Adolph Menzel | |
|---|---|
 Adolph von Menzel in 1900 | |
| Born | (1815-12-08)8 December 1815 |
| Died | 9 February 1905(1905-02-09) (aged 89) |
| Known for | Painting and etching |
| Style | Realism |
| Signature | |
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Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel (8 December 1815 – 9 February 1905) was a GermanRealist artist noted for drawings,etchings, and paintings. Along withCaspar David Friedrich, he is considered one of the two most prominent German painters of the 19th century,[1] and was the most successful artist of his era in Germany.[2] First known asAdolph Menzel, he was knighted in 1898 and changed his name toAdolph von Menzel.
His popularity in his native country, owing especially to hishistory paintings, was such that few of his major paintings left Germany, as many were quickly acquired by museums in Berlin.[3] Menzel's graphic work (and especially his drawings) were more widely disseminated; these, along with informal paintings not initially intended for display, have largely accounted for his posthumous reputation.[2]
Although he traveled in order to find subjects for his art, to visit exhibitions, and to meet with other artists, Menzel spent most of his life in Berlin, and was, despite numerous friendships, by his own admission detached from others.[4] It is likely that he felt socially estranged for physical reasons alone—he had a large head, and stood about four foot six inches (137 cm).[4][5]
Menzel was born to German parents in Breslau,Prussian Silesia (nowWrocław,Poland), on 8 December 1815.[6] His father was a lithographer and intended to educate his son as a professor, but did not thwart his taste for art.[7] After resigning his teaching post, Menzel senior set up a lithographic workshop in 1818. In 1830 the family moved to Berlin, and in 1832 Adolph was forced to take over the lithographic business on the death of his father. In 1833, he studied briefly at theBerlin Academy of Art, where he drew from plaster casts and ancient sculptures; thereafter Menzel was self-taught.[4]Louis Friedrich Sachse [de] of Berlin published his first work in 1833, an album of pen-and-ink drawings reproduced on stone, to illustrateGoethe's little poem,Kunstlers Erdenwallen. He executedlithographs in the same manner to illustrateDenkwürdigkeiten aus der brandenburgisch-preussischen Geschichte;The Five Senses andThe Prayer, as well as diplomas for various corporations and societies.[7]
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From 1839 to 1842, he produced 400 drawings, largely introducing to Germany the technique ofwood-engraving, to illustrate theGeschichte Friedrichs des Grossen (History ofFrederick the Great) byFranz Kugler. He subsequently brought outFriedrichs der Grossen Armee in ihrer Uniformirung (The Uniforms of the Army under Frederick the Great),Soldaten Friedrichs der Grossen (The Soldiers of Frederick the Great); and finally, by order of KingFrederick William IV, he illustrated the works ofFrederick the Great,Illustrationen zu den Werken Friedrichs des Grossen (1843–1849). The artist had a deep sympathy for the Prussian king. In one of his letters to Johann Jakob Weber, he said that it was his intention to represent the monarch as a man who was both hated and admired—simply as he was, in other words, as a man of the people.[8] Through these works, Menzel established his claim to be considered one of the first, if not actually the first, of the illustrators of his day in his own line.[9]
Menzel's fame came from his illustrations of the 18th-century Prussian monarch, Frederick the Great. As well as dedication to adding historical accuracy and attention to detail. Menzel also made sure to do research on the items he was painting.[10] From 1840 and onward Menzel became admirable for his small paintings and drawings. In which he depicted his unconventional ideas.[11]
In the meantime, Menzel had also begun to study, unaided, the art of painting, and he soon produced a great number and variety of pictures. His paintings consistently demonstrated keen observation and honest workmanship in subjects dealing with the life and achievements of Frederick the Great, and scenes of everyday life, such asIn the Tuileries,The Ball Supper, andAt Confession. Among those considered most important of these works areIron Rolling Mill (1872–1875)[12] andThe Market-place atVerona. When invited to paintThe Coronation ofWilliam I at Koenigsberg, he produced an exact representation of the ceremony without regard to the traditions of official painting.[13]
During Menzel's life, his paintings were appreciated byOtto von Bismarck and William I, and after his death they were appropriated for use as electoral posters byAdolf Hitler.[2]
If these historical illustrations anticipated the qualities of earlyImpressionism,[14] it is paintings such asThe French Window andThe Palace Garden of Prince Albert, both painted in the mid- 1840s, that now appeal as "among the most freely observed of mid-nineteenth century images."[15] Suchgenre paintings evidence associations withFrench andEnglish art. Though he was primarily an excellent draughtsman, art historianJulius Meier-Graefe considered him to be a "proto-impressionist" painter, whose graphic work hindered his painterly potentials.[16] Private drawings and watercolors made of dead and dying soldiers in 1866 on the battlefields of theAustro-Prussian War are unsparing in their realism, and have been described by art historian Marie Ursula Riemann-Reyher as "unique in German art of the time."[17]
_-_il_pittore_Adolf_Menzel_(1895)_-_Alte_Nationalgalerie%2c_Berlino.jpg)
The paintings which were available to the public garnered recognition not only within Germany, but from the Frenchavant-garde as well:Edgar Degas admired and copied his work, calling him "the greatest living master",[18] andLouis Edmond Duranty wrote of his art:
In a word, the man is everywhere independent, sincere, with sure vision, a decisive note that can sometimes be a little brutal....While being perfectly healthy he has theneurosis of truthfulness....The man who has measured with a compass the buttons on a uniform from the time of Frederick, when it is a matter of depicting a modern shoe, waistcoat, or coiffure, does not make them by approximations but totally, in their absolute form and without smallness of means. He puts there everything that is called for by the character (of the object). Free, large, and rapid in his drawing, no draftsman is asdefinitive as he.[19]
Notwithstanding Menzel's professed estrangement from others, his renown entailed social obligations, and in the 1880s the poetJules Laforgue described him as "no taller than a cuirassier-guard's boot, bedecked with pendants and orders, not missing a single one of these parties, moving among all these personages like a gnome and like the greatestenfant terrible for the chronicler."[20] In Germany he received many honors, and in 1898 became the first painter to be admitted to theOrder of the Black Eagle;[13] by virtue of receiving the Order, Menzel was raised to the nobility, becoming "Adolph von Menzel". He was also made a member of theAcadémie des Beaux-Arts in Paris and theRoyal Academy in London. After his death in 1905 in Berlin, his funeral arrangements were directed by the Kaiser, who walked behind his coffin.[21]
"Adolph Menzel 1815–1905. Das Labyrinth der Wirklichkeit", Nationalgalerie (National Gallery) and Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 7 Feb – 11 May 1997[22]"Menzel. Maler auf Papier", Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 20 September 2019 – 19 January 2020.[23]
Several important works by Menzel were seized, sold by force or under duress during the Nazi period. Some of these have been restituted in the 21st century.[24]
TheGerman Lost Art Foundation lists numerous Menzel artworks on its website.[34]
Menzel and an exhibition of his art plays a pivotal role in the HBO seriesThe Gilded Age (2023), Season 2 Episode 3.[35]
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_-_Adolf_Friedrich_Erdmann_von_Menzel_(Museum_Georg_Sch%25C3%25A4fer).jpg)
Adele Pächter, who was Jewish, was persecuted by the Nazis and was forced to dispose of her deceased husband's collection. Hermann Pächter had died in 1902. She was able to bring the collection to auction in 1940 via her son in law, under extreme pressure. In 1943, she was murdered at the Theresienstadt concentration camp.
Two other works in the museum are being sought by the heirs of Therese Clara Kirstein, a German Jew who committed suicide in 1939 after her escape to the United States was blocked. The heirs believe the works, a drawing by Adolph Menzel and a Liebermann study, were sold under duress shortly before her death or, more likely, confiscated and sold shortly after.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Menzel, Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–147.
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