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Marijuana Legalization Legalizes marijuana under state law, for use by adults 21 or older. Imposes state taxes on sales and cultivation. Provides for industry licensing and establishes standards for marijuana products. Allows local regulation and taxation. Fiscal Impact: Additional tax revenues ranging from high hundreds of millions of dollars to over $1 billion annually, mostly dedicated to specific purposes. Reduced criminal justice costs of tens of millions of dollars annually. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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TheAdult Use of Marijuana Act (AUMA) (Proposition 64) was a 2016voter initiative to legalizecannabis in California. The full name is theControl, Regulate and Tax Adult Use of Marijuana Act.[2] The initiative passed with 57% voter approval and became law on November 9, 2016,[3][4] leading to recreational cannabis sales in California by January 2018.
Possession or sale ofcannabis in the United States is prohibited by federal law. In 1970, PresidentRichard Nixon signed theControlled Substances Act, establishing marijuana as aSchedule I drug, the strictest level of prohibition. Voters then rejectedCalifornia Proposition 19 (1972), which sought to remove the criminalization of marijuana under California law.[5] In 1976, GovernorJerry Brown signed the Moscone Act, which reduced the penalty for possession of marijuana from a felony to a misdemeanor.
Voters passedCalifornia Proposition 215 (1996), making California the first state to legalizemedical cannabis in the United States.[6] InUnited States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (2001), theSupreme Court of the United States found that California's medical prescription providers were still subject to criminal prosecution.[7] InGonzales v. Raich (2005), the U.S. Supreme Court found that Congress's interstatecommerce clause power allowed it to prohibit anOroville, California, woman, who was following California law, from growing and consuming marijuana entirely inside her home.[8]
In September 2010, GovernorArnold Schwarzenegger signed legislation reducing possession of marijuana from a criminal misdemeanor to a civil infraction. In November voters rejectedCalifornia Proposition 19 (2010), which would have legalized recreational marijuana use, imposed no state taxes, and allowed employers to fire an employee for workplace use of marijuana only after showing it had caused impaired work.[9]
In 2012, voters passedWashington Initiative 502 andColorado Amendment 64, whichlegalized recreational marijuana use in those states. Two other states followed later in 2014, when voters passedOregon Ballot Measure 91 (2014) andAlaska Measure 2 (2014).In July 2015, Lieutenant GovernorGavin Newsom, theAmerican Civil Liberties Union, andStanford University faculty released the final report of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Marijuana Policy, which recommended regulations for recreational marijuana use in California.[10]
On November 4, 2014,California Proposition 47 was passed. Also known as the Safe Neighborhood and Schools Act, Proposition 47 changed the possession of controlled substances from a felony to misdemeanor.[11] With possession-related offenses reclassified as misdemeanors, felony charges could be appealed, and successful appeals by convicted offenders would lead to shorter sentences and/or cleaner records.[12]
On May 4, 2016, the group sponsoring the initiative announced that it had collected over 600,000 signatures for the proposal; enough to get it on the 2016 ballot.[13][14] On June 28, the measure was certified by the Secretary of State for the November ballot.[15] On July 1, the Secretary of State released a list of propositions with AUMA listed as Proposition 64, then later in the day renumbered it to 63; and, on July 2, released a final list restoring it to Proposition 64.[16]
According toCalifornia Legislative Analyst's Office, the measure changes California law to legalize the possession, cultivation, and sale of marijuana. Individuals over age 21 are allowed to possess, cultivate, and sell marijuana; the state regulates commercial activities related to commerce for recreational use; a 15% excise tax and an additional $9.25 per ounce of flower or $2.75 per ounce of leaf will be collected; and possession and cultivation of certain amounts for personal use is legalized statewide.[17]
The Adult Use of Marijuana Act (AUMA) (Proposition 64) provides an array of opportunities ranging from economic stimulation of several markets and industries to financial relief of the criminal justice system, which are over-burdened with backlogged and pending cases for non-violent cannabis offenders.[18] Revenue paid into the new California Marijuana Tax Fund will allocate 60% of outflows to youth programs, 20% to environmental damage clean-up, and 20% to public safety.[17]
Under Prop 64, new state regulation laws will require stringent product development systems to establish distributional industry standards regarding testing, packaging, and labeling.[19]
Prop 64's new state regulations provide a platform for a fully transparent, highly efficient seed-to-sale tracking system through the newly created State Regulatory Agency—the Bureau of Marijuana Control—formerly known as the Bureau of Medical Cannabis Regulation.[20]
Additionally, the Medical Marijuana Industry will be regulated by several other state agencies: theCalifornia Department of Food and Agriculture (to license and regulate marijuana cultivation); theCalifornia Department of Public Health (to license and monitor manufacturing of marijuana edibles); theCalifornia State Water Resources Control Board (to "regulate the environmental impacts of marijuana growing on water quality"); theCalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife (to regulate cultivation-related impacts on local environments); and theCalifornia Department of Pesticide Regulation (to regulate nutrients and pesticides utilized for marijuana cultivation).[19]
AUMA allows adults to possess up to an ounce of marijuana.[21] Adults are also allowed to cultivate up to six marijuana plants inside their homes.[21] Marijuana packaging is now required to provide the net weight, origin, age, and type of the product, as well as the milligram amount per serving oftetrahydrocannabinol,cannabidiol, and othercannabinoids, and if any pesticides were used during cultivation.[21]
Smoking marijuana in public is subject to a $100 fine.[21]Driving under the influence of marijuana remains illegal, although someCalifornia Highway Patrol officers are concerned that they will be unable to identify intoxicated drivers.[22] The penalty for unlicensed sale of marijuana is now reduced from four years in state prison to six months in county jail.[17]
Businesses selling marijuana require a license from the state-level Bureau of Marijuana Control, and local governments decide permits for businesses to allow on-site consumption.[17] Marijuana shops are prohibited from the sale or consumption of alcohol or tobacco.[17] Local governments are allowed to completely ban marijuana-related businesses.[17]
State financial analysts estimated Proposition 64 could increase tax revenue by hundreds of millions to one billion dollars.[23] Independent analysts estimated the measure would reduce state and local government expenditures by tens of millions of dollars.[23]
NORML endorsed the initiative as of March 2016, saying "as well as one of the world's largest economies, California is arguably the most important state to consider marijuana legalization this year."[24][25] California has the biggest legal cannabis market in the United States due to high population density and high cultivation rates.[26]California NORML called the proposition's vote "crucial" and said, "Although Prop 64 has drawbacks and isn’t all it should be from a consumer perspective, on balance it offers significant improvements over California’s current laws and would be a powerful boost for cannabis reform nationwide."[27]
Ballotpedia called the measure "a clear leader and the most likely to reach the ballot in November 2016".[28]
TheLos Angeles Times stated in February, 2016 that the measure was one of 20 legalization initiatives for the 2016 ballot and was the "clear favorite to make the November ballot" due to support from individual donors and well-funded advocacy groups.[29] BillionaireSean Parker donated $1 million to the effort to get the measure on the ballot,[30] andWeedmaps donated $500,000.[31]
Newsweek stated the success of the initiative would be influential given California's national importance as a "regulatory laboratory",[32] andReason magazine stated it was poised to approximately triple the number of U.S. residents living in states with legalization.[33]Deseret News (Salt Lake City) expressed concern over a "potential problem when it comes to minorities and recreational marijuana" if the measure passed.Deseret News cited an NPR report from Colorado to conclude that in California, white youth arrests could fall faster than those of minorities, or minority arrests could even increase due to lack of minority access to legal sales and nonwhite ownership of cannabis businesses, worsening the effect of "systemic racism" in pursuing drug crime.[34]
The emerging legal marijuana industry is overwhelmingly white-owned and white-dominated and provides good access to white customers," he says. "So one possibility is that that leaves the illegal market disproportionately composed of people of color, both the buyers and the sellers.
— Keith Humphreys, Stanford University,Morning Edition (NPR)[35]
California Proposition 64 helps to remedy marijuana related incarceration rates considerably. However, some argue that the passing of theMORE Act is a necessary next step down the path of decriminalization of the substance, as it would remove cannabis from the controlled substances list and declassify marijuana as a schedule 1 drug.[36]
The MORE Act could potentially help to remedy some of the racial disparities within America's criminal justice system that proposition 64 does not address. According to Forbes roughly 40000 remain behind bars due to cannabis related charges as of 2020.[37] With the racial gap widening over the past 20 years after the War On Drugs campaign took off, a jump from 3:1 to 5:1 between Black and White incarceration rates occurred.[11] In 2014, black people made up roughly 14% of the 127,000 drug charges in California.[11]
While Proposition 64 decriminalizes the possession of up to 1 ounce of marijuana, the effects are not immediately felt by those with charges made prior to the passing of this law.[38] Those with prior convictions must still petition for shorter sentences, release, or a change from felony to misdemeanor on their records.[39]
TheMORE Act calls for a more transparent system in regards to cannabis companies employer/employee demographics which might help to mitigate issues of monopolization within California's cannabis industry that arouse after proposition 64 was passed in 2016.[36]
TheCalifornia Medical Association endorsed the measure in February 2016.[40] United States RepresentativeDana Rohrabacher, a Republican, endorsed AUMA in late April 2016.[41] Presidential candidateBernie Sanders indicated his support for AUMA while campaigning in California in May 2016.[42][43][44] TheCalifornia Democratic Party endorsed AUMA in June 2016.[45] On July 21, 2016,The Sacramento Bee reported that Gov.Gary Johnson, Libertarian candidate for President, endorsed California's initiative to legalize marijuana.[46] FormerSpeaker of the HouseNancy Pelosi endorsed it a few days before the election, becoming "one of the highest ranking politicians ... openly supporting legalization".[47]
Proponents spent $24.7 million fighting for the measure, with the top contribution being $8.8 million fromSean Parker and affiliates.[23] The measure was supported by the editorial boards of theLos Angeles Times[48] and theSan Francisco Chronicle.[49]
A number of organizations like theCalifornia Association of Highway Patrolmen, the California Hospitals Association, and theAutomobile Club of Southern California expressed opposition to the initiative.[50][51] TheCalifornia Teamsters Union switched their position to neutral after contributing a relatively large amount to the opposition campaign.[52] According toCapital Public Radio, a Sacramento Superior Court judge ordered the ballot's official arguments to be rewritten, after U.S. SenatorDianne Feinstein's claim that Proposition 64 would allow marijuana advertising on primetime television was debunked as "mostly false" byPolitiFact.com.[53]
Opponents spent $1.6 million fighting the measure.[23] The measure was opposed by the editorial board ofThe Sacramento Bee.[54]
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Margin of error | % support | % opposition | % Undecided/Don't Know |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insights West | November 4–6, 2016 | 401 LV | ± 4.9% | 55% | 39% | 5% |
| SurveyUSA | October 28–31, 2016 | 747 LV and EV | ± 3.6% | 54% | 39% | 6%[note 1] |
| Field/YouGov | October 25–31, 2016 | 998 LV | N/A | 57% | 40% | 3% |
| Public Policy Institute of California | October 14–23, 2016 | 1024 LV | ± 4.3% | 55% | 38% | 6% |
| SurveyUSA | October 13–15, 2016 | 725 LV and EV | ± 3.6% | 51% | 40% | 8%[note 2] |
| CalSpeaks Sacramento State | October 7–13, 2016 | 622 LV | ± 7% | 60% | 30% | 10% |
| Hoover Institution/YouGov | October 4–14, 2016 | 1247 LV | ± 3.28% | 56% | 34% | 10% |
| SurveyUSA | September 27–28, 2016 | 751 LV | ± 3.6% | 52% | 41% | 6%[note 3] |
| Insights West | September 12–14, 2016 | 515 LV | ± 4.3% | 64% | 30% | 6% |
| Public Policy Institute of California | September 9–18, 2016 | 1055 LV | ± 4.5% | 60% | 36% | 4% |
| SurveyUSA | September 8–11, 2016 | 712 LV | ± 3.7% | 52% | 40% | 8% |
| Field/YouGov | September 7–13, 2016 | 942 LV | N/A | 60% | 31% | 9% |
| Smith Johnson Research | August 17–19, 2016 | 500 LV | ± 4.4% | 56% | 40% | 5% |
| Probolsky Research | August 5–8, 2016 | 1020 LV | ± 3.1% | 61.8% | 34.9% | 3.3% |
| Institute of Governmental Studies | June 29–July 18, 2016 | 3020 RV | N/A | 63.8% | 36.2% | 0% |
| Public Policy Institute of California | May 13–22, 2016 | 996 LV | ± 4.3% | 60% | 37% | 3% |
| 1704 AV | ± 3.3% | 55% | 43% | 3% | ||
| Probolsky Research | February 11–14, 2016 | 1000 LV | ± 3.1% | 59.9% | 36.7% | 3.4% |
| Public Policy Institute of California | May 17–27, 2015 | 1048 LV | ± 4.6% | 56% | 41% | 3% |
| 1706 AV | ± 3.6% | 54% | 44% | 2% |
On January 31, 2018, San Francisco District AttorneyGeorge Gascón announced his department would begin to retroactively apply Proposition 64 to misdemeanor and felony marijuana convictions dating back to 1975, recalling and re-sentencing up to 4,940 felony marijuana convictions and dismissing and sealing 3,038 misdemeanors.[55] Los Angeles and San Joaquin counties announced in April plans to automatically clear about 54,000 marijuana-related convictions.[56] The national non-profitCode for America developed the technology and process to automate the dismissing and sealing of these records, which they first piloted with the San Francisco District Attorney's office, and subsequently extended to Los Angeles, San Joaquin, and Sacramento counties. In 2019, Code for America released an open source playbook and software that made every California county able to dismiss and seal records eligible for expungement under Prop 64 automatically, in bulk.
| Propositions |  | |
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| California Senate Bills | California Senate Bill 420 (2003) | |
| California Assembly Bills | ||
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