Afro-Caribbean people

Afro-Caribbean soldiers of the West Indies Regiment Q 1916.
Total population
c. 23.6 million (2025 est.)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Haiti	8.9 million[2]
United States	2.88 million[3]
Jamaica	2 million[4]
Dominican Republic	2.0 million[5]
France	1.2 million[6]
Cuba	1.03 million[7]
United Kingdom	1.0 million[8]
Trinidad and Tobago	517,000[9]
Canada	383,533[10]
Bahamas	372,000[11]
Puerto Rico	342,000[12]
Martinique	273,985[13]
Barbados	253,771[14]
Guyana	225,860[15]
Suriname	202,500[16]
Saint Lucia	173,765[17]
Curaçao	148,000[18]
Grenada	101,309[19]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	98,693[20]
Belize	93,394[21]
Antigua and Barbuda	82,041[22]
U.S. Virgin Islands	80,868[23]
Dominica	72,660[24]
Honduras	51,000 (approx) inBay Islands Department[25]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	38,827[26]
Cayman Islands	18,837[27]
Aruba	15,000 (approx)[28]
Montserrat	4,389[29]
Languages
English Bahamian •Barbadian •Bay Islands •Bermudian •Belizean •Cayman Islands •Jamaican Standard •Puerto Rican •Samaná •Trinidadian and Tobagonian English Creole Antiguan and Barbudan •Bahamian •Bajan •Belizean •Bocas del Toro •Garifuna •Guyanese •Grenadian •Jamaican •Limonese •Miskito Coast •Montserrat •Rama Cay •Saint Kitts •San Andrés–Providencia •Sranan Tongo •Tobagonian •Trinidadian •Turks and Caicos •Vincentian •Virgin Islands French French Creole Haitian •Antillean •Dominican •Grenadian •Guadeloupean •Martinican •Saint Lucian •San Miguel •Trinidadian Spanish Dominican Spanish •Puerto Rican Spanish •Cuban Spanish Papiamento Dutch Surinamese Dutch
Religion
Majority: Christianity Minority: Rastafari •Islam •Judaism •Orisha •Traditional African religions •Haitian Vodou •Obeah •Santería
Related ethnic groups
Afro-Haitians •Afro-Jamaicans •Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians •Afro-Barbadians •Afro–Saint Lucians •Afro-Grenadians •Afro-Dominicans (Dominica) •Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans •Afro-Curaçaoans •Afro-Saint Kitts and Nevisian •Afro-Bahamians •Afro-Cubans •Afro-Puerto Ricans •Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic) •African Americans •Afro-Colombians •Afro-Venezuelans

Afro-Caribbean orAfrican Caribbeanpeople areCaribbean people who trace their full or partial ancestry toSub-Saharan Africa. The majority of the modern Afro-Caribbean people descend from theAfricans (primarily fromWest andCentral Africa) taken as slaves tocolonial Caribbean via thetrans-Atlantic slave trade between the 15th and 19th centuries to work primarily on varioussugar plantations and in domestic households. Other names for the ethnic group includeBlack Caribbean,Afro- orBlack West Indian, orAfro- orBlack Antillean. The termWest Indian Creole has also been used to refer to Afro-Caribbean people,^[30] as well as other ethnic and racial groups in the region,^[31][32][33] though there remains debate about its use to refer to Afro-Caribbean people specifically.^[34][35] The term Afro-Caribbean was not coined by Caribbean people themselves but was first used byEuropean Americans in the late 1960s.^[36]

People of Afro-Caribbean descent today are largely ofWest African andCentral African ancestry, and may additionally be of other origins, includingEuropean,Chinese,South Asian andAmerindian descent, as there has been extensive intermarriage and unions among the peoples of the Caribbean over the centuries.

Although most Afro-Caribbean people today continue to reside inEnglish,French andSpanish-speaking Caribbean nations and territories, there are also significant diaspora populations throughout theWestern world, especially in theUnited States,Canada,United Kingdom,France and theNetherlands. Caribbean peoples are predominantly ofChristian faith, though some practice African-derived or syncretic religions, such asSanteria,Vodou andWinti. Many speakcreole languages, such asHaitian Creole,Jamaican Patois,Sranantongo,Saint Lucian Creole,Martinican Creole orPapiamento.

Both the home and diaspora populations have produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern African, Caribbean and Western societies; they include political activists such asMarcus Garvey andC. L. R. James; writers and theorists such asAimé Césaire andFrantz Fanon; US military leader and statesmanColin Powell; athletes such asUsain Bolt,Tim Duncan andDavid Ortiz; and musiciansBob Marley,Nicki Minaj,Wyclef Jean,Rihanna, and the actor and musicianJacob Anderson.

During the post-Columbian era, the archipelagos and islands of theCaribbean were the first sites ofAfrican diaspora dispersal in the western Atlantic.

In the early 16th century, more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies, sometimes arriving as free men of mixed ancestry or as indentured servants, but increasingly asenslaved workers and servants. This increasing demand for African labour in the Caribbean was in part the result of massive depopulation of the nativeTaíno and other Indigenous peoples caused by the newinfectious diseases, harsh conditions, and warfare brought by European colonists. By the mid-16th century, theslave trade fromWest Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable thatFrancis Drake andJohn Hawkins were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish colonial laws, in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people fromSierra Leone toHispaniola (modern-dayHaiti and theDominican Republic).^[37]

During the 17th and 18th centuries, European colonial development in the Caribbean became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery to cultivate and process the lucrative commodity crop ofsugarcane. On many islands shortly before the end of the 18th century, the enslaved Afro-Caribbean people greatly outnumbered their European masters. In addition, there developed a class offree people of color, especially in the French islands, where certain individuals of mixed race were given rights.^[38] OnSaint-Domingue, free people of color and slaves rebelled against harsh conditions, and constant inter-imperial warfare. Inspired byFrench revolutionary sentiments which pronounced all men free and equal,Toussaint L'Ouverture andJean Jacques Dessalines led theHaitian Revolution. When it became independent in 1804,Haiti became the first Afro-Caribbean republic in theWestern Hemisphere and the first state which was both free fromslavery (though not fromforced labour)^[39] and ruled by non-whites and former captives.^[40]

In 1804, Haiti, with its overwhelmingly African population and leadership, became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state. During the 19th century, continuous waves of rebellion, such as theBaptist War, led bySam Sharpe in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region by various colonial powers. Great Britain abolished slavery in its holdings in 1834.Cuba was the last island to be emancipated, when Spain abolished slavery in its colonies.

During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people, who were a majority in many Caribbean societies, began to assert their cultural, economic, and political rights with more vigor on the world stage.Marcus Garvey was among many influential immigrants to the United States from Jamaica, expanding hisUNIA movement inNew York City and the U.S.^[41] Afro-Caribbean people, such asClaude McKay andEric D. Walrond, were influential in theHarlem Renaissance as artists and writers.^[42][43][44]Aimé Césaire developed anégritude movement.^[45]

In the 1960s, the West Indian territories were given their political independence fromBritish colonial rule. They were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such asreggae music,calypso andRastafari within the Caribbean. Beyond the region, a developing Afro-Caribbean diaspora in the United States, including such figures asStokely Carmichael andDJ Kool Herc, was influential in the development of theBlack Power movement of the 1960s and thehip-hop movement of the 1980s. African-Caribbean individuals also contributed to cultural developments in Europe, as evidenced by influential theorists such asFrantz Fanon^[46] andStuart Hall.^[47]

• Sir Grantley Adams – Barbados, politician and lawyer; the first and only Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation (1958–1962)
• Marcos Evangelista Adón – Dominican Republic, politician and freedom fighter
• Jean-Bertrand Aristide – politician, priest and head of state, Haiti
• Dean Barrow – head of government, Belize
• Maurice Bishop – Grenada, revolutionary leader
• Paul Bogle – Jamaica, political activist
• Ertha Pascal Trouillot – Haiti, first Black female president in the world, lawyer
• Juan Almeida Bosque – Cuban revolutionary and politician
• Dutty Boukman – Haitian freedom fighter
• Forbes Burnham – Guyana, head of government
• Bussa – Barbados, freedom fighter
• Stokely Carmichael – Trinidad-born, civil rights activist and leader in the US
• Mary Eugenia Charles – Dominican head of government
• Perry Christie – Bahamian, politician and lawyer
• Henri Christophe – Haiti, revolutionary, general and head of state
• David Clarke (sheriff) – Barbudan, former Sheriff of Milwaukee
• John Compton – Saint Lucia, politician and lawyer
• Paris Dennard – Grenada, former CNN political commentator
• Jean-Jacques Dessalines – Haiti (est. 1804), revolutionary, general and first head of state of independent Haiti
• Papa Doc Duvalier – dictator of Haiti, 20th century
• Marcus Garvey – Jamaica, politician and writer, founder ofUNIA and active in US politics from 1916 to 1927
• Philip Goldson – Belize, politician
• Kamala Devi Harris – Jamaican descent, first African American, first Asian American, and first female Vice President of the United States
• Louis Farrakhan – Jamaican and St. Kitts ancestry. Religious leader, Head of Nation of Islam, USA
• Ulises Heureaux – Dominican Republic president and military leader
• Sam Hinds – Guyana, head of government
• Hubert Ingraham – Bahamian, politician and lawyer
• Toussaint L'Ouverture – Haiti, revolutionary, general and governor
• Joseph Robert Love – Bahamian-born, medical doctor; Jamaican politician and political activist who influenced Marcus Garvey
• Gregorio Luperón – Dominican Republic, revolutionary, general and president
• Antonio Maceo Grajales – Cuban revolutionary and general
• Michael Manley – Jamaica, politician
• Jon Miller – Montserrat, Conservative Review, BlazeTV Host
• Nanny of the Maroons – Jamaica, freedom fighter
• Jeanne Odo – Haiti, abolitionist
• Candace Owens – British Virgin Islander, PragerU Radio and Founder of Blexit
• Wendy Phipps (born 1967) is aKittitian politician and businesswoman.^[48]
• Lynden Pindling – Bahamian politician, and first Prime minister of the Bahamas
• José Joaquín Puello – Dominican Republic revolutionary, government minister and activist
• Samuel Jackman Prescod – Barbados, first elected Afro-Caribbean politician in the House of Assembly
• Francisco del Rosario Sánchez – Dominican Republic, revolutionary and politician
• Sam Sharpe – Jamaica, freedom fighter
• Solitude – Guadeloupe, freedom fighter
• Eric Eustace Williams – Trinidad and Tobago politician, writer and head of government
• Shirley Chisholm – Guyanese and Bajan descent, first black woman elected to the US Congress, first black major-party US presidential candidate
• Colin Powell – Jamaican descent, US Army General, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff

• Alfredo Bowman (Dr. Sebi) – International herbalist healer from Honduras.
• Frantz Fanon – Martinique, writer, psychiatrist and freedom fighter
• Hubert Harrison – St. Croix, writer, orator, educator, critic, and race and class conscious political activist based in Harlem, New York
• Stuart Hall – Jamaican philosopher
• C. L. R. James – Trinidad and Tobago, activist and writer
• W. Arthur Lewis – Saint Lucia, economist and Nobel Prize recipient
• Olivorio Mateo – Dominican Republic, spiritual healer and revolutionary
• Pedro Alonso Niño – Afro-Spanish explorer
• Arlie Petters – Belizean mathematician
• Walter Rodney – Guyanese activist and writer
• Mary Seacole – Jamaican nurse and hospital director

• Oscar Abrams - Guyanese architect, community activist, co-founder of theKeskidee Centre in London, U.K.
• Carlos Acosta – Cuba, ballet dancer
• Joseph Marcell - Saint Lucian, actor best known for butler role in Fresh Prince of Bel Air
• Kassav' - Guadeloupe, french Caribbean Band known for zouk music
• Celsa Albert Batista, Dominican Republic, author and historian
• Beenie Man – Jamaica, artist and musician
• Frank Bowling – Guyana, painter
• Esther Rolle – Actress of Bahamian descent
• Aimé Césaire – Martinique, fiction writer
• Celia Cruz – Cuba, singer
• Tego Calderon – Puerto Rican, rapper
• Stacey Dash – Barbadian descent, actress
• AngelaMaria Davila – Puerto Rican poet
• Eddy Grant – Guyana, singer and musician
• Stuart Hall - Jamaican-British cultural theorist, activist,
• Edward W. Hardy – Puerto Rican, composer and musician
• C. L. R. James – Trinidad, historian, essayist and journalist
• Wyclef Jean – Haitian singer, composer and activist
• Earl Lovelace – Trinidad, novelist and writer
• Luis Palés Matos – Puerto Rican poet
• Bob Marley – Jamaica, singer and musician
• Ziggy Marley (Bob Marley's son) – Jamaica, singer and musician
• Myke Towers – Puerto Rican, rapper
• The Mighty Sparrow – Grenadian/Trinidadian singer and composer
• Trinidad James – Trinidad, rapper
• Zoe Saldana – American actress of Dominican and Puerto Rican descent
• Nicki Minaj – Trinidad, rapper and singer
• Sean Paul – Jamaica, dancehall artist
• Don Omar – Puerto Rican, rapper and singer
• Olivia Peguero – Dominican Republic, painter
• Shyne – Belize rapper
• Sidney Poitier – Bahamas, first actor of African American or Afro-Caribbean descent to win an Academy Award in the US
• Rihanna – Barbados, singer
• Chevalier de Saint-Georges – Guadeloupe, composer
• Cardi B - Dominican Republic, rapper
• Romeo Santos – Puerto Rican and Dominicanbachata singer
• Naomi Campbell - Jamaican-English supermodel.
• Lewis Hamilton - Grenadian,Formula 1 driver.
• FKA Twigs - Jamaican, alternative singer.
• Antony Santos – Dominican Republic,bachata singer
• Peter Tosh – Jamaica, singer and musician
• Bebo Valdés – Cuban musician
• Johnny Ventura – Dominican Republic salsa and merengue singer
• Corinne Bailey Rae – singer ofKittian descent
• Derek Walcott – Saint Lucia, poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature
• Pop Smoke – American rapper of Jamaican and Panamanian descent
• Bert Williams – Bahamian entertainer, and probably the first successful Afro-Caribbean entertainer in America

• Julian Alfred - Saint Lucia, Olympic Gold Medalist in 100 metres event in 2024
• Cole Palmer – English footballer, Chelsea player
• Kirani James – Grenada, Grenada's first Olympic Gold Medalist and World's fastest 400m runner from 2012 to 2016
• Omar Amir-Bahamas – professional wrestler in the Ohio Valley Wrestling Arena
• Deandre Ayton – Bahamas, #1 Overall Pick of the 2018 NBA Draft and player for thePhoenix Suns
• Ozzie Albies – Curaçao, MLB player for theAtlanta Braves
• John Barnes – Jamaican-born English footballer
• Usain Bolt – Jamaica, Olympics gold medalist and the fastest man in history
• Robinson Canó – Dominican Republic MLB player
• Kingsley Coman – Guadeloupe, football player
• Carmelo Anthony – Puerto Rican-American, basketball player
• Tonique Williams-Darling – Bahamas, 400m runner and Olympic gold medalist
• Tim Duncan – St. Croix (Anguilla parentage), basketball player
• Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce – Jamaica, athlete
• Thierry Henry – Guadeloupe, football player, best French scorer
• Buddy Hield – Bahamas, NBA player for theSacramento Kings
• Kenley Jansen – Curaçao, MLB player for theLos Angeles Dodgers
• Brian Lara – Trinidad, cricketer
• Anthony Martial – Guadeloupe, French football player
• Pedro Martínez – Dominican Republic MLB player
• Shaunae Miller – Bahamian, 400m and 200m runner and Olympic gold medalist
• Anthony Nesty – Surinamese, swimmer and Olympic gold medalist
• David Ortiz – Dominican Republic MLB player
• Burgess Owens – Barbadian-born, former American football player
• Sir Vivian Richards – Antigua, cricketer
• Teddy Riner – Guadeloupe, Judoka
• Errol Spence Jr. – Jamaican American, boxer, current Unified Welterweight Champion
• Mike McCallum – Jamaica, Boxer, World Champion in 3 different weight classes
• Julian Jackson (boxer) – Saint Thomas, boxer, 3-time world champion in 2 weight classes
• Darren Sammy – Saint Lucia, cricketer
• Kimbo Slice – Bahamian boxer and MMA fighter
• Sir Garfield Sobers – Barbados, cricketer
• Sammy Sosa – Dominican Republic MLB player
• Karl-Anthony Towns – Dominican Republic-descended NBA player, #1 overall pick in the2015 NBA draft, NBA player for theMinnesota Timberwolves
• Marcellus Wiley – Martinican American, former American football player and FOX Sports commentator/host
• Adam Sanford –Dominican cricketer
• Jayde Riviere –Dominican football Player
• Jay Emmanuel-Thomas –Dominican football player
• Konrad de la Fuente – Dominican-American football player
• Vurnon Anita –Curaçao football player
• Joe Willock –Jamaican football player
• Fabrice Noel –Haitian footballer
• Jaron Vicario –Curaçaoan football player
• Sanchez Watt –Jamaican football player

• Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans
• Afro-Anguillians
• Afro-Arubans
• Afro-Bahamians
• Afro-Barbadians
• Afro-Bermudians
• Afro-Curaçaoans
• Afro-Colombians
• Afro–Costa Ricans
• Afro-Cubans
• Afro-Domincians
• Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic)
• Afro-Grenadians
• Afro-Guatemalans
• Afro-Guyanese
• Afro-Haitians
• Afro-Hondurans
• Afro-Jamaicans
• Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians
• Afro-Martinicans
• Afro-Mexicans
• Afro-Nicaraguans
• Afro-Panamanians
• Afro–Puerto Ricans
• Afro–Saint Lucians
• Afro-Salvadorans
• Afro-Surinamese
• Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians
• Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders
• Afro-Venezuelans
• Afro-Vincentians
• Afro–Virgin Islanders
• Belizean Creole people
• Samaná Americans
• Other members of theAfrican diaspora in or from the Caribbean

Average proportions of African, West Eurasian (European andMENA), Native American and Asian admixtures in Caribbean countries and dependencies:

Population estimates, as of 1 July 2023^[49]

Country	Population[49]	African %	West Eurasian %	Native American %	Asian %	Source (study)	Sample size
Bahamas	413,000	74.4%	17.3%	8.3%	0.0%	Simms et al. 2012[50]	756
Barbados	282,000	88.0%	11.0%	1.0%	0.0%	Montinaro et al. 2015[51]	75
Cuba	11,020,000	21.0%	71.0%	8.0%	0.0%	Fortes-Lima et al. 2018[52]	860
Dominica	72,000	56.0%	28.0%	16.0%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	37
Dominican Republic	11,331,000	38.0%	52.0%	10.0%	0.0%	Mathias et al. 2016[54]	47
Grenada	117,000	81.0%	12.0%	7.0%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	48
Haiti	11,637,000	95.4%	4.3%	0.3%	0.0%	Simms et al. 2010[55]	111
Jamaica	2,840,000	82.0%	10.0%	8.0%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	44
Puerto Rico	3,242,000	21.0%	61.0%	18.0%	0.0%	Pérez-Mayoral et al. 2019[56]	831
Saint Kitts and Nevis	51,000	85.9%	8.2%	5.9%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	47
Saint Lucia	179,000	75.0%	18.0%	7.0%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	50
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	111,000	81.0%	13.0%	6.0%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	51
Trinidad and Tobago	1,503,000	75.0%	15.8%	9.2%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	43
U.S. Virgin Islands	86,000	77.4%	16.9%	5.7%	0.0%	Torres et al. 2013[53]	99
Anguilla	16,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Antigua and Barbuda	101,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Aruba	108,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Belize	411,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Bonaire	25,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
British Virgin Islands	39,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Cayman Islands	88,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Curaçao	185,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Guadeloupe	377,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Guyana	826,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Martinique	346,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Montserrat	4,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Saba	2,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Saint Barthelemy	11,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Saint Martin	31,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sint Eustatius	3,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sint Maarten	58,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Suriname	629,000	-	-	-	-	-	-
Turks and Caicos	49,000	-	-	-	-	-	-

• Afro-Caribbean culture
• Afro-Caribbean music
• Afro-Caribbean religion

• Afro-Latin Americans
• African diaspora in the Americas

• The dictionary definition ofAfro-Caribbean at Wiktionary

• African diaspora in the Caribbean
• Caribbean people of African descent
• Ethnic groups in the Caribbean

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