Adwa ዓድዋ Aduwa | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 City of Adwa | |
  Adwa Location within Ethiopia Show map of Ethiopia.svg) Adwa Location within the Horn of Africa Show map of Horn of Africa Adwa Location within Africa Show map of Africa | |
| Coordinates:14°10′N38°54′E / 14.167°N 38.900°E /14.167; 38.900 | |
| Country |  Ethiopia |
| Region |  Tigray |
| Zone | Maekelay (Central) |
| Elevation | 1,907 m (6,257 ft) |
| Population (2007) | |
• Total | 40,500 |
• Estimate (2022)[1] | 85,644 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Adwa (Tigrinya:ዓድዋ;Amharic:ዐድዋ; also spelledAdowa orAduwa) is a town and separateworeda inTigray Region,Ethiopia. It is best known as the community closest to the site of the 1896Battle of Adwa, in which Ethiopian soldiers defeated Italian troops, thus being one of the few African nations to thwartEuropean colonialism. Located in theCentral Zone of theTigray Region, Adwa has a longitude and latitude of14°10′N38°54′E / 14.167°N 38.900°E /14.167; 38.900, and an elevation of 1907 meters. Adwa is surrounded byAdwa woreda.
Adwa is home to several notable churches: Adwa Enda-Gebri'el (built byDejazmachWolde Gebriel), Adwa Enda-Maryam (built byRasAnda Haymanot), Adwa Edna-Medhane`Alem (built by RasSabagadis), AdwaNigiste-Saba /Queen of Sheba secondary school, and Adwa Enda-Selasse. Near Adwa isAbba Garima Monastery, founded in the sixth century by one of theNine Saints and known for its tenth centurygospels. Also nearby is the village ofFremona, which had been the base of the 16th centuryJesuits sent to convert Ethiopia toCatholicism.
According toRichard Pankhurst, Adwa derives its name fromAdi Awa (orWa), "village of the Awa". The Awa are a tribe that was mentioned in the anonymousMonumentum Adulitanum that once stood atAdulis.[2]
Francisco Alvares records that the Portuguese diplomatic mission passed Adwa, which he called "Houses of St. Michael," in August 1520.[3]
By 1700, it had become the residence for the governor of Tigray province and grew to overshadowDebarwa, the traditional seat of theBahr Negash, as the most important town in northern Ethiopia. Its market was important enough to need aNagadras. The earliest known person to hold this office was theGreek immigrant Janni of Adwa, a brother of Petros, chamberlain to EmperorIyoas I. Adwa was home to a small colony of Greek merchants into the 19th century.[3]
Adwa acquired major importance due to the establishment of a permanent capital atGondar. As the travelerJames Bruce noted, Adwa was situated on a piece of "flat ground through which every body must go in their way from Gondar to theRed Sea". The person who controlled this plain could levy profitable tolls on the caravans which passed through.[4]
Because of its location on this major trade route, it is mentioned in the memoirs of numerous 19th-century Europeans visiting Ethiopia. These includeArnaud andAntoine d'Abbadie,Henry Salt,Samuel Gobat,Mansfield Parkyns andThéophile Lefebvre. After the defeat and death of Ras Sabagadis in theBattle of Debre Abbay, its inhabitants fled Adwa for safety. The town was briefly held by EmperorTewodros II in January 1860, who had marched from the south in response to the rebellion ofAgew Neguse, who had burned then fled the town.[3]
After the departure of Tewodros, the town was seized in 1865 by another nobleman, Wagshum Gobaze, who soon claimed the title of Emperor under the nameTekle Giyorgis II. He was subsequently defeated by a rival,Yohannes IV, in abattle fought just outside the town in 1871.[5]
Giacomo Naretti passed through Adwa in March 1879, after it had been devastated by a typhus epidemic. It had been reduced to a shadow of itself, having about 200 inhabitants.[3]
Adwa's was most notably the site of thefinal battle of theFirst Italo-Ethiopian War, where the Ethiopian EmperorMenelik II fought to defend Ethiopia's independence againstItaly in 1896. The town and its environs suffered considerable damage during the fighting. After his visit to the town in 1897, the British journalist Augustus B. Wylde relates that "Wandering about Adowa was a sad business, many of the streets were entirely deserted, the Mahomedan quarter was tenantless and the houses with the exception of two or three were unroofed and in ruins."[6][7]
The Asmara-Addis Ababa telegraph line, constructed by the Italians in 1902-1904, passed through Adwa and had an office there. By 1905 it was considered the third-largest town in Tigray. Telephone service reached Adwa by 1935, but no phone numbers are listed for the town in 1954.[3]
On 6 October 1935, Italian forces entered Adwa, after two days of bombardment had shocked RasSeyoum Mengesha into a hasty retreat, abandoning large stocks of food and other supplies. The ItalianGavinana Division brought with them a stone monument in honor of the Italian soldiers who had fallen in 1896. This monument was erected immediately after their arrival and inaugurated on 15 October in the presence of GeneralEmilio De Bono. The town had passed from Italian hands before 12 June 1941, when the newly arrived 34th Indian State Force Brigade set up a post office there.[3]
During theWoyane rebellion, 600 territorial troops retreated to Adwa on 22 September 1943. By 1958 Adwa was one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township. During the 1960s the town was not only an educational center but also an early focus for Tigrayan nationalist dissent, indicated by the fact that all three of the leaders of theTigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) over the 22-year period from 1975 to 1997,Aregawi Berhe,Sebhat Nega, andMeles Zenawi, all came from Adwa and attended the town's government school.[3]
Adwa was a frequent target of attacks by the TPLF during theEthiopian Civil War: in 1978 the TPLF attacked Adwa; in 1979 they unsuccessfully tried to rob the bank. The town was seized by the TPLF in March 1988 before being recaptured by the Ethiopian 604th Army Corps in June 1988. After theBattle of Shire, the town would permanently fall under the control of the TPLF by the end of February 1989. On 23 June 1990, Adwa was bombed from the air by theEthiopian Air Force, one person was wounded but no fatalities were reported.[8][9]
During theTigray War, Adwa was seized by theEthiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) on 24 November 2020, it was recaptured by the TPLF in June 2021. The town was captured again by the ENDF on 18 October 2022.[10]
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by theCentral Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 40,500, of whom 18,307 are men and 22,193 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practicedEthiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 90.27% reporting that as their religion, while 9.01% of the population wereMuslim.[11]The 1994 census reported it had a total population of 24,519 of whom 11,062 were males and 13,457 were females.
Almeda Textile Football Club (ALTEX) was promoted to the Ethiopian National Football League after winning the Ethiopian football club championships held inMekelle. ALTEX beat Meta Beer Football Club 2-1 in the final. ALTEX is the first club from Adwa town to represent the town in Ethiopianassociation football history.
| Climate data for Adwa, elevation 1,980 m (6,500 ft), (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.2 (79.2) | 27.5 (81.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 30.1 (86.2) | 29.8 (85.6) | 26.7 (80.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.2 (73.8) | 25.3 (77.5) | 27.3 (81.1) | 28.3 (82.9) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.0 (80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 13.4 (56.1) | 13.9 (57.0) | 13.6 (56.5) | 13.4 (56.1) | 14.6 (58.3) | 12.2 (54.0) | 9.8 (49.6) | 8.2 (46.8) | 6.5 (43.7) | 11.0 (51.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 1.0 (0.04) | 3.0 (0.12) | 13.0 (0.51) | 25.0 (0.98) | 29.0 (1.14) | 83.0 (3.27) | 215.0 (8.46) | 224.0 (8.82) | 117.0 (4.61) | 27.0 (1.06) | 5.0 (0.20) | 0.0 (0.0) | 742 (29.21) |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 53 | 49 | 47 | 51 | 48 | 49 | 79 | 80 | 60 | 60 | 65 | 61 | 59 |
| Source: FAO[13] | |||||||||||||
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