Afro-Surinamers (Dutch) | |
|---|---|
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Suriname (Paramaribo · Coronie · Brokopondo · Marowijne · Para · Sipaliwini) Netherlands | |
| Languages | |
| Dutch,Sranan Tongo,Maroon languages | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity,Winti |
Afro-Surinamese are the inhabitants ofSuriname of mostly West African and Central African ancestry. They are descended fromenslaved Africans brought to work on sugar plantations. Many of them escaped the plantations and formed independent settlements together, becoming known asMaroons. They maintained vestiges of African culture and language. They are usually split into two ethnic subgroups (Creoles and Maroons).
Most of the enslaved people imported to Suriname came from WestCentral Africa (circa 61,500 slaves, 27% of the total number),Gold Coast (Ghana) (circa 46,000, 21% of the total),Windward Coast (circa 45,000, 20%), andBight of Benin (more than 32,000, 14% of the total). Thousands of enslaved people also arrived fromBight of Biafra (circa 11,000, 5.0% of the total) andSierra Leone (circa 3,600, 1.6% of the total).[1] The total number of enslaved people was estimated at 220,000.[2]
TheAkans from the centralGhana were, officially, the predominant ethnic group of slaves in Suriname. However, in practice, enslaved people fromLoango,[3] purchased inCabinda,Angola,[4] were the largest group of slaves in Suriname since 1670; they surpassed the number on theGold Coast in almost all periods. Enslaved people including theEwe (who live in southern Ghana,Togo and Benin),Igbo (fromNigeria),Yoruba (fromBenin[5]) andKongo (who live in theRepublic of Congo,Democratic Republic of the Congo andAngola), all left their cultural footprints in Suriname.
TheDutch were involved in the slave trade during the early colonial years. They sought office space for their plantations. The space they received was when the British in theTreaty of Breda (1667) gave land on the northern coast of South America, ceded to them in exchange forNew York. Suriname became a slave colony. Slaves were rapidly shipped from Africa to Suriname to work on coffee, cocoa, and sugar plantations for the Dutch and other Europeans.[6]
Because they remained strictly separated from the white population, the slaves developed their own culture with a strong West African influence. They had their own religion,Winti, and their own language,Sranan Tongo. They also used this as a subtle form of resistance. For example, many slave songs had a critical undertone. However, the planters did not realize this because they often had a poor understanding of Sranan Tongo.[7]
Slavery was officially abolished in Suriname on July 1, 1863 by the Emancipation Act. 32,911 slaves were released.[8] Slave owners received compensation of 300 guilders per freed slave. The slaves themselves received no compensation.[9] Although slavery was abolished, those freed did not immediately receive full freedom. They were obliged to continue working as contract workers in their district for another ten years on the basis of annual contracts.[10] This is called the period of "state supervision", during which the released people came under the supervision of a district commissioner of the government. Various restrictions were imposed during this period, which meant that slavery was partly continued.[11]
Largely descended from former enslaved Africans. Many Creoles are of mixed African and European descent. The term comes from the relatedPortuguese wordcrioulo.
The culture of the Creoles is a fusion of different cultures consisting that of the European slave owners (mainly theDutch,English andJews), and that of the variousWestern andCentral Africantribes.
In the 2012 census, 84,933 people identified themselves as Creole. They thus constitute 15.7% of the total Surinamese population. In 2004, 87,202 people (17.7%) identified themselves as Creole.[12]
Escaped enslaved people in Suriname andFrench Guiana, known as Maroons orBushinengues, fled to the interior and joined with indigenous peoples to create several independent tribes, among them theSaramaka, theParamaka, theNdyuka (Aukan), theKwinti, theAluku (Boni), theMatawai,[13] and theBrooskampers.[14] By 1740, the maroons had formed clans and felt strong enough to challenge the Dutch colonists, forcing them to sign peace treaties. Because of their long isolation in interior rainforests, they maintained more African culture than did ethnic Africans in the cities.
From 1972 to 1978, two American professors, S. Allen Counter and David L. Evans, made seven voyages upriver into the maroon areas. Both African Americans, they wanted to contact these communities and learn about the peoples, to see what African cultures they followed.[15]
By the 1980s, the maroons in Suriname had begun to fight for theirland rights to protect territory which they had long occupied.[16] They won an important case in 2007 at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which ruled they had rights to their traditional lands.[16]
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| Secondary Afro-American diaspora |
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