From 1992 to 2008 and again since 2020, Russia has experienced net population loss; thenatural population decline has no longer been offset by a positive migration balance.[5] The demographic decline of Russia is likely to continue in the future, with the UN projecting Russia's population to shrink from 146 million in 2022 to 135.8 million by 2050.[6]
The median age has risen significantly as a result of the demographic crisis, increasing from 32.2 in 1990 to 40.3 in 2025, in what has been theaging of Russia.[7] The number of senior citizens (i.e, those older than 65) has increased as well, rising from 10% in 1990 to 16.6% in 2023.[8]
The demographic crisis has a positive economic effect on the second stage of the changing age structure of the population (the fraction of the average working-age generation is maximal at a relatively small proportion of younger and older) and a negative economic effect on the third stage of the changing age structure of the population (when the proportion of the older generation is maximal at a relatively small share younger and middle generation). By 2025, Russia will have labor shortages.[9]
With a reducedfertility rate, the load on the working population increases because each worker has to support more retirees.[10]
Prior to First World War, theRussian Empire had the fastest growing population amongworld powers, only surpassed by theUnited States.[11] Despite demographic losses in theinterwar period from theFirst World War, theCivil War, and the numerous famines, between 1920 and 1940, theRSFSR of the Soviet Union grew at an average of 1.11% per year and managed to surpass 100 million people.[12][13]
In the Second World War, theEastern Front was one of the most costly theaters of the war, accounting up to 40 million of the70–85 million deaths attributed to World War II.[14] TheSoviet Union in particular had exceptionally heavily demographic damage, Russia alone losing as much as 13 million people.[13] Because young men bore the brunt of war losses, the war left Russia with a huge lack of men compared to women.[15] Even in 1959, men still made up less than 45% of the overall population.[13]
The age structure of the population of Russia, 1946-2023
Despite a relatively stable birth rate after the war, after the 1960s, Russia had begin to experience demographic ageing; the proportion of those 60 and older doubled between 1959 and 1990.[13][15]
Despitepopulation aging, the population of Russia remained relatively young and had many women of childbearing age, which would compensate for fertility decline and thus continue population growth; the population increased by 45,760,000 people from 1951 to 1990.[13][15]
However, starting in the early 1990s, the aged structure of the population had eventually morphed in a way that would start prompting population decline not growth, and the fertility crash following thedissolution of the Soviet Union only further enforced this.[15] This was not unique to Russia, and such issues have been felt in many developed countries and increasingly in many developing countries as well.[16]
Currently, the share of people aged 65 and older in the population of Russia is 13%. According to forecasts of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the early 2000s, in 2016 elderly people aged 60 and over would have accounted for 20% of Russians, and children up to 15 years old would only have made up 17%. However, in Russia, in contrast to other countries, aging is limited by high mortality among older people.[18][19]
Russian soldiers killed inwar in Ukraine have further exacerbated Russia's demographic crisis.[20]Total fertility rate in Russia, 1990—2024[21]
In 2020, over 500,000 deaths were attributed to theCOVID-19 pandemic, bringing the total deaths since its onset to approximately 700,000. Although 2021 was initially projected to have less impact on mortality, death rates still surpassed birth rates. PresidentVladimir Putin's plan to overturn the stagnation was announced in 2017 in response to the downward trend. However the plan only partially helped in their demographic crisis and was hindered by the Pandemic, despite showing signs of recovery.
Thenatural population declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021 (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths over a period).[25] The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.[26]
Following theRussian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[27] as the country has reportedly suffered high military fatalities while facing renewedbrain drain andhuman capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.[28] Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.[29]
In March 2023,The Economist reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war [in Ukraine], disease and exodus."[30]
According to Russian economist Alexander Isakov, "Russia's population has been declining and the war will reduce it further. Reasons? Emigration, lower fertility and war-related casualties."[31] Russian journalistAndrey Kolesnikov noted that "We are seeing a phenomenon Russia has faced many times: wave after wave of wars and repression that drain away human resources."[32]
The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%.[33][30]
In January 2024, the Russian statistics agencyRosstat predicted that Russia's population could drop to 130 million by 2046, in a worst-case scenario.[34] The UN's 2024 scenarios project Russia's population to be between 74 million and 112 million in 2100, a decline of 25 to 50%.[35]
Many Russian politicians have called for the reinstating of thechildless tax in Russia that it used to have from the 1940s until the 1990s, due to declining birth rates.
In August 2022, Russia revived the Soviet-eraMother Heroine award for women with ten children.[36][37][38]
In November 2024, Russian PresidentVladimir Putin signed a bill into law that bans 'Childfree Propaganda' to boost birthrates in Russia.[39] On the same year, in a decree for national development goals, Putin set a life expectancy target of 81 years by 2036, an update from an earlier goal of 78 years by 2030.[40]
^"Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости" [Total Fertility Rate].Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia (in Russian). Retrieved27 May 2025.
Луцкая Е. Е.Проблемы социально-демографического развития // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Отечественная и зарубежная литература. Серия 2: Экономика. Реферативный журнал, No. 4, 2001. С. 104–108.
Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, G. A. Cornia. Population crisis and rising mortality in transitional Russia. — in.: The mortality crisis in transitional economies. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000: p. 253—279.
Белобородов И. И. Социальные технологии формирования семейно-демографической политики в России в условиях демографического кризиса // Диссертация на соискание учёной степени кандидата социологических наук /Российский государственный социальный университет. Москва, 2008.
Рязанцев С. В.Эмиграция женщин из РоссииArchived 2020-06-14 at theWayback Machine. Доклад на круглом столе «Семья и будущее цивилизаций» Мирового общественного форума «Диалог цивилизаций» (7—11.10.2010 г., Греция).
