the riverYamuna, going back so far as to be lost in the legends ofKrishna andMahabharata and reestablished bySikandar Lodhi in 1504–1505; the other of the modern city, founded byAkbar in 1558, on the right bank of the river which is associated with theMughals, and known throughout the world as the city of the Taj. Of ancient Agra little now remains except few traces of the foundations. It was a place of importance under variousHindu dynasties previous to theMuslim invasions of India, but its history is unclear, and possess little historical interest.[16] The 17th century chronicler named Abdullah said it was a village before the reign of Sikandar Lodi. The king ofMathura had used theAgra fort as a jail. The degradation in the status of the site was a result of the destruction brought upon it byMahmud of Ghazni.[17]Masud Sa'd Salman claims to have been there when Mahmud assaulted Agra, claiming the Raja Japal surrendered after seeing a nightmare. Mahmud however proceeds to pillage the city.[18]

TheTomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani inSikandra was originally built as aBaradari by SultanSikandar Lodi in 1495.

Agra's period of historical importance began during Sikandar Lodi's reign. In 1504–1505, Sultan Sikandar Lodi (reigned 1489–1517[19]), the Afghan ruler of theDelhi Sultanate, rebuilt Agra and made it the seat of government.[16][20] Sikandar Lodhi appointed a commission which inspected and surveyed both sides of the Yamuna fromDelhi toEtawah and finally chose a place on the left bank, or the east side of the Yamuna, as the site for the city. Agra on the left bank of the Yamuna grew into a large flourishing town with royal presence, officials, merchants, scholars, theologians and artists. The city became one of the most important centres of Islamic learning in India. The sultan founded the village ofSikandra in the northern suburbs of the city and built there aBaradari of red sandstone in 1495, which was converted into a tomb by Jahangir, and now stands as theTomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Akbar's empress.[21][22]

After the Sultan's death in 1517, the city passed on to his son, SultanIbrahim Lodi (reigned 1517–26[19]). He ruled his sultanate from Agra until he was defeated and killed by Mughal EmperorBabur in theFirst battle of Panipat, fought in 1526.[23]

Mughal era

[edit]
The Town and Fort of Agra, an engraving

The golden age of the city began with theMughals. Agra was the foremost city of the subcontinent and the capital of theMughal Empire until 1658, whenAurangzeb shifted the entire court to Delhi.[24]

Babur (reigned 1526–30[25]), the founder of the Mughal dynasty, acquired Agra after defeating theLodhis and theTomaras of Gwalior in theFirst Battle of Panipat in 1526.[25][26] Babur's connection with Agra began immediately after the battle of Panipat. He sent forward his sonHumayun, who occupied the town without opposition. The Raja of Gwalior, slain at Panipat, had left his family and the heads of his clan at Agra. In gratitude to Humayun, who treated them magnanimously, and protected them from plunder, they presented to him a quantity of jewels and precious stones as a token of homage. Among these was the famous diamondKoh-i-nur.[26] Babur went on to lay out the first formal Mughal garden in India, theAram Bagh (or Garden of Relaxation) on the banks of the river Yamuna. Babur was determined to establish the seat of his government at Agra, but was almost dissuaded by the desolate appearance of the region, as clear from this quote from his memoirBaburnama:[26]

It always appears to me, that one of the chief defects of Hindustan is the want of artificial watercourses. I had intended, wherever I might fix my residence, to construct water-wheels, to produce an artificial stream, and to lay out an elegant and regularly planned pleasure ground. Shortly after coming to Agra I passed the Jumna with this object in view, and examined the country to pitch upon a fit spot for a garden. The whole was so ugly and detestable that I repassed the river quite repulsed and disgusted. In consequence of the want of beauty and of the disagreeable aspect of the country, I gave up my intention of making acharbagh (garden house); but as no better situation presented itself near Agra, I was finally compelled to make the best of this same spot.... In every corner I planted suitable gardens, in every garden I sowed roses and narcissus regularly, and in beds corresponding to each other. We were annoyed by three things in Hindustan; one was its heat, another the strong winds, and the third its dust. Baths were the means of removing all three inconveniences.

— Babur, Baburnama

Very few vestiges remain of Babur's city, of his fruit and flower gardens, palaces, baths, tanks, wells and watercourses. The remnants of Babur'sCharbagh can be seen today atAram Bagh, on the east side of Yamuna.[26][27] Babur was followed by his son Humayun (reigned 1530–40 and 1555–56[25]), but he was completely defeated at Kanauj in 1539, just nine years after his ascension, bySher Shah Suri, an Afghan nobleman, who had submitted to Babur, but revolted against his son. In this brief interruption in Mughal rule between 1540 and 1556,Sher Shah Suri, established the short livedSur Empire, and the region was eventually reconquered by Akbar in theSecond Battle of Panipat in 1556.

UnderAkbar (reigned 1556–1605[25]), and followed by his grandsonShah Jahan, Agra was immortalised in the history of the world. Akbar built the modern city of Agra on the right bank of Yamuna, where the majority of its part still lies. He converted the city into a great centre of political, cultural and economic importance, connecting it with the various parts of his vast empire. Akbar raised the towering ramparts of the Agra Fort, besides making Agra a centre for learning, arts, commerce, and religion. Akbar also built a new capital city ofFatehpur Sikri, around 35 km from Agra. The new capital city was later abandoned.[28][29] Before his death, Agra had become probably one of the biggest cities in the east, with huge amounts of trade and commerce happening through itsbazaars.[30] The English travellerRalph Fitch who visited Agra in September 1585 in the life-time of Akbar, writes about the town:[29]

Agra is a very great city, and populous, built with stone, having fair and large streets with a fair river running by it . . . . Agra and Fatehpur Sikri are two very great cities, either of them much greater than London, and very populous. Between Agra and Fatehpur are twelve miles (kos in reality) and all the way is a market of victuals and other things as full as though a man were still in a town, and so many people as if a man were in a market.

These impressions of Fitch are corroborated by another European traveller,William Finch, who remarked about Agra:[29]

It is spacious, large, populous beyond measure, that you can hardly pass the street . . . .

Agra continued to expand and flourish during Akbar's successorJahangir's reign as he wrote in his autobiographyTuzuk-e-Jahangiri:[29][30]

The habitable part of Agra extends on both sides of the river. On its west side, which has the greater population, its circumference is seven kos, and its breadth is one kos. The circumference of the inhabited part on the other side of the river, the side towards the east, is 212 kos, its length being one kos and its breadth half a kos. But in the number of its buildings it is equal to several cities of Iraq, Khurasan and Trans-Oxiana put together. Many persons have erected buildings of three or four storeys in it. The mass of the people is so great that moving about in the lanes and bazars is difficult.

Akbar's successor Jahangir (reigned 1605–27[25]) had a love of flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort.[31] Akbar's mausoleum atSikandra was completed during Jahangir's reign. TheJahangiri Mahal in Agra fort and the tomb ofItmad-ud-daulah were also constructed during the reign of Jahangir. Jahangir loved Lahore and Kashmir more than Agra, but the latter continued to be the first city of the realm.[24] It was, however,Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–58[25]) whose building activity raised Agra to the pinnacle of its glory. Shah Jahan, known for his keen interest in architecture, gave Agra its most prized monument, theTaj Mahal. Built in loving memory of his wifeMumtaz Mahal, the mausoleum was completed in 1653. TheJama Masjid and several other notable buildings like theDiwan-i-Am, theDiwan-i-Khas, theMoti Masjid, etc., inside the fort were planned and executed under his orders.[24]

Shah Jahan later shifted the capital toShahjahanabad (now known asDelhi) in the year 1648,[32] followed by his sonAurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707[25]) moving the entire court to Delhi in 1658. With this Agra began rapidly declining. Nevertheless, the cultural and strategic importance of Agra remained unaffected and in official correspondence it continued to be referred to as the second capital of the empire.[24]

Later periods

[edit]
Map of the city, c. 1914
Agra, Main Street, c. 1858

Thedecline of the Mughal empire caused the emergence of several regional kingdoms, and in the late 18th century the control of the city fell successively to the Jats, the Marathas, the Mughals, the ruler of Gwalior, and finally the British East India Company.[33] TheJats ofBharatpur, waged many wars against the Mughal Delhi and in the 17th and 18th century carried out numerous campaigns in Mughal territories including Agra.[34] After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the city came under the influence of another post-Mughal Empire power, theMarathas, before falling into the hands of the BritishEast India Company in 1803.[33] In the years 1834–1836, Agra was the capital of the short-livedPresidency of Agra, administered by aGovernor. It was then the capital of theNorth-Western Province from 1836 to 1858, governed by a Lieutenant-Governor.[35][36] Agra was one of the centres of theIndian rebellion of 1857.[37]

During the Indian rebellion of 1857, when East India Company rule across many parts of India was threatened, the news of the mutiny at Meerut reached Agra on 14 May. On 30 May some companies of the 44th and 67th Native Infantry sent to Mathura to bring in the treasury mutinied and carried off the treasury to the rebels in Delhi. With the fear of the rebellion spreading to Agra as well, the rest of these native infantry battalions, which were part of thegarrison at Agra, were successfully disarmed by the British on 31 May.[13][38] However, when the Gwalior contingent mutinied on 15 June, all other native units followed. On 2 July the rebel force of the Nimach and Nasirabad contingents reachedFatehpur Sikri. Fearing advance of the mutineers to Agra, some 6000 Europeans and associated people moved into theAgra Fort for safety on 3 July. On 5 July, the British force stationed there attempted to attack an approaching force of Mutineers, but was defeated, and the British retreated back into the fort.[13] The Lieutenant-Governor,J.R. Colvin, died there, and was later buried in front of theDiwan-i-am.[39][13] The mutineers, however, moved over toDelhi, it being a more important attraction for the rebels. Despite an uprising by a mob and extreme disorder in the city, the British managed to restore partial order by 8 July.[13] Delhi, in turn, fell to the British in September, following which an infantry brigade led by BrigadierEdward Greathed arrived in Agra on 11 October without any opposition from rebels. But shortly after their arrival another force of mutineers attacked the brigade by surprise, but was defeated and routed. This minor victory for the British was named theBattle of Agra.[40][13] It is to be said that, the uprising in Agra was relatively minor compared toDelhi,Jhansi,Meerut and other major rebellious cities and regions.[39] After this British rule was again secured, and theBritish Raj ruled the city till theindependence of India in 1947.[41] The capital of theNorth Western Provinces was shifted from Agra toAllahabad in 1858. Gradually, Agra declined to the position of a mere provincial town, and its prosperity declined:[36]

But in the economy of the administration of British India Agra is nothing more than a district town; its size, proportions and manifold activities have come down to its present requirements, and continued life in this city does not come above the average of that monotonousmuffasil life in India which has been so often and so vividly described by many gifted Anglo-Indian writers. Agra has become of late years a large railway centre, and its commercial prosperity seems to be reviving.

— Agra by 1892, as described by S.C. Mukerji, Traveller's Guide to Agra, pp 55-56

Agra's role in the Indian Independence movement is not well documented.[42] However, in the years between the mutiny and independence Agra was a major centre of Hindi and Urdu journalism.[citation needed]Paliwal park(formerly Hewitt park) in Agra is named afterS.K.D Paliwal,[43] who brought out the Hindi dailySainik.[44]

Post Independence and Mughal legacy

[edit]

Post India's independence, Agra has been a part ofUttar Pradesh and has gradually developed into an industrial city, with a significant contribution to Uttar Pradesh's economy. The city is now a popular tourist destination and hosts tourists from across the world.[45] TheTaj Mahal andAgra Fort receivedUNESCO World Heritage Sites status in 1983.[46][47] The Taj Mahal witnesses tourists, photographers, historians and archaeologists in massive numbers all around the year. The Taj Mahal has become a symbol of India.[48][better source needed][49] Post Independence, Taj Mahal has been visited by world leaders likeUS PresidentsDwight D. Eisenhower (1959),Bill Clinton (2000), andDonald Trump (2020).Queen Elizabeth II of theUnited Kingdom had visited Taj Mahal in 1961 on her India visit. Taj Mahal has also been visited byRussian PresidentVladimir Putin (1999),Chinese PresidentHu Jintao (2006),Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu (2018) andCanadian Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau (2018).[50] Agra is the birthplace of the now extinct religion known asDin-i-Ilahi, which was founded byAkbar[51] and also of theRadhaswami Faith,[citation needed] which has around two million followers worldwide. Agra is included on theGolden Triangle tourist circuit, along withDelhi andJaipur;[52] and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh, along withLucknow andVaranasi.[53]

Geography and climate

[edit]

Geography

[edit]

The region around Agra consists almost entirely of a level plain, with hills in the extreme southwest. The rivers in the region includeYamuna andChambal. The region is also watered by theAgra Canal. Millet, barley, wheat and cotton are among the crops grown in the surrounding countryside. BothRabi andKharif crops are cultivated. The deserted city ofFatehpur Sikri is about 40 km southwest of Agra.[54] The sandstone hills near Fatehpur Sikri and on the south-eastern borders of the district are offshoots from theVindhya range ofCentral India.[55] Agra is about 210 km away from the National capital ofNew Delhi (viaYamuna Expressway),[56] about 336 km from state capitalLucknow (viaAgra-Lucknow Expressway),[57] and about 227 km fromKanpur (via Agra-Lucknow Expressway).[58] The city has an average elevation of 170 metres above sea level.[6]

Climate

[edit]
Main article:Climate of Agra

Broadly speaking, the climate of Agra is classified asBSh by theKöppen-Geiger climate classification system.[59] This is the tropical and subtropicalsteppe climate, a major climate type of the Köppen classification that occurs primarily on the periphery of the true deserts in low-latitude regions, forming a transition between thedesert climate (BW), and the morehumid subtropical andtropical climates.[60][61]

The city features warm winters, sweltering and dry summers and amonsoon season. The Agra district, from its proximity to the sandyThar Desert to the west, is relatively dry, and has greater extremes of temperature than districts further east. The hot west wind,Loo blows mainly during April, May, and June with great force and can cause fatal heatstrokes.[62] The highest temperature ever registered in Agra was 48.6 °C, on 28 May 2024. Themonsoon rains usually begin in the first week in July; and generally end in mid-September. However, themonsoons, though substantial in Agra, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The weather moderates by the middle of October.[13][63] The region around Agra, the northwestIndo-Gangetic plain is prone to extreme fog in the winter months, which is caused due to natural factors like low winds, low temperatures, availability of moisture apart from air pollution.[64][65] This phenomenon often leads to big delays and sometimes cancellation of trains due to poor visibility. Agra has high levels of air pollution and one of the worstAQIs in India. In a study conducted byWHO using data from years 2010–2016, Agra ranked as the 8th most polluted city in India, along with other nearby cities includingDelhi,Kanpur andFaridabad.[66]

Agra has been ranked 3rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1>10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'[67]

Climate data for Agra (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2002)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)33.0
(91.4)
35.6
(96.1)
42.8
(109.0)
47.3
(117.1)
48.6
(119.5)
48.5
(119.3)
46.5
(115.7)
43.0
(109.4)
41.4
(106.5)
41.1
(106.0)
36.5
(97.7)
31.0
(87.8)
48.6
(119.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)22.2
(72.0)
26.2
(79.2)
32.1
(89.8)
38.4
(101.1)
41.9
(107.4)
41.1
(106.0)
36.0
(96.8)
33.1
(91.6)
34.2
(93.6)
34.7
(94.5)
29.2
(84.6)
23.7
(74.7)
32.7
(90.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)7.4
(45.3)
10.4
(50.7)
14.2
(57.6)
20.0
(68.0)
24.4
(75.9)
25.5
(77.9)
24.7
(76.5)
23.9
(75.0)
23.5
(74.3)
18.7
(65.7)
13.2
(55.8)
8.1
(46.6)
17.9
(64.2)
Record low °C (°F)−2.2
(28.0)
−1.7
(28.9)
5.5
(41.9)
10.0
(50.0)
14.0
(57.2)
12.0
(53.6)
14.5
(58.1)
12.0
(53.6)
13.0
(55.4)
9.4
(48.9)
2.8
(37.0)
−0.6
(30.9)
−2.2
(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)12.5
(0.49)
10.8
(0.43)
8.3
(0.33)
8.5
(0.33)
21.4
(0.84)
46.4
(1.83)
245.8
(9.68)
198.6
(7.82)
110.8
(4.36)
24.7
(0.97)
2.5
(0.10)
3.2
(0.13)
693.6
(27.31)
Average rainy days1.20.81.20.91.83.210.310.15.81.20.20.537.2
Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 17:30IST)63524440394569786953636557
Averagedew point °C (°F)8
(46)
11
(52)
13
(55)
14
(57)
17
(63)
21
(70)
25
(77)
25
(77)
23
(73)
18
(64)
13
(55)
10
(50)
17
(62)
Averageultraviolet index5679997787647
Source 1:India Meteorological Department[68][69][70]Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[71][72]
Source 2: NOAA (1971–1990),[73]Weather Atlas[74]

Environment

[edit]

The Taj Mahal has faced significant damage due to air pollution and sewage discharge into the nearby Yamuna river.[75] The white-marble Taj Mahal is turning yellow and green because of filthy air in the world's eighth-most polluted city. The Taj Mahal flanks the garbage-strewnYamuna river and is often enveloped by dust andsmog from smokestacks and vehicles.[76]

The Yamuna River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world.[77] Agra is the second largest contributor to River Yamuna's pollution, after Delhi.[78] The river's pollution has caused several problems for the Taj Mahal such as 'Attacks by Bugs and their Green Slime',[79] foul stench[80] and corrosion of Taj Mahal's foundation.[80] The river has as many as 90nalas or drains opening into it. Though the municipality has claimed to stop 40 of these drains, the bigger ones,Bhairon,Mantola,Balkeshwarnalas continue to discharge huge quantities of untreated waste water without any check.[81] Activists say that the Yamuna river bed betweenItmad-ud-Daula and theTaj Mahal has become a dumping ground for pollutants. Polythene, plastic waste, leather cuttings from shoe factories, construction material, are all thrown into the river.[81]

Less than 7% of the Agra district is under forest cover.[82] The only major wildlife sanctuary near Agra isKeetham Lake, also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary. The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds.[83] Within the Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary is theAgra Bear Rescue Facility, which is India's first sanctuary for'dancing' bears. Operated byWildlife SOS,Free the Bears Fund and others, the facility has rehabilitate over 620sloth bears, which were exploited by a nomadic tribe known as the Kalandars as 'dancing bears', despite the practice being illegal since 1972.[84][85]

Agra has been ranked 3rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1>10L Populationcities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871142,700—    
1881160,200+12.3%
1891168,700+5.3%
1901188,300+11.6%
1911185,400−1.5%
1921185,500+0.1%
1931125,300−32.5%
1941284,100+126.7%
1951375,700+32.2%
1961462,000+23.0%
1971594,900+28.8%
1981723,700+21.7%
1991891,800+23.2%
20011,275,000+43.0%
20111,585,000+24.3%
Source:[86]
See also:List of cities in Uttar Pradesh

With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh andtwenty-third most populous city in India.[11] As per the 2011 Census of India, Agra city has a population of 1,585,704; its metropolitan population is 1,760,285. The sex ratio of Agra city is 875 females per 1000 males, while the child sex ratio is 857 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate of Agra city is 73.11% of which male and female literacy rates are 77.81% and 67.74% respectively.[87]

Religion in Agra city (2011)[87]
ReligionPercent
Hinduism
80.68%
Islam
15.37%
Jainism
1.04%
Sikhism
0.62%
Christianity
0.42%
Other or not stated
1.87%
Distribution of religions

Hinduism is the most followed religion in Agra city with 80.68% of its population adhering to it. Islam is second most followed religion in the city of Agra with 15.37% of the population following it. These are followed by Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity and Buddhism at 1.04%, 0.62%, 0.42% and 0.19% respectively. Approximately 1.66% stated 'No Particular Religion'.[87]

Languages of Agra (2011)[88]
  1. Hindi (94.8%)
  2. Braj Bhasha (2.34%)
  3. Urdu (1.86%)
  4. Others (1%)

At the time of the2011 Census of India, 94.80% of the population in the district spokeHindi, 2.34%Braj Bhasha and 1.86%Urdu as their first language.[88]

Administration and politics

[edit]

Administration

[edit]
Local administration as of August 2020
Key posts of local administrationPerson
Mayor (elected post)Hemlata Divakar (BJP)[89]
Municipal commissionerNikhil Tikaram Funde[89]
Vice-chairman of ADADevendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha[90]
District and divisional administrationPerson
Divisional commissionerAnil Kumar[91][92]
District magistrate and collectorAravind Mallappa Bangari , IAS
Police administrationPerson
Senior superintendent of police (SSP)Prabhakar Choudhary IPS[93]
ADG, Agra ZoneAjay Anand[94]
IG, Agra Range

Police administration

[edit]
Main article:Agra Police Commissionerate

Agra district comes under the Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range, Agra Zone is headed by anadditional director general (ADG)-rankedIndian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Agra Range is headed by adeputy inspector general (DIG)-ranked IPS officer.

The district police is headed by asenior superintendent of police (SSP), who is anIPS officer, and is assisted by sixsuperintendents of police oradditional superintendents of police for city, east, west, crime, traffic, and protocol, either from the IPS or theProvincial Police Service.[95] Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer in the rank ofdeputy superintendent of police.[95]

Infrastructure and civic administration

[edit]

Agra Municipal Corporation or Agra Nagar Nigam (AMC or ANN) is the Municipal Corporation responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Agra. This civic administrative body administers the city's public services. The mayor and municipal councillors are elected to five-year terms.[96] The Agra Municipal Corporation oversees four zones (Hariparvat, Lohamandi, Tajganj and Chhata) which are further subdivided into 100 wards. The AMC boundary encompasses an area of 121 square km.[97][98] The Agra Development Authority (ADA), is develops new housing, infrastructure and colonies in the city.[99]

Politics

[edit]
Vote share of Parties in 2019 Agra Lok Sabha.[100]
  1. BJP (57%)
  2. BSP (38%)
  3. INC (4%)
  4. Others (1%)
Incumbent MP Satyapal Singh Baghel of BJP won the Agra Lok Sabha constituency with a margin of 2,11,546 votes by defeating Manoj Kumar Soni of BSP. Satyapal Singh Baghel secured 6,46,875 votes.

Agra district has twoLok Sabha constituencies,Agra andFatehpur Sikri, and nineUttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha (Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly) constituencies.[101] The MP for Agra constituency isSP Singh Baghel, fromBharatiya Janata Party.[102] Ahead of the election the for 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, it was announced that two more districts, including Agra, could become a police commissionerate before the elections.[103]

Utilities

[edit]

The electricity power distribution and bill collection in Agra is the responsibility ofTorrent Power, a private sector company as well as DVVNL (Dakshinanchal Vidhyut Vitran Nigam Limited), a state owned entity of UPPCL. The control of power distribution in Agra was handed over to Torrent Power from the state-ownedUP Power Corporation Ltd in 2010, in an effort to move towards power reforms and cutting the massive distribution losses in the state. This was the first time power distribution was privatised in Uttar Pradesh, except forNoida-Greater Noida falling under theNCR.[104][105]

Agra has three primary sources for municipal water supply: water treatment plants atSikandra and Jeoni Mandi, and groundwater using tubewells.[106] Since a large portion of the water demand is fulfilled from theYamuna river, which is a highly polluted river, water quality in Agra is usually poor, with unhealthy levels of chlorine required for purification. The city's groundwater is also unfit for drinking, and is saline and high in fluoride content. Both sources breachCPCB standards.[107] To provide the city with adequate water supply, the Gangajal pipeline project has been initiated.[108] It includes a 130 km long pipeline laid to bring Ganga water fromBulandshahr'sUpper Ganga canal to Agra. The project has been launched,[109] but has faced criticism due to frequent pipeline leakages.[110][111][112]

Though most of the city uses cylinders for cooking gas, piped natural gas is also available in many localities, includingKamla Nagar,Sikandra and others. The service is provided by Green Gas Limited.[113][114]

Economy

[edit]

Due to the presence of the Taj Mahal and other historic monuments, Agra has a booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts likePietra Dura, marble inlay and carpets.[115]

40% of the population depends largely on agriculture, and others on the leather and footwear business and iron foundries. Agra was the second most self-employed in India in 2007, behind Varanasi, followed by Bhopal, Indore and Patna. According to the National Sample Survey Organization, in 1999–2000, 431 of every 1,000 employed males were self-employed in the city, which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004–05.[116]

Tourism has a significant role in the economy of Agra, with upwards of 9.5 million tourists visiting Agra and surrounding monuments in 2019.[117] The city is home to Asia's largest spa called Kaya Kalp – The Royal Spa, at the ITC Hotel Mughal in Agra.[118][119] Other hotels include Taj Hotel and Convention Centre.[120]

Sanjay Place is the trade centre of Agra. There are about 12 major and medium scale industries, producing electrical goods, pipes, leather goods etc. There are about 7,200 small scale industrial units. Above 1.5 lakh pairs of shoes per day are manufactured in Agra by the various footwear units.[121] Agra city is also known for its leather goods, the oldest and famous leather firm Taj Leather World is inSadar bazar. The carpets, handicrafts,zari and zardozi (embroidery work), marble and stone carving and inlay work.[122][123]

Agra amassed a GDP of[clarification needed] 40.21 billions / 40,210 crores as per the data released byUP Government for the year 2018–19, thus the 3rd rank in the state.[124]

In theSwachh Survekshan 2020, Agra ranked 16th nation-wide, and 2nd in the state afterLucknow, which was a big jump after 86th in 2019, 102nd in 2018, and 263rd in 2017.[125][126] In theSmart city Rankings, which are pan-India rankings for 100 cities which is released by theMinistry of Housing and Urban Affairs based on the progress/completion rate of Smart City projects, Agra ranked 1st, based on the rankings released based on work done by department concerned under the Smart City project from 1 October 2019, to 1 March 2020.[127][128]

As of August 2020, Industrial activity in Agra has been affected as a result of the restrictions imposed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic that has forced people to remain confined to their homes. The sectors worst-hit are the iron foundries, tourism, leather shoe industry in Agra.[129] It is estimated that the loss in the tourism industry due to COVID-19 restrictions is approximately ₹ 22 billions / 2,200 crores.[130]

Tajview hotel, the first five-star hotel in Agra, operated by theIHCL group
A marble table top inpietra dura, a craft practised since theMughal era in Agra
TheSadar Bazar market
An Agra craftsman working with marble stone inlays. The marble is coloured red to give contrast while working.

Monuments and architecture

[edit]
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Taj Mahal

[edit]
Main article:Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal rises above the banks of the river like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time.

— Rabindranath Tagore, (translated by Kshitish Roy) from One Hundred and One Poems by Rabindranath Tagore (pp. 95–96)

Taj Mahal is a mausoleum complex in Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal ("Chosen One of the Palace"), who died in childbirth in 1631, having been the emperor's inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612. India's most famed building, it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern (right) bank of the Yamuna River, about 1.6 km east of the Agra Fort, also on the right bank of the Yamuna. The Taj Mahal is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Other attractions include twin mosque buildings (placed symmetrically on either side of the mausoleum), pleasant gardens, and a museum. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983,[131] and is one of theNew Seven Wonders of the world.[132] The Taj Mahal is the most visited tourist spot in the India, attracting nearly 6.9 million visitors in 2018–19.[133][134]

The chief architect was probably the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori. Designed as a unified entity according to the principles of Mughal architecture, the five principal elements of the complex were the main gateway, garden, mosque,jawab (literally 'answer', a building mirroring the mosque), and the mausoleum, with its four minarets. The construction commenced in 1632 with upwards of twenty thousand workers from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe working to complete the mausoleum itself by 1639, the adjunct buildings by 1643, with decoration work continuing until at least 1647. In total, construction of the 42 acre (17 hectare) complex spanned 22 years.[134]

It can be observed fromAgra Fort from where Emperor Shah Jahan gazed at it for the last eight years of his life, a prisoner of his sonAurangzeb. Verses of the Quran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are 22 small domes, signifying the number of years the monument took to build. The Taj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one. The most elegant and largest dome of the Taj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet (18 m), and has a height of 80 feet (24 m); directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb. The interiors are decorated with finepietra dura inlay work, incorporating semi-precious stones.

However, air pollution caused by emissions from foundries and other nearby factories and exhaust from motor vehicles has damaged the Taj, notably its marble facade.[135] A number of measures have been taken to reduce the threat to the monument, among them the closing of some foundries and the installation of pollution-control equipment at others, the creation of a parkland buffer zone around the complex, and the banning of nearby vehicular traffic, and more recently, use of 'mud pack' therapy.[136] Perhaps most importantly, the 10,400 km2 (4,000 sq mi)Taj Trapezium Zone has been created around the Taj Mahal and other nearby monuments where strict pollution restrictions are in place on industries, following a 1996 Supreme Court of India ruling.[137]

Some antique views were published in the Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books, namelyTâj-Mahal, Agra. bySamuel Prout from a mid-distant angle (1832)[138] andRuins about the Taj Mahal. by S. Austin from those said ruins (1836).[139] Both are accompanied by poetical illustrations byLetitia Elizabeth Landon.

Agra Fort

[edit]
Main article:Agra Fort

The Agra Fort is a large 16th-century fortress of red sandstone located by theYamuna River in Agra. It was first established by the Mughal EmperorAkbar and served as the seat of royal government when Agra was the capital of the Mughal empire in addition to being a military base and a royal residence. Built on the site of earlier fortifications byIslam Shah Suri[140](son ofSher Shah Suri), the Agra Fort lies on the right bank of the Yamuna River and is connected to theTaj Mahal (downstream, around a bend in the Yamuna), by a stretch of parkland. The fort was commissioned by Akbar in 1565, taking around eight years to build.[141] Though much of the structure of the fort was founded by Akbar, both the interior and exterior underwent considerable changes under his sonJahangir and grandsonShah Jahan, who added many new structures, often of marble.[142] The red sandstone walls of the roughly semi-circular structure[143] have a perimeter of about 2.5 km, rise 21 metres high, and are surrounded by a moat.[141] There are two entrances in the walls: the Delhi Gate facing west, the original entrance, situated nearly opposite to the Agra Fort railway station and Jama Masjid, and decorated with intricate marble inlays; and the Amar Singh Gate(also known asHathi Pol[140], or Elephant Gate) facing south, presently the only means in or out of the fort complex).[141] The complex of buildings in the fort—reminiscent of Persian and Timurid architecture,[141] with great inspiration from Jain and Hindu architecture[140]—forms a city within a city.[141]

Among the major attractions in the fort isJahangiri Mahal, the largest residence in the complex, built by Akbar as a private palace for hisRajput wives. In the Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience), the emperor would listen to public petitions and meet state officials. The Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) was used for receiving distinguished visitors. The famousPeacock Throne was once kept there, beforeAurangzeb took it to Delhi. Near the Diwan-i-Khas stands theMusamman Burj, an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan's favourite empress,Mumtaz Maḥal. TheMoti Masjid (Pearl Mosque), constructed by Shah Jahan, is a structure made entirely of white marble. The emperor's private residence was the Khas Mahal, whose marble walls were once adorned with flowers depicted by precious gems. Located to its northeast is the Sheesh Mahal (Palace of Mirrors), its walls and ceilings inlaid with thousands of small mirrors.[141] Numerous other structures are there in the complex, including theAnguri Bagh, theMina Bazaar etc.[140]

In addition to its other functions, the fort also served as a prison for Shah Jahan when Aurangzeb, his son and successor as emperor, had him confined there from 1658 until his death in 1666.[141]

I'timād-ud-Daulah's tomb

[edit]
Main article:Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah
The I'timād-ud-Daulah's tomb

Nur Jahan commissionedI'timād-ud-Daulah's tomb, sometimes called the "Baby Taj", for her father,Mirza Ghiyas Beg, the Chief Minister of the EmperorJahangir. Located on the left bank of theYamuna river, the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden, crisscrossed by water courses and walkways. The area of the mausoleum itself is about 23 m2 (250 sq ft), and is built on a base that is about 50 m2 (540 sq ft) and about one metre (3.3 feet) high. On each corner are hexagonal towers, about thirteen metres (43 feet) tall. Small in comparison to many other Mughal-era tombs, it is sometimes described as a jewel box. Its garden layout and use of white marble,pietra dura, inlay designs, andlatticework presage many elements of theTaj Mahal.

The walls are white marble fromRajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations –cornelian,jasper,lapis lazuli,onyx, andtopaz in images ofcypress trees and wine bottles or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets. Light penetrates the interior through delicateJali screens of intricately carved white marble.

Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra

[edit]
Main article:Tomb of Akbar the Great
Tomb of Akbar the Great

Sikandra, the last resting place of the Mughal EmperorAkbar the Great, is on the Delhi-Agra Highway, about 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) from theAgra Fort.[144] The four-storied tomb combines both marble and sandstone in its exterior. The construction of Sikandra was commenced in Akbar's reign and was completed by his heir and sonJahangir in 1613. The tomb is set amidst a large garden and is enclosed by four battlemented walls, each with a large gateway. The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb. The tomb has seen some damage to its minarets and other aspects, which was inflicted by theJats of Bharatpur.[145] The vast gardens around Sikandra are inhabited by severalBlackbucks, which are in the process of being shifted to theEtawah Safari Park.[146] Next to Akbar's tomb, stands theTomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, the favourite wife of Akbar.[147]

Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani

Other places of Interest

[edit]

Agra also has several other places of interest, most of them from its Mughal past. They include theBattis Khamba, Jama Masjid, Chini Ka Rauza, Aram Bagh, Mariam's Tomb, and Mehtab Bagh among others. TheJama Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan's daughterJahanara Begum, built-in 1648, notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets. TheChini Ka Rauza, notable for itsPersian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles, is dedicated to the prime minister of Shah Jahan, Afzal Khan.[148] TheAram Bagh, commonly known as Ram Bagh today, is one of the oldestMughal garden in India, and was built by the Mughal emperorBabur in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna.[149] It lies about 2.3 km (1 mi) north of the Taj Mahal. The original name of the gardens was Aram Bagh, or 'Garden of Relaxation', and this was where Babur used to spend his leisure time. Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani is the tomb of Mariam, the favourite wife of EmperorAkbar.[150] The tomb is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society. TheMehtab Bagh, or 'Moonlight Garden', is on the opposite bank of theRiver Yamuna from the Taj Mahal. Agra also has a nearby bird sanctuary,Keetham Lake. Also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, it is situated within the Surdas Reserved Forest. The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds.[83]

City

[edit]

Around

[edit]
Other places of Interest.Clockwise from top: plan of the Taj Mahal Complex with the Mehtab Bagh gardens to the left; Jama Masjid; Chini Ka Rauza; and Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani.
Tourist attractions in and nearAgra
World Heritage Sites
Mughal architecture
Mosques
Other religious places
Shopping
Gardens
Wildlife sanctuaries
Fairs

Culture

[edit]

Cuisine

[edit]
The sweet dishpetha from Agra[151]

Agra falls underBraj region[152] and its local language isBraj Bhakha. Agra is known for itsBraj cuisine[153] and shares common culinary heritage with twin cities ofMathura andVrindavan. Among Muslims of Agra, non vegetarian food is popular.[154][155]Petha, a sweet made usingash gourd, is one of the famous dishes of Agra, and is available in many varieties. Another dish that is endemic to Agra isdalmoth, which is a dry snack made with spicy frieddal (lentils), nuts and raisins. The breakfast specialties includeBedai, which is a puffykachori (made with all purpose flour, which is deep fried) with spicy filling inside and is generally served with spicyaloo bhaaji anddahi (curd).[156][151] Equally popular as a snack ischaat, a collective term which includes snacks likedahi bhalla,raj kachori,samosas, andgol gappa, among others.Paratha, a pan fried flat wheat bread which is stuffed with potatoes, cauliflower, carrots orchhena, is also popular, and eaten accompanied with curd, pickle andchutney.[154]

Taj Mahotsav

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Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival and craft fair that was started in the year 1992 and has grown since then. The year 2019 was the 28th year of this Mahotsav. The fair is held in a big field in Shilpgram, near the eastern gate of the Taj Mahal. This festival also figures in the calendar of events of the Department of Tourism, Government of India. A large number of Indian and foreign tourists coming to Agra join this festivity. One of the objectives of this craft fair is to provide encouragement to the artisans. It also makes available works of art and craft at reasonable prices that are not inflated by high maintenance cost.[157] The Mahotsav is hosted from 18 to 27 February every year. The theme for the 2020 Taj Mahotsav wasSanskriti ke Rang, Taj ke Sang.[158] For the first time since 1992, Taj Mahotsav 2021 has been cancelled, because of tourism restrictions during theCOVID-19 pandemic.[159]

Transport

[edit]
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Air

[edit]

As of April 2021, Indigo operates regular flights betweenAgra Airport andMumbai,Ahmedabad,Bhopal, andBangalore. The Agra Airport at Kheria is controlled by the Indian Air Force.[160]

Rail

[edit]
Main article:Railways in Agra
Agra Cantt Railway Station
Railway Map of Agra (the line to Jaipur has meanwhile been converted to broad gauge)

The city of Agra is served by 7 railway stations, viz.,Agra Cantonment (major station for Delhi - Mumbai line),Raja-Ki-Mandi,Agra Fort (Major station for Jodhpur - Howrah Line),Idgah,Agra City, Jamuna Bridge, and Billochpura. It comes under the jurisdiction of the Agra Division of North Central Railways Zone of the Indian Railways. The city is served by multiple mail/express trains, as well asRajdhani,Shatabdi, andGatiman express.[161] TheGatiman express is India's first semi-high train speed service, and has cut travel time between Agra and Delhi to 100 minutes.[162] Being a major tourist destination, Agra is also served by the luxury trainMaharajas' Express.[163]

Agra Cantonment railway station

Road

[edit]
Inner Ring Road link Yamuna Expressway to Lucknow expressway, Fatehabad Road, Shamshabad Road, NH-3, NH-11 Agra

Inter-State Bus Terminal (I.S.B.T.),Idgah Bus Stand, Taj Depot and Fort Depot are the major bus stands in Agra, connecting Agra to most of the bigger cities in northern India. It is a major junction of highways with three national highways and two expressways (Yamuna Expressway &Agra Lucknow Expressway) originating from Agra.

  • FromDelhi:NH 19 (old number: NH 2), a modern divided highway, connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.
  • From Delhi /Noida:Yamuna Expressway, a modern access controlled highway connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.
  • Yamuna Expressway (formerly Taj Expressway) is a six lane, 165 km (103 mi) long, controlled-access expressway, that connectsNew Delhi with Agra viaGreater Noida andMathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
  • NH 509 (old number: NH 93) connects Agra toMoradabad viaAligarh.
  • Section ofNH 44 (old number: NH 3 Agra Mumbai national highway) connects Agra toGwalior viaDholpur.
  • NH 21 (old number: NH 11 Agra Jaipur Highway) connects Jaipur toBareilly via Agra.
  • Agra Lucknow Expressway is a six lane, 302 km (188 mi) long, controlled-access expressway, that connectsLucknow with Agra viaKannauj andEtawah in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Bus services are run by theUPSRTC([1] Other para-transit modes include rickshaws. Polluting vehicles are not allowed near theTaj Mahal. Within the city, Mahatma Gandhi Marg is the main artery.

Agra Metro

[edit]
Main article:Agra Metro

Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES) had proposed 30 stations, 11 underground and 19 elevated, for two corridors of theMetro Rail in the city. The two lines areSikandra to the Taj Mahal's east gate viaAgra Fort andAgra Cantt to Kalindi Vihar. On 24 March 2017, State Chief Minister Yogi Aditya Nath approved the project. In December 2017, the cabinet of the UP Government approved the DPR as per New Metro Policy. Prime MinisterNarendra Modi laid the foundation stone of Agra Metro on 8 March 2019.[164]

As of January 2025, the Agra Metro project has made significant progress:The Priority Corridor, a 6 km stretch from Taj East Gate to Jama Masjid with 6 stations, began operations on March 6, 2024. This section includes 3 elevated stations (Taj East Gate, Basai, and Fatehabad Road) and 3 underground stations (Taj Mahal,Agra Fort, and Jama Masjid). Construction is ongoing for the remaining sections of Phase 1, which consists of two lines:

Yellow Line (Line 1)

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  • Total length: 14.25 km (6.569 km elevated, 7.681 km underground)
  • 14 stations (6 elevated, 7 underground)
  • Current status: 6 km operational, remaining under construction
  • Expected completion: 2026

Blue Line (Line 2)

[edit]
  • Total length: 15.40 km (fully elevated)
  • 15 stations (all elevated)
  • Current status: Under construction
  • Expected completion: December 2025

Recent developments

[edit]
  1. Tunneling progress: As of January 2025, 16 breakthroughs have been achieved for the Agra Metro Phase 1 project. The final breakthrough on a 2.2 km upline tunnel was recently completed by a 6.61-m diameter Earth Pressure Balance Tunnel Boring Machine (EPBM).
  2. Civil works: Construction is progressing on the elevated viaduct and stations for both lines. For example, the AGCC-05 package, which includes a 3.725 km elevated section connecting RBS Ramp in Khandari to Sikandra, is currently underway.
  3. Contracts: Larsen & Toubro (L&T) was awarded a Rs. 1,242.79 crore contract in September 2024 for the civil construction of Line-2, which will be executed under package AGCC-07.
  4. Funding: The project is partially financed by a €450 million loan from theEuropean Investment Bank (EIB).
  5. Environmental certification: All stations on the priority corridor have received the Platinum Rating from the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), making Agra Metro a Green Mass Rapid Transit System (GMRTS).

The entire Phase 1 project, estimated to cost ₹8,379.62 crore, is expected to be completed by 2026

Education

[edit]
Agra University
St John College
St Peter's College
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It was during the advent of the Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education. In the year 1823, Agra College, one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers.In the British era, Agra became a great centre ofHindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm.

Universities and colleges

[edit]
Agra College

Agra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces, the Rajputana, the Central Provinces and almost to entire northern India. There are 10 institutes comprising various departments and around 700 Colleges are affiliated to this university. The historic Agra University was later rechristened asDr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh,Mayawati.

  • The Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, formerly known as Agra Lunatic Asylum, was established in September 1859 governed by the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is spread over an extensive ground of 172.8 acres (69.9 ha) land and is well-known centre for the treatment, training, and research on mental disorders in Northern India. The institute was renamed as Mental Hospital, Agra in 1925. Presently all admissions and discharges are being done under the provisions of Mental Health Act, 1987.
  • Central Institute of Hindi (also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language. Apart from running residential Hindi language courses for foreign students, the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India. The institute is situated at an 11 acres (4.5 ha) campus on the outskirts of Agra city. Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centres in Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Shillong, Dimapur, Guwahati, Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar. The institute is the only government-run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language.
  • Sarojini Naidu Medical College is one of the three oldest medical colleges of India. It is located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh state. It is named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh, poet and freedom fighter, Bharat Kokila Smt. Sarojini Naidu.
  • Agra College is one of the oldest institutions in India. Pandit Gangadhar Shastri, a noted Sanskrit scholar, founded the college in 1823. Till 1883 the institute was a government college and after that, a board of trustees and a Committee of Management managed the college. Agra College produced the first graduate in Uttar Pradesh and the first Law graduate to Northern India.
  • St. John's College, Agra, is a college established in 1850, now part of the Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, earlier known as Agra University. It is amongst the oldest Christian colleges in India. The college runs a study centre ofIndira Gandhi National Open University, a central university.
  • Raja Balwant Singh College, established in 1885, owes its existence to Raja Balwant Singh Ji of Awagarh, who enabled the institution to grow as one of the oldest and biggest colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Raja Balwant Singh College is located at Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. The college is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra.
  • Dayalbagh Educational Institute,Radha Soami Satsang Sabha, started the Radhasoami Educational Institute, as a co-educational Middle School, open to all, on 1 January 1917. It became a Degree College in 1947, affiliated to Agra University. In 1975, it formulated a programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission, as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education, Government of India, conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, to implement the new scheme.
  • Bhadawar Vidya Mandir PG College (1942)

Schools

[edit]

Media

[edit]
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Agra is home to theDainik Jagran newspaper, the most read Hindi newspaper in India.[165] Other widely read papers includeAmar Ujala,Rajasthan Patrika,Aaj,Hindustan,The Sea Express,daily Amar Bharti,Deepsheel Bharat, andDLA. The English dailies published areThe Times of India,Hindustan Times,Economic Times, andThe Pioneer. The Urdy dailies published are Prabhanjan Sanket andInksaaf. There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloidI-Next.

Radio stations
FrequencyStation
90.4 MHzAgra ki Awaaz
90.8 MHzAap ki Awaaz
93.7 MHzFever FM
91.9 MHzRadio City
92.7 MHzBig 92.7 FM
94.5 MHzTadka FM
105.6 MHzGNOU Gyan Vani

State-ownedAll India Radio has a local station in Agra which transmits various programs of mass interest. There are four private FM radio stations, 92.7 BIG FM (Reliance Broadcast Network Limited), 93.7 Fever FM, 94.5 Tadka FM, and Radio City 91.9 FM.[166] There is a community Radio Station 90.4 FM.

Notable people

[edit]
See also:Akbarabadi

Movies filmed in Agra

[edit]

Sister cities

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in India

Agra istwinned with:

See also

[edit]

Tehsils of Agra:

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Metropolitan Cities of India"(PDF).cpcb.nic.in. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved22 December 2020.
  2. ^"District census handbook (Part A & B) – Agra"(PDF). Directorate Of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh. 2001.Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021.
  3. ^"BJP's Hemlata Diwakar Is New Mayor Of Agra, Wins By 1.13 Lakh Votes".Jagran English. Retrieved22 May 2023.
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