Adolfo de la Huerta | |
|---|---|
.jpg) De la Huerta in 1922 | |
| 45th President of Mexico | |
| In office 1 June – 30 November 1920 | |
| Preceded by | Venustiano Carranza |
| Succeeded by | Álvaro Obregón |
| 35thTreasurer of the Republic | |
| In office 1 December 1920 – 25 September 1923 | |
| Preceded by | Salvador Alvarado |
| Succeeded by | Alberto J. Pani |
| 3rdGovernor of Sonora | |
| In office 1919–1923 | |
| Preceded by | Plutarco Elías Calles |
| Succeeded by | Alejo Bay |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor (1881-05-26)26 May 1881[1] Guaymas, Mexico |
| Died | 9 July 1955(1955-07-09) (aged 74) Mexico City, Mexico |
| Political party | Liberal Constitutionalist Party |
| Other political affiliations | National Cooperativist Party |
| Spouse | Clara Oriol de la Huerta |
Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor (Spanish pronunciation:[aˈðolfoðelaˈweɾta]; 26 May 1881 – 9 July 1955) was a Mexican politician, the 45thPresident of Mexico from 1 June to 30 November 1920, following the overthrow of Mexican presidentVenustiano Carranza, with Sonoran generalsÁlvaro Obregón andPlutarco Elías Calles under thePlan of Agua Prieta. He is considered "an important figure amongConstitutionalists during theMexican Revolution."[2]
De la Huerta was born on 26 May 1881, to a prominent family inGuaymas, Sonora. Although he studied music inHermosillo, and earned a certificate in it, he became a bookkeeper to support his family. In 1908 he joined an Anti-Reelectionist club and in 1910 became its secretary, costing him his government job. In 1911, he defeatedPlutarco Elías Calles for a seat in the Sonora state legislature. However, both men joined the Constitutionalist movement following the coup ofVictoriano Huerta in February 1913 againstFrancisco I. Madero. De la Huerta becameVenustiano Carranza's chief clerk from 1915–16 as the Constitutionalist faction took power. He then became interim governor of his home state of Sonora (1917–18), as Carranza's grip on power loosened, consul general of Mexico in New York City (1918), and he also traveled to Washington, D.C. to argue for Mexico's neutrality in World War I. De la Huerta was disgusted to learn after he returned to Mexico that Carranza had confiscated millions of pesos in gold from Mexican banks, after De la Huerta had denied the charges by the U.S. government as untrue.[3] He was federal senator (1918) and governor of Sonora (1919–20).[4]
Carranza ruled out Obregón as his presidential successor after Obregón disparaged him. Carranza then considered De la Huerta, who was said[by whom?] to be uninterested in the presidency. Carranza then choseIgnacio Bonillas, a civilian who had been ambassador to the U.S. as his successor.[5] De la Huerta had tangled with Carranza over control of Sonora, when Carranza declared the Sonora River federal territory. De la Huerta asserted state control. He also objected to Carranza's meddling with a Sonoran peace with the indigenousYaqui, which threatened to reignite hostilities, which he had helped bring to an end.[6] Carranza further antagonized De la Huerta by appointing Manuel Diéguez as head of the military in Sonora and insert him and federal troops by transiting through the United States. De la Huerta countered by appointing Calles as head of Sonora military operations.[7] Carranza attempted to remove de la Huerta from the Sonoran governorship and put General Ignacio L. Pesqueira as military governor. Calles began maneuvering in favor of De la Huerta against Carranza, and sent a telegram withdrawing recognition for Carranza's government.[8]
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The three Sonoran generals, De la Huerta, then governor of Sonora; Obregón; and Calles formulated theResolution of Agua Prieta. The drafting of the plan was largely in the hands of de la Huerta, Calles, andSalvador Alvarado.[9] They overthrew the presidency ofVenustiano Carranza, who died during the revolt, either by rebel forces or possibly suicide.
It was then that de la Huerta was appointed interim President by Congress.[10] As interim president, De la Huerta dealt with the transition to peace. De la Huerta urged Mexicans in exile to return home. He also pardoned former Carranza supporters.[11] One of his major accomplishments was negotiations withPancho Villa, whom he knew personally, and his army to surrender. The negotiated settlement awarded Villa an hacienda. Obregón strongly objected to the settlement, wiring De la Huerta and other officials. Despite Obregón's objections, Villa and De la Huerta came to an agreement, with Villa living on the hacienda Canutillo until his assassination in 1923.[12][13]
WhenÁlvaro Obregón was declared the victor of the 1920 presidential election, De la Huerta stepped down to head theSecretariat of Finance and Public Credit,[14] and in that role, negotiated theDe la Huerta–Lamont Treaty.
De la Huerta started a failed but significant revolt in 1923 against his fellow Sonoran, President Obregón, whom he denounced as corrupt,[15] after Obregón endorsedPlutarco Calles as his successor.[16] Catholics, conservatives and a considerable portion of the army officers, who felt Obregón had reversed Carranza's policy of favoring the army at the expense of the farmer-labor sector, supported de la Huerta.[16] With support from the U.S. government, agrarians, workers,[16] and the creation of a modernMexican Air Force, Obregón was able to crush the rebellion and send de la Huerta into exile. On 7 March 1924, de la Huerta fled toLos Angeles and Obregón ordered the execution of every rebel officer with a rank higher than major.[16]
De la Huerta was invited to return to Mexico by PresidentLázaro Cárdenas in 1935. Cárdenas named him inspector of Mexican consulates in the U.S. and he served until his retirement in 1946.[17] He died on 9 July 1955 in Mexico City.[1]
Media related toAdolfo de la Huerta at Wikimedia Commons| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by | President of Mexico 1 June – 30 November 1920 | Succeeded by |
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