| Administrative divisions of Thailand | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial divisions | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Local divisions | ||||||||
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| Note:† Special administrative area | ||||||||
Thailand is aunitary state, which means the territories are separated into central co-dependencies, with the central government deciding everything for the provinces.[1] The kingdom is separated into multiple levels including regions, provinces, and many more. Though, formally, Thailand is separated into three levels: provinces, districts, and sub-districts, there are also informal divisions such asparimonthon, andphak.[2] Furthermore, there are administrative divisions of the same level with different names such as the first-level divisions of the province and thespecial administrative region.
The governance is separated into two branches, regular and municipal administration.[3] The regular administration is governed by the central government directly, with the municipal administration being given more autonomy by the central government, though still heavily restricted due to the overcentralization of the Thai administrative system. This system arose duringRama V's reign where the governing system of theKingdom of Siam was changing rapidly due towesternization.[4]
Changwat (Thai:จังหวัด) or provinces is the first level of administration, the highest level, of Thailand. Thailand is separated into 76 provinces, though commonly mistaken as 77 provinces due to Bangkok's former status as a province itself. This is the highest level of administrative division within the kingdom. Each of the provinces are led by governor. The changwat is responsible for implementing state policy and enforcing laws.[5]
The provinces are governed by a governor appointed by the central government. Specifically, theMinistry of the Interior is a part of theBangkok Government.[citation needed] The norm for naming the provinces is using the provincial capital as the name, which is why they are called namesake cities. A notable difference from history was during the post-Franco-Siamese crisis period when there was aDMZ around the border which falls on theMekong river. During this time, there was a province calledNong Khai but the capital was inBan Makkhaeng.[citation needed] A province is administered by a governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด) who is appointed by the Minister of Interior. The provinces are named after their namesake cities, a cities which were the "capital" at the time of its founding. Also, in several provinces the administration has been moved into a new building outside the city.[citation needed]
 | It has been suggested that this section besplit out into another article titledHistory of the administrative divisions of Thailand. (Discuss)(June 2024) |
Most provinces date back to the time of subservient city-states, chiefdoms, and even vassal kingdoms. The polity was calledmuangs, not to be confused with modern muangs which means cities, which had their own satellite muangs.[6] Traditionally ruled by a local ruling family, these muangs had a high level of autonomy. The highest king of these muangs, phaya or khun luang,[7] though thetitles changes over history, ruled these muangs through a system oftributes. The king did not have much control over these muangs which lead touprisings and rebellions. During the war, these muangs often switched sides which leads to thedownfall of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
The provinces were separated into two classes and four different levels.[8]
| Levels | First | Second | Third | Forth |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central | Wiang(เวียง) | Wang(วัง) | Khlang(คลัง) | Na(นา) |
| Vassal | Muang Luk Luang (เมืองลูกหลวง) | Inner Hua Muang (หัวเมืองชั้นใน) | Outer Hua Muang (หัวเมืองชั้นนอก) | Muang Prathetsarat (เมืองประเทศราช) |
During this era, nothing changed much at the beginning. But when the westerncolonial powers started to eye the region, The Siamese government took to reform their administrative division into a form that much resembles the modern structure. In 1882, much of the current political geography of Siam had changed drastically.Rama V, who had been ramping up the reformation of Siam, had devised a plan to divide Siam into several levels of administration. During this era, the province wasn't the highest level of division. This falls to themonthon and thevassal kingdoms.[citation needed] At the time, Siam was a minor power, controlling several minor kingdoms on their frontiers with the major colonial powers. By, 1892, much of the divisions had already been formed, though this is far from modern Thailand's divisional structure, and by 1900 most of the territory gained during the rule of Rama III were lost to France and Britain.[9]
In 1908, a new division calledboriwen was introduced, though later abolished due to its overlapping duties with other local governments, and the bureaucratic costs to maintain the divisions.[10]
In 1932, there were majorreforms all over the kingdom, monthon was abolished, provinces merged, and several other divisions dissolved into higher divisions to cut costs. The former provinces that were lost are merged into other provinces orceded to western powers.
During the 20th century, a massive reform occurred gradually over the century, which saw the formation of several provinces through partitions. The newest province is Bueng Kan which split from Nong Khai on 23 March 2011.[11]
| CITY-STATES ERA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Many dozen Tai-ethic city-states existed from 0 AD to 1000 AD. Tais migrated into southeast Asia, then occupied and replace the native inhabitants. | ||||||||
| Dvaravati Civilizations | ||||||||
| Asadvarapura Kingdom | Lavo Kingdom | Kamlanka Kingdom | Syamapura Kingdom | Singhanavati Kingdom | ||||
| Ase (Phraek Si Racha) 800s. - 950s. | Lavo(Lopburi) 468-1082 | Ayojjhapura 400s. - 700s. | Yonok Nahaphan (BC) 691-545 (AD) Capital Destroyed | |||||
| Phitsanulok 950s. - 1000s.. | Manohana unknown - 590s. | Sambuka (Nakhon Pathom) 700s. - 800s. Disintegration | ||||||
| Phetchaburi 1000s. - 1050s. | Sambuka (Nakhon Pathom) 590s. - 1100s. | Vieng Preuksa 545-638 Kingdom Reestablished,Capital Moved | ||||||
| Ase (Phraek Si Racha) 1050s. - 1080s. | ||||||||
| Chai Nat 1080s. - 1100s. | Sambukapatthana 1100s.-1200s.
| Wendan States | ||||||
| Sing Buri 1100s. - 1180s. | Kantharawichai 580-800s. Annexed by Khmer Empire | |||||||
| Siam Confederation 1080-1351 (as a confederation) 1351-1438 (seat in Ayutthaya) | Haripunchai Kingdom | |||||||
| Suvarnapura Kingdom | Ayothaya (Ayutthaya) 1082–1351 Ayutthaya was partitioned and became a capital territory (semi-independent) | Suphannaphum Confederation | Phrip Phri Kingdom | Hiran-Ngoenyang Kingdom | Haripunchai (Lamphun) 629-1281 Annexed by Hiran-Ngoenyang | |||
| Phraek Si Racha 1180-1125 Annexed by Phrip Phri and Suphannaphum | Suphanburi 913-1351 Joined Ayutthaya | Phetchaburi 1188-1351 Joined Ayutthaya | Hiran 638 - 850 | |||||
| Ngoenyang 850-1262 | Phayao Kingdom | |||||||
| Chiang Rai 1262-1275 | Phayao 1094–1338 Lanna Annexed | |||||||
| Chaliang Kingdom | Fang 1275–1281 | |||||||
| Chaliang (Si Satchanalai) 1238-1347 Came under Sukhothai and became co-capitals | Wiang Kum Kam 1281–1292 Kingdom Reestablished as Lanna | |||||||
| Lavo(Lopburi) 1351-1388 Joined Ayutthaya | ||||||||
| FEUDAL ERA | ||||||||
| Sukhothai Kingdom | Ayutthaya Kingdom | Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom | Lanna Kingdom | State of Soi | ||||
| Sukhothai 1238-1347 | Nakhon Si Thammarat 1200s-1438 Joined Ayutthaya | Noppaburi Si Nakhon Ping Chiang Mai 1292–1775 Direct Governance then Kingdom Partitioned into Rattanatingsa, Nan, Lampang, Lamphun, Phrae, Thoen | ||||||
| Songkhwae(Phitsanulok) 1347–1438 Ayutthaya Annexed | Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya 1351–1463 | |||||||
| The Siam Confedertion is consolidated and centralized as the Ayutthaya kingdom with Sukhothai and Nakhon si Thammarat being subjugated and downgraded into a principality and subsequently a duchy. end of the confederacy and transition into a kingdom | Muang Soi 1126-1600s Destroyed | |||||||
| Phitsanulok 1463-1488 | Nakhon Si Thammarat 1438-1782 Rattanakosin Annexed | |||||||
| Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya 1488-1680 | Phitsanulok 1488-1590 (co-capital) | |||||||
| Lopburi 1680-1688 | ||||||||
| Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya 1688-1767 Kingdom Partitioned into Phimai, Thonburi, Phitsanulok, Sawangkhaburi | ||||||||
| Phimai Kingdom | Thonburi Kingdom | Phitsanulok Kingdom | Sawangkhaburi | |||||
| Phimai 1767 Thonburi Annexed | Krung Thonburi Si Mahasamut 1767–1782 Coup & Refounded | Phitsanulok 1767 Thonburi Annexed | Sawangkhaburi 1767 Thonburi Annexed | |||||
| MODERN ERA | ||||||||
| Rattanakosin Kingdom | Rattanatingsa | Nan Kingdom | Lampang Principality | Lamphun Principality | Phrae Principality | |||
| Pra Nakhon(Bangkok) 1782–1932 Kingdom Restructured | Noppaburi Si Nakhon Ping Chiang Mai 1802–1899 | Nanthaburi Si Nakhon Nan 1802–1899 | Nakhon Lampang 1802–1899 | Nakhon Lamphun 1802–1899 | Nakhon Phrae 1802–1899 | |||
| Rattanakosin Annexed | ||||||||
| Thailand | ||||||||
| Krung Thep Maha Nakhon etc. etc. (Bangkok) 1932-Now | ||||||||
| It has been suggested that this section besplit out into another article titledHistory of the administrative divisions of Thailand. (Discuss)(June 2024) |
The former of provinces are administrative divisions which were either ceded, partitioned, or merged with the neighbouring territories. Over the course of history, the definition of provinces may change, thus the provinces listed under here are definitive provinces, or provinces which are created according to decrees. Furthermore, the list also includes provinces which were created during the mandala system era. These mandala provinces are defined as cities which controlled the surrounding cities, which in itself has subservient townships and villages. Examples of definite province include the province of Minburi,[12] which was created through a decree passed by Rama V. Examples of mandala provinces include the province of Nakhon Ratchasima. Though Nakhon Ratchasima may be classified as a definite province these days, back in the days of King Rama I, Nakhon Ratchasima was the very definition of a mandala province. For example, the city of Nakhon Ratchasima oversaw the city of Si Phum, which inturn oversaw the city of Kalasin, which inturn oversaw the neighbouring townships and villages' affairs.[13] What is not listed here are muang prathetsarat. These polities are not provinces by any definition, but are vassal states. Though, some may be in the grey area, by which treads the line between full provincialship and vassalage. For example, the Principality of Thoen.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
| Provinces (Thai Name) | Original Names or Native Names | Made Province / Founded in | Ceased to be Province in | Fate | Today Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bang Lamung บางละมุง | บ้านนาเกลือ Ban Na Kleua | 1782 | 1910s | merged with Bang Pla Soi | Chonburi Thailand |
| Bang Pla Soi | บางปลาสร้อย | 1376 | 1910s | merged with Bang Lamung and Phanat Nikhom to form Chonburi | ChonburiThailand |
| Chaibadan | ชัยบาดาล | 700s | 1902 | merged into Wichianburi | PhetchabunThailand |
| Chiaya ไชยา | ครหิ Khri | 1820s | 1890s | merged into Kanchanadit | Surat ThaniThailand |
| Inburi | อินทร์บุรี | 1369 | 1897 | merged into Singburi | SingburiThailand |
| Kabinburi กะบิ่นบุรี (กระบินทร์บุรี) | ด่านหนุมาน Dan Nu Man | 1901 | 1926 | merged with Prachinburi | Prachinburi andSa KaeoThailand |
| Khirirat Nikhom คีรีรัฐนิคม | ท่าขนอน Tha Khanon | 1820s | 1890s | merged into Kanchanadit | Surat ThaniThailand |
| Kraburi กระบุรี | ตระ Tra | 1870s | 1896 | merged into Ranong | RanongThailand |
| Lang Suan หลังสวน | คลังสวน Klang Suan | 1870s | 1932 | merged into Chumphon | ChumphonThailand |
| Lom Sak หล่มสัก | วัดป่า Wat Pa | 1767 | 1916 | partitioned between Phetchabun and Loei | Phetchabun andLoeiThailand |
| Manorom | มโนรมย์ | before 1770s | 1897 | merged into Chai Nat | Chai NatThailand |
| Min Buri มีนบุรี | ท้องนากว้างใหญ่ Thongna Kwangyai | 1901 | 1931 | merged into Phra Nakhon | BangkokThailand |
| Nakhon Chai Si | นครชัยศรี | 1570s | 1910s | capital moved to Nakhon Pathom | Nakhon PathomThailand |
| Nakhon Khuan Khan | นครเขื่อนขันธ์ | 1819 | 1915 | renamed Phra Pradaeng | Bangkok andSamut PrakanThailand |
| Phanat Nikhom พนัสนิคม | พระรถ Phra Rot | before 1770s | 1910s | merged with Bang Pla Soi | ChonburiThailand |
| Phanom Sarakham พนมสารคาม | ดงยาง Dong Yang | before 1770s | 1910s | merged into Chachoengsao | ChachoengsaoThailand |
| Phayu Ha Khiri พยุหะคีรี | บ้านพยุแดน Ban Phayu Daen | before 1770s | 1890s | merged into Nakhon Sawan | Nakhon SawanThailand |
| Phichai | พิชัย | 1500s | 1887 | capital moved to Uttaradit | Uttaradit,Phitsanulok, andLoeiThailand,Sainyaburi andVientiane Laos |
| Phra Nakhon พระนคร | ชนะสงคราม Chana Songkhram | 1782 | 1972 | merged with Thonburi to form Bangkok | BangkokThailand |
| บางกอก Bang Kok | |||||
| Phromburi พรหมบุรี | พรหมนคร Phrom Nakhon | 1350s | 1890s | merged into Singburi | SingburiThailand |
| Pra Pradaeng พระประแดง | นครเขื่อนขันธ์ Nakhon Kheuan Khan | 1915 | 1932 | merged with Samut Prakan, partitioned from Pra Nakhon and Samut Prakan, merged between Samut Prakan and Thonburi | Samut Prakan andBangkokThailand |
| Sangkhaburi สรรคบุรี | แพรกศรีราชา Phraek Siracha | 1300s | 1897 | merged into Chai Nat | Chai NatThailand |
| ไตรตรึงส์ Trai Treung | |||||
| Sawankhalok | สวรรคโลก | 1894 | 1939 | merge with Sukhothai to form Sawankhalok, later changing the name to Sukhothai | SukhothaiThailand |
| Si Thep ศรีเทพ | อภัยสาลี Aphai Sali | before 1770s | 1820s | capital moved to Wichianburi | PhetchabunThailand |
| Takua Pa ตะกั่วป่า | ตะโกลา Taloka | 1870s | 1932 | merged into Pang Nga | Pang NgaThailand |
| Takua Thung ตะกั่วทุ่ง | กราภูงา Kra Phunga | 1820s | 1899 | merged into Pang Nga | Pang NgaThailand |
| Thalang | ถลาง | 1820s | 1812 | destroyed during theBurmese–Siamese War (1809–1812), which then the territory is administered by Nakhon Si Thammarat | PhuketThailand |
| Thanyaburi ธัญบุรี | รังสิต Rangsit | 1901 | 1932 | merged into Pathum Thani | Pathum ThaniThailand |
| Thonburi Si Mahasamut ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร | บางกอก Bang Kok | 1767 | 1972 | merged with Phra Nakhon to form Bangkok | BangkokThailand |
| Wichianburi วิเชียรบุรี | ท่าโรง Tha Rong | 1830s | 1898 | merged into Phetchabun | PhetchabunThailand |
| Provinces (Thai Name) | Native Names (Local/Original Names) | Made Province in | Ceased to be Province in | Fate | Today Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiang Khaeng เชียงแขง | ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းၸဵင် Weng Keng Cheng | 1892 | 1893 | partitioned between France and Britain, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Shan State Myanmar,Luang Namtha andBokeoLaos |
| Saharat Thai Doem | สหรัฐไทยเดิม | 1943 | 1945 | ceded to Britain | Shan StateMyanmar |
| Uthai อุทัย Lan Chang ล้านช้าง | ປາກລາຍ Paklay | 1940 | 1945 | ceded to France | Sainyabuli andLuang PrabangLaos |
| Provinces (Thai Name) | Native Names (Local/Original Names) | Made Province in | Ceased to be Province in | Fate | Today Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attapue อัตตะปือ | ອັດກະປື Atkapu | 1778 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | AttapeuLaos,Kon Tum andGia Lai Vietnam |
| Borikhan Nikhom บริคัณฑ์นิคม | ປະຊຸມພະນາລັຍ Paxoumphanalai | 1830 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | BolikhamxaiLaos |
| Chaiburi ไชยบุรี | ປາກນ້ຳສົງຄາມ Paknam Songkham | 1830 | 1914 | merged with Nong Khai | Bueng KanThailand |
| Chiang Khouang เชียงขวาง | ພວນ Phouan | 1828 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | XiangkhouangLaos |
| Chonnabot ชนบท | ຫນອງແກ້ວNongkeo (ບຶງແກ້ວ)(Bungkeo) | 1792 | 1914 | partitioned between Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen | Chaiyaphum andKhon KaenThailand |
| Det Udom เดชอุดม | ປາກໂດມPakdom (ໂດມໃຫຍ່)(Domnyai) | 1845 | 1912 | merged into Sisaket | Ubon RatchathaniThailand |
| Kamalasai กมลาสัย | ສະປົວດົງມະຂາມເກົ່າ Sapouadongmakhamkao | 1840 | 1913 | partitioned between Kalasin and Roi Et | Kalasin andRoi EtThailand |
| Kham Kert คำเกิด | ຄຳເກີດ Khamkeut | 1839 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | KhammouaneLaos |
| Kham Muan คำม่วน | ຄຳມ່ວນ Khammouan | 1839 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | KhammouaneLaos |
| Kham Thong Luang คำทองหลวง | ແກ້ງອາເຣີມ Kengareum | 1828 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Stung Teng Cambodia |
| Khemmarat เขมราฐ (เขมราฐธานี) | ໂຄກກົ່ງດົງພະນຽງ Khokkongdongphaniang | 1814 | 1893 | partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Ubon Ratchathani, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Ubon Ratchathani andYasothonThailand,SavannakhetLaos |
| Khon San คอนสาร | ຄອນສານ Khonsan | 1787 | 1890s | partitioned between Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen | Chaiyaphum andKhon KaenThailand |
| Khukhan ขุขันธ์ (คุขันธ์) | ປາສາດສີ່ຫຼ່ຽມ Pasat Siliam | 1759 | 1938 | partitioned between Siam and France, merged with Sisaket and Det Udom District, but later the province moved the capital to Sisaket, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Ubon Ratchathani andSisaketThailand,Oddar Meanchey andPreah VihearCambodia |
| Phra Tabong พระตะบอง | បាត់ដំបង Badthumbang | 1795 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Banteay Meanchey,Siem Reap,Pailin, andBattambangCambodia |
| Nang Rong นางรอง | ນະຮອງ Nahong | 1820s | 1892 | merged into Buriram | BuriramThailand |
| Nong นอง | ນອງ Nong | 1825 | 1890s | merged with Mukdahan | SavannakhetLaos |
| Nong Han หนองหาร (หนองละหาร) | ຫນອງຫານນ້ອຍ Nonghannoy | 1787 | 1910s | merged with Nong Khai | Nong KhaiThailand |
| Phon Phisai โพนพิสัย | ໂພນແພງ Phonpheng | 1830 | 1906 | merged with Nong Khai | Nong Khai andBueng KanThailand |
| Phu Khiao | ภูเขียว | 1810s | 1899 | merged into Chaiyaphum | ChaiyaphumThailand |
| Phu Len Chang ภูแล่นช้าง | ພູແດນຊ້າງ Phoudenxang | 1840 | 1910s | merged into Kalasin | KalasinThailand |
| Phutthaisong พุทไธสง | ຫມາກເຟືອງຫົວແຮດ Makfuang Houahet | 1820s | 1892 | merged into Buriram | BuriramThailand |
| Pra Khon Chai ประโคนชัย (ตะลุง) | ຕະລຸມດອ Taloumdo ตลุง Talung | 1820s | 1892 | merged into Buriram | BuriramThailand |
| Rattanaburi รัตนบุรี | เมืองศรีนครเตา Muang Si Nakhon Tao | 1820s | 1892 | merged into Buriram | SurinThailand |
| Salawan สาละวัน | ເມືອງມັ່ນ Muangman | 1828 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Salavan andSekongLaos |
| Sangkha สังขะ(สังฆะ) | ໂຄກອັຈຈະ Khokachcha | 1759 | 1893 | partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Surin, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | SurinThailand,Oddar Meanchey andSiem ReapCambodia |
| Suwannaphum สุวรรณภูมิ | ສີພູມ Siphum | 1772 | 1908 | partitioned between Maha Sarakham and Roi Et | Maha Sarakham andRoi EtThailand |
| Tha Uthen ท่าอุเทน | ທ່າບຶງອຸ Thabungou | 1830 | 1907 | merged with Nakhon Phanom | Nakhon PhanomThailand |
| Wang วัง | ວັງ Vang | 1830 | 1890s | merged with Mukdahan | SavannakhetLaos |
| Provinces (Thai Name) | Native Names (Local/Original Names) | Made Province in | Ceased to be Province in | Fate | Today Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiang Taeng เชียงแตง | ស្ទឹងត្រែង Stoengtrang | 1784 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Kratié,Stung Treng,Ratanakiri, andMondulkiriCambodia,Đắk Lắk,Đắk Nông andGia LaiVietnam |
| Khlung | ขลุง | 1820s | 1898 | partitioned between Chanthaburi and Trat, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893, when the province of Chanthaburi came under French occupation, in which a 10 km DMZ was declared on the Thai side of the Mekong river. | Chanthaburi andTratThailand |
| Phanom Sok พนมสก | ភ្នំស្រុក Phnomsrok | 1835 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Banteay Meanchey,Siem Reap, andOddar MeancheyCambodia |
| Phibunsongkhram | พิบูลสงคราม | 1941 | 1946 | concession to France, allowing the Kingdom of Thailand to join the United Nation, passing the French veto. | Banteay Meanchey,Siem Reap,Oddar Meanchey, andPreah VihearCambodia |
| Nakhon Champassak นครจัมปาศักดิ์ | ເມືອງຄັນເດີງ Muang Khandeung | 1941 | 1946 | concession to France, allowing the Kingdom of Thailand to join the United Nation, passing the French veto. | Preah Vihear andStung TengCambodia,ChampasakLaos |
| Phra Tabong พระตะบอง | បាត់ដំបង Badthumbang | 1941 | 1946 | concession to France, allowing the Kingdom of Thailand to join the United Nation, passing the French veto. | BattambangCambodia |
| Patchan Khiri Khet ปัจจันตคีรีเขตร | ខេមរភូមិន្ទ Khemaraphoumin | 1855 | 1893 | partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Trat, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Koh KongCambodia |
| Saen Pang แสนปาง | សៀមប៉ាង Siempang | 1798 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Kratié,Stung Treng,Ratanakiri, andMondulkiriCambodia |
| Siemmarat เสียมราฐ | សៀមរាប Siemreab | 1835 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Siem ReapCambodia |
| Sisophon ศรีโสภณ | សិរីសោភ័ណ Serisaophoan | 1835 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Banteay MeancheyCambodia |
| Sitandon สี่ตันดอน | ເມືອງໂຂງ Muang Khong | 1828 | 1893 | ceded to France, as part of theFranco-Siamese War in 1893 | Stung TengCambodia |
| Provinces (Thai Name) | Native Names (Local/Original Names) | Made Province in | Ceased to be Province in | Fate | Today Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalantan กลันตัน | Klate | 1900 1943 | 1909 1945 | joined as a vassal, partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged with Narathiwat, regained and ceded to Britain again, as part of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, andWorld War II as a part ofSi Rat Malai (The four Malay states) | NarathiwatThailand,Kelantan Malaysia |
| Nong Chik หนองจิก | Tujong (Tawar/Nuachi) | 1900 | 1900s | joied as a part of the Pattani Kingdom, partitioned and then merged into Pattani | PattaniThailand |
| Palien ปะเหลียน | Palanda (Tanjong Sala) | 1900 | 1891 | merged into Kantang | TrangThailand |
| Palit ปะลิส | Perlis | 1900 1943 | 1909 1945 | joined as a vassal, ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again, as part of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, andWorld War II as a part ofSi Rat Malai (The four Malay states) | PerlisMalaysia |
| Ra'Ngae ระแงะ | Tanjong Mas | 1900 | 1909 | joied as a part of the Pattani Kingdom, partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged into Narathiwat, as part of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 | NarathiwatThailand,KelantanMalaysia |
| Raman รามัน | Reman | 1900 | 1909 | joied as a part of the Pattani Kingdom, partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged into Yala, as part of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 | YalaThailand,PerakMalaysia |
| Sai Buri สายบุรี | Selindungbayu-Semalanbulan-Matanduwah | 1900 | 1932 | joied as a part of the Pattani Kingdom, partitioned between Pattani and Narathiwat | ChumphonThailand |
| Syburi ไทรบุรี | Kedah | 1900 1943 | 1909 1945 | joined as a vassal, ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again, as part of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, andWorld War II as a part ofSi Rat Malai (The four Malay states) | KedahMalaysia |
| Trangkanu ตรังกานู | Tranung | 1900 1943 | 1909 1945 | joined as a vassal, ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again, as part of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, andWorld War II as a part ofSi Rat Malai (The four Malay states) | TerengganuMalaysia |
| Yaring ยะหริ่ง | Jaring | 1900 | 1900s | joied as a part of the Pattani Kingdom, partitioned and then merged into Pattani | PattaniThailand |
Amphoe (Thai:อำเภอ) or districts are the second level of administration. There are 878 amphoe throughout Thailand. They are led by a Nai Amphoe (Thai:นายอำเภอ) or district chief who is appointed by the central government. These districts vary greatly in size and population. Amphoe mueang )Thai:อำเภอเมือง) are a term for amphoe that serve as or contain the capital of the province. Within these amphoe, there is either a thesaban nakhon or a thesaban mueang. Amphoe are responsible for general administrative work, clerical work and archives, and the public relations operations of the district. Furthermore, they are responsible for operations related to receptions, ceremonies, government ceremonies, religious ceremonies and various traditional events, operations of theThai Red Cross Society and other charitable activities.[21]
Amphoe originated from the RS115(1896) bill named Local Governing Regulations R.E. 115.[22] At this time, the method for determining the area of an amphoe was to assign 10,000 citizens to a district.
Previously, another administrative division called king amphoe (Thai:กิ่งอำเภอ) or minor districts was in use. These were set up when a district was too large and became inconvenient to govern. In practice, these districts were effectively identical to normal amphoe. A king amphoe could have been promoted to an amphoe proper if it met sufficient requirements regarding infrastructure and population. The opposite was also possible, where an amphoe lost influence and was further downgraded into a king amphoe. In 2007, all king amphoe were upgraded to amphoe proper in order to streamline governance. There were 81 king amphoe in 2007 at the time.
Tambon (Thai:ตำบล) or sub-districts are the third-level of administration. There are 7,255 tambon in Thailand. Tambon are responsible for the economic, societal, and cultural development of the area, organizing public services for the benefit of the people of their own locality.[23] In addition, under the 2001-2006Thaksin Shinawatra government, the OTOP (One Tambon One Product) program was launched, aiming to promote and recognize unique traditions, cultures, and products from every tambon.[24]
Tambon were previously the second-level of administration before the establishment of amphoe. They were previously governed by a provincial capital who appointed a kamnan or phan as its leader. In 1892, they were downgraded into the third-level of administration.
Muban (Thai:หมู่บ้าน) orVillages are the fourth-level of administration in Thailand. There are 74,944 muban[25] in Thailand. A muban is led by a phuyaiban (Thai:ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน), who is chosen through local elections. All elected phuyaiban must be approved by the central government. Once in office, they can serve for a 5-year term with no limits on re-election. In cities, the term chumchon (Thai:ชุมชน) is used, although this is an unofficial title and is unrelated to the central government.
Thesaban (Thai:เทศบาล) or municipalities is the second level of administration. There are three types of municipalities: thesaban nakhon, thesaban muang, and thesaban tambon.
They are known for being complicated geographically. It can extend over a few tambons or be contained within a tambon. Their responsibility are to maintain public order, provide and maintain land and waterways, maintain cleanliness of roads. or corridors and public places Including the disposal of solid waste and sewage, and prevent and suppresscontagious diseases.[26]
Originally thesaban were sanitation districts calledsukhaphiban (Thai:สุขาภิบาล) created to manage waste. Sukhaphiban used to co-exist with thesaban until it was abolished in 1999.
There are two special administrative regions within Thailand:Bangkok andPattaya. The SAR is an autonomous region governed separately from the central government. The mayor of the SARs is elected directly by the citizen of their respective SARs. The SAR category is an exclusive administration category where the central government had to have a bill passed exclusively to make a city a SAR. Note that the degree of autonomy is different between these two SARs. Bangkok is recognized as its own polity while Pattaya is under the administration of Chonburi province. Bangkok has its own khaet-khwang system and Pattaya uses the tambon-muban system. This makes Pattaya closer to a thesaban nakhon than a SAR, still, it is classified as a SAR.
Currently, there are plans to makeChiang Mai andMae Sot a special local administrative area.[27] Though the plans for Chiang Mai is controversial due to the extreme centralization of the government. Especially within the parliament, conservatives called it separatism. A recent bill passed in 2005 and withdrawn in 2007 proposed a new province,Nakhon Suvarnabhumi, and was planned to be structured as a special local administrative area. As a result of a coup, the project was cancelled and withdrawn.
Only used in Bangkok, thekhet-khwang system acts similarly to theamphoe-tambon system, with the Bangkok government (not to be confused with the central Thai government) appointing the directors of these districts. There are 50khet and 180khwang within Bangkok.
Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Thai:กรุงเทพมหานครและปริมณฑล) refers to the surrounding provinces of Bangkok SAR. This division is used to refer to the whole Bangkok and its suburb. Since Bangkok has outgrown its own SAR borders, neighboring provinces’ city is being absorbed into the Bangkok metropolis, though retaining their respective local government. The polity is defined as Bangkok and the five surrounding provinces ofNakhon Pathom,Pathum Thani,Nonthaburi,Samut Prakan, andSamut Sakhon. This definition of Bangkok is commonly used in radio, news, and everyday life when people refer to Bangkok.[28]
Phak (Thai:ภาค) refers to the grouping of multiple provinces with regard to history, culture, and geography. There are ten types of phak divisions: 6-regions, 5-4-regions, meteorological, tourism, economic, highway, landlines, postal, electoral, and scouts. In everyday life, one would expect to be using the 4-regions system due to its simplicity and wide understanding of this system.
The four regions system is composed of:
The northern region closely resembles the formerKingdom of Lanna. This kingdom was split into five minor kingdoms in the 1800s and fully absorbed into Siam. Owing to their cultural differences, people from the central plains discriminate against the people of the frontiers regions of Siam. This ingrained the division between us and them within the Siamese psyche.
The Isan region resembles the old territory annexed from theKingdom of Vientiane andChampassak. The southern region resembles the former territories of theMalay sultanates and the Kingdom ofNakhon Si Thammarat.[29]
| Regions[30] | Male | Female | Total | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central | 10,984,989 | 11,857,239 | 22,842,228 | ||||||||
| Bangkok Metropolitan Area | 5,126,677 | 5,745,423 | 10,872,100 | ||||||||
| Bangkok Special Administrative Area | 2,592,292 | 2,935,702 | 5,527,994 | ||||||||
| Pattaya Special Administrative Area[31] | 47,773 | 50,598 | 98,372 | ||||||||
| North | 5,871,707 | 6,138,317 | 12,010,024 | ||||||||
| Isan | 10,814,540 | 11,012,380 | 21,826,920 | ||||||||
| South | 4,667,882 | 4,824,385 | 9,492,267 | ||||||||
| Total | 32,339,118 | 33,960,884 | 66,171,439 | ||||||||
During the reign ofRama III, there was a massive settlement effort, in which many city and town were created during this time. This caused a "great reshuffling" of the provinces' territory. This ended up leading to the creation of the unorganized region of Promthep. This region was the result of the breaking up of theKingdom of Cambodia's northern region and annexing it as a part ofSiam. Later, this region was partitioned and merged into theKingdom of Champassak,Kingdom of Cambodia,Khukhan andSiemmarat.
Monthon (Thai:มณฑล) were administrative subdivisions of Thailand at the beginning of the 20th century. The Thai word monthon is a translation of the wordmandala (maṇḍala, literally "circle"). The monthon were created as a part of the Thesaphiban[32] (เทศาภิบาล, literally "local government") bureaucratic administrative system, introduced by PrinceDamrong Rajanubhab which, together with the monthon, established step-by-step today's presentprovinces (changwat),districts (amphoe), andcommunes (tambon) throughout Thailand. Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner called Thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล), later renamed to Samuhathesaphiban (สมุหเทศาภิบาล). The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act.[10]
In 1915 there were 19 monthons containing 72 provinces. Due to economic problems, several monthon were merged in 1925. Monthon Phetchabun had been dissolved in 1915. Only 14 monthon remained: Ayutthaya, Bangkok (Krung Thep), Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Prachinburi, Ratchaburi, and Udon Thani. In 1932 another four were abolished: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, and Pattani. Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished by the Provincial Administration Act 2476 B.E./A.D. 1933, part of the changes made after the coup d'état, which changed from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy.
| Monthon | มณฑล | Established | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lao Klang | ลาวกลาง | 1890 | 1893 - renamed Monthon Nakhon Ratchasima |
| Lao Tawan Ok | ลาวตะวันออก | 1890 | 1891 - merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nua becoming Monthon Lao Kao |
| Lao Tawan Ok Chiang Nua | ลาวตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ | 1890 | 1891 - merged with Monthon Lao Tawan Ok becoming Monthon Lao Kao |
| Lao Phuan | ลาวพวน | 1890 | 1893 - renamed Monthon Udon after ceding the west bank of the Mekong. |
| Lao Kao | ลาวกาว | 1891 | 1893 - renamed Monthon Isan |
| Lao Phung Khao | ลาวพุงขาว | 1893 | 1893 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory toFrench Third Republic |
| Lao Chiang | ลาวเฉียง | 1893 | 1900 - renamed into Monthon Tawan Ok Chiang Neua |
| Krung Kao | กรุงเก่า | 1893 | 1933 -abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Prachinburi | ปราจิณบุรี | 1893 | 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Khamen | เขมร | 1893 | 1899 - renamed Monthon Burapha |
| Nakhon Ratchasima | นครราชสีมา | 1893 | 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Isan | อีสาน | 1893 | 1912 - partitioned into Monthon Roi Et and Monthon Ubon |
| Phitsanulok | พิษณุโลก | 1894 | 1933 -abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Nakhon Sawan | นครสวรรค์ | 1895 | 1932 - merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya |
| Ratchaburi | ราชบุรี | 1895 | 1933 -abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Nakhon Chai Si | นครไชยศรี | 1895 | 1932 - merged into Monthon Ratchaburi |
| Chumphon | ชุมพร | 1896 | 1925 - merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat |
| Nakhon Si Thammarat | นครศรีธรรมราช | 1896 | 1933 -abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Syburi | ไทรบุรี | 1897 | 1909 -abolished, due to the annexation of territory toBritish Empire |
| Krung Thep | กรุงเทพ | 1897 | 1922 - merged into Monthon Krung Kao - Ayutthaya |
| Phuket | ภูเก็จ | 1898 | 1933 -abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Phetchabun | เพชรบูรณ์ | 1899 1907 | 1903 - merged into Monthon Phitsanulok 1916 - merged into Monthon Phitsanulok |
| Burapha | บูรพา | 1899 | 1906 - abolished, due to the annexation of territory toFrench Third Republic |
| Tawan Ok Chiang Neua | ตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ | 1900 | 1901 - renamed into Monthon Phayap |
| Phayap | พายัพ | 1901 | 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Udon | อุดร | 1901 | 1933 - abolished, abolishment of the monthon system |
| Pattani | ปัตตานี | 1906 | 1932 - merged into Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat |
| Chanthaburi | จันทบุรี | 1906 | 1933 - merged into Prachinburi |
| Roi Et | ร้อยเอ็จ | 1912 | 1932 - merged into Nakhon Ratchasima |
| Ubon | อุบล | 1912 | 1932 - merged into Nakhon Ratchasima |
| Maharat | มหาราษฎร์ | 1915 | 1926 - merged into Monthon Phayap |
Boriwen (Thai:บริเวณ) was created due to the size of the three largest monthon hence a subdivision of monthons. Several provinces were grouped together into one boriwen. In 1908 the boriwen were renamed to changwat, which became the name of provinces in 1916. The monthon with between three and five boriwen were Phayap, Udon Thani and Isan. Each boriwen was administered by a commissioner (khaluang boriwen, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ).
Sukhaphiban (Thai: สุขาภิบาล) wereadministrative divisions of Thailand. Sukhaphiban were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. A first such district was created in Bangkok by a royal decree of King Chulalongkorn in 1897.Tha Chalom District became the second such district, created in 1906 and responsible for parts of Mueang Samut Sakhon District, Samut Sakhon Province.
In 1907 the act on operations of sanitary districts codified the regulations, and with the Local Administration Act of 1914 two levels of sukhaphiban were introduced, the sukhaphiban mueang for towns and sukhaphiban tambon for rural areas.
The number of sanitary districts grew to 35 in 1935, when these however were converted into municipalities (thesaban). New sanitary district were again established starting in 1952 by prime ministerPhibun Songkhram. With the Act to Upgrade Sanitary Districts to Thesaban of May 1999 they were again abolished, and all became thesaban tambon.[33]
Vassal states (Thai: เมืองประเทศราช) existed within Thailand for centuries since the founding of Sukhothai. Though not directly part of the country or even arguably an administrative division. Nonetheless, these states deserve a mention which is due to the fact that they are an entity within a certain polity.
Describing past vassals of Thailand requires the understanding of themandala system. The mandala system is a largely diffused and dispersed power structure. This means that a vassal is largely independent to the central state, with the vassal also retaining sub-servient city-state-vassals. To explain this power structure, imagine if theUnited States is the central state, andWashington DC is the central state with 50 surrounding vassal states giving tributes to the central state and having open borders within these polities. These state-vassals also have subservient counties with autonomy in their internal affairs with these counties having their own autonomous sub-divisions. Thus, creating a pyramid of subservient cities and polities. It is not the current political structure of the United States due to the fact that the individual states could not just declare independence, which these vassal could, and had more autonomy from the central state. If the vassal states were to declare independence, it would incur the wrath of the central state. In history this was seen even when theKingdom of Vientiane, a vassal, rebelled and lost which then was dissolved and absorbed into the central state.
The relationships between Thailand and its vassal varies over the centuries. It could be as amicable and the relationship that of theKingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat. Compared with the less amicable, aforementioned,Kingdom of Vientiane, which starteda rebellion in 1826 underKing Anouvong (Xaiya Setthathirath V). The last vassal state to be subservient to Thailand was the Malay states, which was subsequently dissolved, ceded, and merged into provinces andBritish Malaya in 1909, and theKingdom of Champassak, which was downgraded into a province.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
To say that Sukhothai was a federative state was not inaccurate quote accurate per se. The history of Sukhothai goes back to the time when the city itself was led byMons. The area found it self being refounded after its abandonment in the 8th century. At which point, KingAbhayakamini founded the city again under the hagemony ofHaripunchai. After that, during the reign ofKing Arunaraja of Si Satchanalai, not to be confused withKing Anuraja of Singburi with a similar name, who led an independent Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai. The polity was then split into Sukhothai-Kamphaeng Phet and Si Satchanalai, but later was merged into Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai-Kamphaeng Phet. At which in 1238,King Kamonteng Ansi Inthrathibodinthrathit founded the Sukhothai Kingdom, where Si Satchanalay retained much of its autonomy, but Kamphaeng Phet at this point was reduced to a mere duchy-like polity with little autonomy.
| Territories, Vassal States and Dependencies | Thai Name | Fate |
|---|---|---|
| Sukhothai City-state of Sukhothai | แคว้นสุโขทัย Khwaen Sukhothai |
|
| Si Satchanalai (Chaliang) City-state of Si Satchanalai | แคว้นเชลียง Khwaeng Chaliang |
The Kingdom of Ayutthaya was founded on a merger between two main confederative states:Lavapura, andSuphannaphum. Thus, the polity operated more like a federation which gradually move towards a unitary state. The city of Ayutthaya was chosen as this new state's capital, even though Ayutthaya and Lopburi was already in a similar situation to this new state (Ayothaya and Lopburi was a federation in itself). This merger would led to a turmoil which would last for half a century where the Supannaphum dynasty would emerge victorious.
| Territories, Vassal States and Dependencies | Thai Name | Period Under Suzerainty | Today Part of | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suphannaphum Confederation of Suphannaphum | แคว้นสุพรรณภูมิ Khwaen Suphannaphum | 1351–1409 | Thailand |
|
| Ayothaya Sri Dvaravati City-State of Ayutthaya | ศรีอโยธิยาทวารวดี Ayutthaya Sri Thawarawadi | Capital Territory | Thailand | |
| Lavo Kingdom of Lavo | อาณาจักรละโว้ Anachak Lavo | 1351–1409 | Thailand | |
| Phripphri Kingdom of Phripphri | อาณาจักรพริบพรี Anachak Phripphri |
| ||
| Tavoy State of Tavoy | แคว้นทวาย Khwaen Thawai | 1351-1564 | Myanmar |
|
| Tanaosi State of Tanaosi | แคว้นตะนาวศรี Khwaen Tanaosi | 1351-1548 | Myanmar |
|
| Sukhothai Kingdom of Sukhothai | อาณาจักรสุโขทัย Anachak Sukhothai | 1378–1438 (vassal) 1438–1529 (personal union) 1529–1569 | Thailand |
|
| Vassal States and Dependencies | Thai Name | Period Under Suzerainty | Today Part of | Fate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keng Tung State Principality of Keng Tung | เมืองเชียงตุง Meuang Chiang Tung | 1802–1812 | Myanmar |
| |
| Sipsong Panna Federation of 12 Thai Cantons
| สิบสองปันนา Sipsong Panna | 1805–1812 | Myanmar |
| |
| Keng Lat State Canton of Chiang Lap | เมืองเชียงลาบ Muang Chiang Lab | 1802–1812 | Laos |
| |
| Keng Cheng State Principality of Chiang Khaeng | เชียงแขง Chiang Khaeng | 1st | 1802–1812 | Myanmar |
|
| 2nd | 1892–1893** | ||||
| Vassal States and Dependencies | Thai Name | Period Under Suzerainty | Today Part of | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anachak Sukhothai Kingdom of Sukhothai | อาณาจักรสุโขทัย Anachak Sukhothai | 1378–1438 | Thailand |
|
| Anachak Lan Na Kingdom of Lan Na | อาณาจักรล้านนา Anachak Lan Na | 1602–1605 | Thailand |
|
| Meuang Thoen Principality of Thoen | เมืองเถิน Meuang Thoen | 1776-1915 | Thailand |
|
| Rattana Tingsa Aphinawapuri Si Khuru Rattha Phra Nakhon Kingdom of Chiang Mai | นครเชียงใหม่ Nakhon Chiang Mai | 1775–1939 | Thailand |
|
| Nakhon Meuang Lampang Principality of Lampang | นครเมืองลำปาง Nakhon Meuang Lampang | 1775–1922 | Thailand |
|
| Nakhon Muang Nan Principality of Nan | นครเมืองน่าน Nakhon Meuang Nan | 1775–1931 | Thailand |
|
| Nakhon Lamphun Principality of Lamphun | นครลำพูน Nakhon Lamphun | 1775–1926 | Thailand |
|
| Meuang Phrae Principality of Phrae | เมืองแพร่ Meuang Phrae | 1775–1902 | Thailand |
|
| Muang Sua City-state of Sua | เมืองชวา Muang Chawa | c.1280s-c.1300s. | Laos |
|
| Muang Wiang Chan City-state of Wiang Chan | เมืองจันทบุรี Muang Chanthaburi | c.1280s-c.1300s. | LaosThailand |
|
| Vassal States and Dependencies | Thai Name | Period Under Suzerainty | Today Part of | Fate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Ligor Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat | อาณาจักรนครศรีธรรมราช Anachak Nakhon Si Thammarat | 1st | 1238–1767 | Thailand |
|
| 2nd | 1769–1784 | ||||
| Kesultanan Kedah Sultanate of Kedah | อาณาจักรเกอดะฮ์ Anachak Koeda | 1821–1909 | Malaysia |
| |
| Kerajaan Setul Mambang Segara Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara | ราชอาณาจักรเซอตุล Racha Anachak Seotun | 1808–1909 | Thailand |
| |
| Perlis Indera Kayangan Kingdom of Perlis | อาณาจักรปะลิส Anachak Palit | 1843–1909 | Malaysia |
| |
| Kerajaan Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam | อาณาจักรกุปังปาสู Anachak Kubang Pasu | 1839–1864 | Malaysia |
| |
| Kesultanan Pattani Sultanate of Patani | อาณาจักรปัตตานี Anachak Pattani | 1786–1902 | ThailandMalaysia |
| |
| Kerajaan Reman Kingdom of Rahman | อาณาจักรรามัน Anachak Raman | 1902-1909 | ThailandMalaysia |
| |
| Kesultanan Terengganu Sultanate of Terengganu | อาณาจักรตรังกานู Anachak Trangkanu | 1786–1909 | Malaysia |
| |
| Kerajaan Besut Darul Iman Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman | อาณาจักเบอซุต Anachak Boesut | 1780–1899 | Malaysia |
| |
| Kesultanan Kelantan Sultanate of Kelantan | อาณาจักรกลันตัน Anachak Klantan | 1786–1909 | Malaysia |
| |
| Vassal States and Dependencies | Thai Name | Period Under Suzerainty | Today Part of | Fate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krong Kampoucheathibtei Kingdom of Cambodia | อาณาจักรกัมพูชา Anachak Kampucha | 1st | 1594–1831 | Cambodia |
|
| 2nd | 1845–1863 | ||||
| Principality of Hà Tiên Ha Tien Protectorate | เมืองพุทไธมาศ Meuang Phutthaimat | 1785–1809 | VietnamCambodia |
| |
| Muang Si Phum Principality of Si Phum | เมืองศรีภูมิ Muang Si Phum | 1768–1772 | Thailand |
| |
| Anachak Champassak Kingdom of Champasak | อาณาจักรจำปาศักดิ์ Anachak Champasak | 1779–1904 | LaosVietnam |
| |
| Muang Don Mot Daeng Principality of Don Mot Daeng | เมืองดอนมดแดง Muang Don Mot Daeng | 1777-1778 | Thailand |
| |
| Anachak Viengchan Kingdom of Vientiane | อาณาจักรเวียงจันทน์ Anachak Viengchan | 1779–1828 | LaosVietnam |
| |
| Muang Phuan Principality of Phuan | เมืองพวน Muang Phuan | 1779–1888 | LaosVietnam |
| |
| Houa Phanh Than Ha Thang Hoc Federation of the Six Hua Phan Cantons | หัวพันทั้งห้าทั้งหก Hua Phan Thang Ha Thang Hok | 1779–1888 | LaosVietnam |
| |
| Anachak Luang Phrabang Kingdom of Luang Prabang | อาณาจักรหลวงพระบาง Anachak Luang Phrabang | 1779–1893 | LaosVietnam |
| |
| Muang Phongsali Principality of Phongsali | เมืองพงสาลี Muang Phongsali | 1779–1893 | LaosVietnam |
| |
| Sip Song Chau Tai Federation of the 12 Tai Cantons*
| สิบสองจุไทย Sipsong Ju Thai | 1st | 1779–1806 | LaosVietnam |
|
| 2nd | 1835–1888 | ||||
| Vassal States and Dependencies | Thai Name | Period Under Suzerainty | Today Part of | Fate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Hongsarwatoi Kingdom of Hanthawaddy | อาณาจักรหงสาวดี Arnajak Hongsawadi | 1st | 1287–1298 | Myanmar |
|
| 2nd | 1307–1317 | ||||
| 3rd | 1330 | ||||
*Twelve Cantons were actually composed of twelve to sixteen different cantons. Note that throughout the centuries, different cantons held the same seats. The number of seats range from 12 to 16.
**Chiang Khaeng was merged with the Principality of Nan after the transfer.
There are various territories which were partitioned and transferred to another political entity over the centuries. This could be either that the central government gave an order, or an independent action acted upon by the individual muang prathetsarat.
| Map | Territory | เขตการปกครอง | Period Under Suzerainty | Fate | Today part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Salaween Territory | ดินแดนสาละวิน | 1802–1892 | Traded toKarenni State andShan State,British Burma, gainingChiang Khaeng. | Myanmar, |
 | Chiang Khaeng Territory | ดินแดนเมืองเชียงแขง | 1892–1893 | Transferred to theFrench Third Republic | Myanmar |
 | Koh Song Territory | ดินแดนเกาะสอง | 1769–1864 | Ceded to theBritish Empire | Myanmar |
 | Miawdi Territory | ดินแดนเมียวดี | 1768–1834 | Gifted to theBritish Empire, from the Kingdom of Chiang Mai | Myanmar |
 | Mohtahmah Territory | ดินแดนเมาะตะมะ | 1287–1548 1594–1613 1662 | Ceded to theToungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to theToungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to theKonbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire) | Myanmar |
 | Thawai Territory | ดินแดนทวาย | 1287–1548 1593–1613 1662 | Ceded to theToungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to theToungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to theKonbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire) | Myanmar |
 | TanaosiTerritory | ดินแดนตะนาวสี | 1287–1564 1593–1614 1756–1760 | Ceded to theToungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to theToungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to theKonbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire) | Myanmar |
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