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Afrotarsius

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Extinct genus of primates

Afrotarsius Temporal range:Eocene toOligocene
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Infraorder:	Tarsiiformes
Family:	†Afrotarsiidae
Genus:	†Afrotarsius Simons & Bown, 1985
Type species
†Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons & Bown, 1985
Species
Afrotarsius chatrathiSimons & Bown, 1985 Afrotarsius libycusJaeger et al., 2010

Afrotarsius is aprimate found in thePaleogene of Africa.

Two molars, one of Afrotarsius (left) and one of Afrasia (right), are compared, with an Eocene map of the globe showing where each came from. In the lower left, a life reconstruction of Afrotarsius is shown. — *Afrasia* from Asia andAfrotarsius from Africa exhibit similar morphology of their teeth and lived in the late middle Eocene, suggestingstem simians dispersed from Asia to Africa around that time.

The first species to be named,Afrotarsius chatrathi, was named in 1985 on the basis of a single lower jaw from theOligocene ofFayum, Egypt, and tentatively referred to thetarsier family (Tarsiidae).^[1] However, this relationship immediately proved controversial, and in 1987 the animal was placed in a separate familyAfrotarsiidae related tosimians.^[2] A tarsier-liketibiofibula was allocated toAfrotarsius in 1998,^[3] but the identity of this bone is controversial.^[4] In 2010, a second species of the genus,Afrotarsius libycus, was named from theEocene ofDur At-Talah, Libya, on the basis of isolated upper and lower teeth. Features of these teeth were interpreted as additional evidence for a relationship betweenAfrotarsius and anthropoids.^[5] A second afrotarsiid genus,Afrasia, was named in 2012 from the EocenePondaung Formation of Myanmar. In the same paper, Afrotarsiidae was placed together with the AsianEosimiidae in an infraorderEosimiiformes, in the simians.^[6]^[7] However, some studies^[which?] indicate that it should be placed inTarsiiformes.

Evolutionary history

[edit]

Phylogeny of Paleogene simians^[8]

Primates

Strepsirrhini (†adapiforms,lemurs, &lorisoids)

Haplorhini

†Omomyidae +Tarsiidae (tarsiers)

†Eosimiiformes

†Afrotarsiidae

	†Afrasia djijidae

	†Afrotarsius libycus

†Eosimiidae

†Bahinia

	†Eosimias

	†Phenacopithecus

	†Parapithecidae

	†Proteopithecidae

Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)

†Amphipithecidae

	†Oligopithecidae

	†Propliopithecidae

According to Chaimaneeet al. 2012, the close relationship betweenAfrasia djijidae from Southeast Asia andAfrotarsius libycus from North Africa demonstrates one of at least two dispersals of stem simians from Asia to Africa during the middle Eocene.

References

[edit]

^Simons & Bown 1985.
^Ginsburg & Mein 1987, p. 1215.
^Rasmussen, Conroy & Simons 1998.
^Godinot 2010, p. 321.
^Jaeger et al. 2010.
^Chaimanee et al. 2012.
^Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Chavasseau, Olivier; Lazzari, Vincent; Naing Soe, Aung; Sein, Chit; Le Maître, Anne; Shwe, Hla; Chaimanee, Yaowalak (2019-08-06)."New Eocene primate from Myanmar shares dental characters with African Eocene crown anthropoids".Nature Communications.10 (1): 3531.Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3531J.doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11295-6.ISSN 2041-1723.PMC 6684601.PMID 31388005.
^Chaimanee et al. 2012, p. 4 of 5.

Literature cited

[edit]

Chaimanee, Y.; Chavasseau, O.; Beard, K. C.; Kyaw, A. A.; Soe, A. N.; Sein, C.; Lazzari, V.; Marivaux, L.; Marandat, B.; Swe, M.; Rugbumrung, M.; Lwin, T.; Valentin, X.; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein; Jaeger, J. -J. (2012)."Late Middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa"(PDF).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.109 (26):10293–10297.doi:10.1073/pnas.1200644109.PMC 3387043.PMID 22665790.
Ginsburg, L.; Mein, P. (1987). "Tarsius thailandica nov. sp., premier Tarsiidae (Primates, Mammalia) fossile d'Asie".Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences.304 (19):1213–1215.
Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.).Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4.
Jaeger, J. J.; Beard, K. C.; Chaimanee, Y.; Salem, M.; Benammi, M.; Hlal, O.; Coster, P.; Bilal, A. A.; Duringer, P.; Schuster, M.; Valentin, X.; Marandat, B.; Marivaux, L.; Métais, E.; Hammuda, O.; Brunet, M. (2010)."Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids"(PDF).Nature.467 (7319):1095–1098.Bibcode:2010Natur.467.1095J.doi:10.1038/nature09425.PMID 20981098.S2CID 4431606. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-03-08.
Rasmussen, D.T.; Conroy, G.C.; Simons, E.L. (1998)."Tarsier-like locomotor specializations in the Oligocene primateAfrotarsius".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.95 (25):14848–14850.Bibcode:1998PNAS...9514848T.doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.14848.PMC 24538.PMID 9843978.
Simons, E. L.; Bown, T. M. (1985). "Afrotarsius chatrathi, first tarsiiform primate (? Tarsiidae) from Africa".Nature.313 (6002):475–477.Bibcode:1985Natur.313..475S.doi:10.1038/313475a0.S2CID 4254601.

Haplorhini

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates

Haplorhini

†"Omomyidae"

Altanius? Altiatlasius? Bownomomys Kohatius
Microchoerinae	Indusomys Melaneremia Microchoerus Nannopithex Necrolemur Paraloris Pseudoloris Quercyloris Vectipithex
"Anaptomorphinae"	Absarokius Anaptomorphus Anemorhysis Arapahovius Aycrossia Chlororhysis Gazinius Pseudotetonius Sphacorhysis Strigorhysis Tatmanius Teilhardina Tetonius Tetonoides Trogolemur Walshina
"Omomyinae"	Ageitodendron Asiomomys Brontomomys Chipetaia Chumashius Diablomomys Dyseolemur Ekwiiyemakius Gunnelltarsius Hemiacodon Jemezius Loveina Macrotarsius Nesomomys Omomys Ourayia Rooneyia Shoshonius Steinius Stockia Uintanius Utahia Washakius Wyomomys Yaquius
Tarkadectinae	Tarka Tarkadectes Tarkops

Tarsiiformes

†Archicebus †Afrotarsiidae? †"Omomyidae"?
Tarsiidae	Carlito Cephalopachus †Hesperotarsius †Oligotarsius Tarsius †Xanthorhysis?

Simiiformes

- see below↓

Simiiformes

†Afrotarsiidae?

Afrasia
Afrotarsius

†Eosimiidae

†Amphipithecidae

†Parapithecoidea

Arsinoea Biretia
Proteopithecidae	Proteopithecus Serapia
Parapithecidae	Abuqatrania Apidium Parapithecus Qatrania Ucayalipithecus

Platyrrhini

†Parvimico †Perupithecus †Szalatavus †Canaanimico †Branisella †Lagonimico
Aotidae	Aotus †Tremacebus
Pitheciidae	†Antillothrix Cacajao Callicebus †Carlocebus †Cebupithecia Cheracebus Chiropotes †Homunculus †Insulacebus †Mazzonicebus †Miocallicebus †Nuciruptor Pithecia Plecturocebus †Proteropithecia †Soriacebus †Xenothrix
Atelidae	Alouatta Ateles Brachyteles †Caipora †Cartelles †Chilecebus Lagothrix †Mohanamico Oreonax †Paralouatta †Protopithecus †Solimoea †Stirtonia
Cebidae	†Acrecebus Cebus †Dolichocebus †Killikaike †Panamacebus †Patasola Saimiri Sapajus
Callitrichidae	Callimico Callithrix Cebuella Leontocebus Leontopithecus Mico †Micodon Saguinus

Catarrhini	see below↓

Catarrhini

†Micropithecus
†Saadanius

†Oligopithecidae

†Propliopithecidae

†Pliopithecoidea

Krishnapithecus Paidopithex †Kapi
Pliopithecidae	Epipliopithecus Pliopithecus
Dionysopithecidae	Dionysopithecus Platodontopithecus
Crouzeliidae	Anapithecus Barberapithecus Crouzelia Egarapithecus Fanchangia Laccopithecus Plesiopliopithecus Pliobates

Cercopithecoidea

†Alophe

†Victoriapithecidae

Colobinae

Cercopithecinae

Cercopithecini	Allenopithecus Allochrocebus Cercopithecus Chlorocebus Erythrocebus Miopithecus †Nanopithecus
Papionini	Cercocebus †Dinopithecus †Gorgopithecus Lophocebus Macaca Mandrillus Papio †Paradolichopithecus †Parapapio †Pliopapio †Procercocebus †Procynocephalus Rungwecebus †Soromandrillus Theropithecus

Hominoidea	see below↓

Hominoidea

†Afropithecus †Ekembo †Equatorius †Griphopithecus †Kamoyapithecus? †Kenyapithecus †Morotopithecus †Nacholapithecus †Otavipithecus †Proconsul †Samburupithecus
†Dendropithecidae	Dendropithecus Micropithecus? Nyanzapithecus Oreopithecus? Rangwapithecus Rukwapithecus Simiolus Turkanapithecus
Hylobatidae	†Bunopithecus Hoolock Hylobates †Junzi Nomascus Symphalangus †Yuanmoupithecus

Hominidae

†Buronius †Graecopithecus †Nakalipithecus †Ouranopithecus
Ponginae	†Ankarapithecus †Gigantopithecus †Indopithecus †Khoratpithecus †Lufengpithecus †Meganthropus Pongo †Sivapithecus

Pan
Hominina	†Ardipithecus? †Australopithecus †Graecopithecus? Homo †Kenyanthropus †Orrorin? †Sahelanthropus? †Paranthropus

Taxon identifiers
Afrotarsius	Wikidata:Q4690324 Wikispecies:Afrotarsius GBIF:4572809 IRMNG:1008092 Open Tree of Life:3607914 Paleobiology Database:40839

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