Bismaya is not to be confused with the small, later (Old Babylonian andSassanian periods) archaeological site named Tell Bismaya, 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) east of the confluence of theDiyala and theTigris rivers, excavated by Iraqi archaeologists in the 1980s orTell Basmaya, southeast of modern Baghdad, excavated by Iraqi archaeologists in 2013-2014.[5][6]
The 400-hectare site consists of a number of mounds distributed over an area about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) long and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) wide, consisting of a number of low ridges, nowhere exceeding 12 metres (39 ft) in height, lying somewhat nearer to theTigris than theEuphrates, about aday's journey to the southeast of Nippur. It was surrounded by a double wall. In total there are twelve mounds of which two (Mounds X and XII) are the result of sand dredged from theIturungal canal, though some rooms and 20 tablets were found on the northern extension of X. Persons reported working on mound XIV and mound XVI but there is no record where they lay. Some private houses were noted outside the east wall.[7] Notable mounds were
Mound I - Palace, Isin/Larsa - Old Babylonian Periods. About 33 meters by 25 meters. Several hundred mostly fragmentary tablets
Mound II - Cemetery and House by Bath. Seven burials (5 intramural graves, 2 tombs).
Mound III - Administrative and light industrial near west corner. Early Dynastic, Akkadian, and Ur III levels. Most tablets found there date to reign of Akkadian Empire rulerShar-kali-sharri.
Mound IV - The Library. Over 2,000 tablets found here, originally held in reed baskets with labels. Akkadian period administrative center.
Mound V - E-Sar/E-mah Temple. Mound 11 meters high and 90 meters in circumference. Ten occupation levels, atop pure sand, ranging from Early Dynastic I to Ur III. Inscribed bricks of Kurigalzu indicated restoration in the Kassite period. Two consecutive temples were built with the first ritually sealed before construction of the second.
Mound VI - Large walls with inscribed bricks ofAmar-Sin. Thought to be a temple.
Excavations were conducted there on behalf of theUniversity of Chicago and led byEdgar James Banks for a total of six months beginning on Christmas Day of 1903 until May 25, 1904. Work resumed on September 19, 1904 but was stopped after 8 1/2 days by the Ottoman authorities. Excavation resumed on March 13, 1905 under the direction of Victor S. Persons and continued until the end of June, 1905. During the excavation of a city gate thousands of sling balls (some stone, most of baked clay), some flattened, were found which the excavator interpreted as the result of a battle. While Banks was better trained than the earlier generation of antiquarians and treasure hunters and used more modern archaeological methods the excavations suffered seriously from having never been properly published.[11][12][13][14] The Banks expedition to Bismaya was well documented by the standards of the time and many objects photographed though no final report was ever produced due to personal disputes. In 2012, the Oriental Institute re-examined the records and objects returned to the institute by Banks and produced a "re-excavation" report. One issue is that Banks and Persons purchase objects from Adab locally while there and it is uncertain which object held at the museum were excavated vs being bought.[7]
Tablet in Akkadian language recording domestic animals, Bismaya, reign of Shar-kali-sharri, c. 2100 BC, clay, Oriental Institute Museum
On Mound V, on what was originally thought to be an island but has since been understood to have resulted from a shift in the canal bed, stood thetemple, E-mah, with aziggurat. The temple had two occupational phases. E-Sar, the first (Earlier Temple), constructed of plano-convex bricks, was from the Early Dynastic period. That temple was later filled in with mud bricks and sealed off with a course of baked brick and bitumen pavement. A foundation deposit of Adab rulerE-iginimpa'e dated to Early Dynastic IIIa was found on that pavement containing "inscribed adze-shaped copper object (A543) with a copper spike (A542) inserted into the hole at its end and two tablets, one of copper alloy (A1160) and one of white stone (A1159)".[15]
"For the goddess Digirmah, E-iginimpa'e, ensi-GAR of Adab, built the E-Mah for her, and buried foundation deposits below its base"[16]
The second temple (Later Temple) was faced by baked bricks, some with an inscription of the Ur III rulerShulgi naming it the temple of the goddessNinhursag.[17]
Adab was evidently once a city of considerable importance, but deserted at a very early period, since the ruins found close to the surface of the mounds belong toShulgi andUr-Nammu, kings of theThird Dynasty of Ur in the latter part of the third millennium BC, based on inscribed bricks excavated at Bismaya. Immediately below these, as atNippur, were found artifacts dating to the reign ofNaram-Sin andSargon or the Akkadian Empire, c. 2300 BC. Below these there were still 10.5 metres (34 ft) of stratified remains, constituting seven-eighths of the total depth of the ruins. A large palace was found in the central area with a very large well lined with plan-convex bricks, marking it as being from the Early Dynastic period.[18]
Statue ofLugal-dalu, King or Governor of Adab in the 3rd millennium BC. He is not listed in theSumerian King List. An inscription on the shoulder identifies him, and he is wearing theKaunakes
Besides the remains of buildings, walls, and graves, Banks discovered a large number of inscribed clay tablets of a very early period, bronze and stone tablets, bronze implements and the like.[7] Of the tablets, 543 went to theOriental Institute and roughly 1100, mostly purchased from the locals rather than excavated, went to theIstanbul Museum. The latter are still unpublished and are unavailable for study.[19][20][21] Brick stamps, found by Banks during his excavation of Adab state that the Akkadian rulerNaram-Sin built a temple to Inanna at Adab, but the temple was not found during the dig, and is not known for certain to beE-shar.[22] The two most notable discoveries were a complete statue in white marble, apparently the earliest yet found inMesopotamia, now in theIstanbul Archaeology Museums, bearing the inscription, translated by Banks as "E-mach, King Da-udu, King of, Ud-Nun", now known as the statue ofLugal-dalu and a temple refuse heap, consisting of great quantities of fragments of vases in marble,alabaster,onyx,porphyry andgranite, some of which were inscribed, and others engraved and inlaid withivory and precious stones.[7][23]
Of the Adab tablets that ended up at the University of Chicago, sponsor of the excavations, all have been published and also made available in digital form online.[24] After the end of excavation, on a later personal trip the region in 1913, Banks purchased thousands of tablets from a number of sites, many from Adab, and sold them sold piecemeal to various owners over years. Some have made their way into publication. Many more have subsequently made their way into the antiquities market from illegal looting of the site and some have also been published.[25] A number ended up in the collection of the Cornell University.[26][27][28][29]
Vessel with musical procession, Bismaya, Mound V, Temple, Early Dynastic period, 2700-2500 BC, chlorite, alabaster inlay, Oriental Institute Museum
In response to widespread looting which began after the war 1991, the Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted an excavation at Adab in 2001.[30] The site has now been largely destroyed by systematic looting which increased after the war in 2003, so further excavation is unlikely.[31] On the order of a thousand tablets from that looting, all from the Sargonic Period, have been sold to various collectors and many are being published, though missing archaeological context. Of the 9,000 published tablets from the Sargonic Period (Early Dynastic IIIb, Early Sargonic, Middle Sargonic and Classic Sargonic) about 2,300 came from Adab.[32]
From 2016 to 2019, theUniversity of Bologna and the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage led by Nicolò Marchetti conducted a program, theQadis survey, of coordinatedremote sensing and surface surveys in theQadisiyah province including at Bismaya (QD049). Results included a "Preliminary reconstruction of the urban layout and hydraulic landscape around Bismaya/Adab in the ED III and Akkadian periods".[33][34] A previously unknown palace was discovered and the extent of looting identified. It was determined that the city was surrounded by canals. The overall occupation of the site in the Early Dynastic III period was determined to have been 462 hectares.[35] The Qadis survey showed that Adab had a 24-hectare central harbor, with a maximum length of 240 meters and a maximum width of 215 meters. The harbor was connected to the Tigris river via a 100-meter–wide canal.[36][37] In 2001 a statue became available to the Baghdad Museum which was inscribed "Temple Builder, of the goddess Nin-SU(?)-KID(?): Epa'e, King of Adab".[38]
Male bust, perhapsLugal-kisal-si, king of Uruk. Limestone, Early Dynastic III. From Adab (Bismaya).
Adab was occupied from at least theEarly Dynastic Period. According toSumerian textInanna's descent to the netherworld, there was a temple ofInanna namedE-shar at Adab during the reign ofDumuzid ofUruk. In another text in the same series,Dumuzid's dream, Dumuzid of Uruk is toppled from his opulence by a hungry mob composed of men from the major cities of Sumer, including Adab.
A king ofKish,Mesilim, appears to have ruled at Adab, based on inscriptions found at Bismaya. One inscription, on a bowl fragment reads "Mesilim, king of Kish, to Esar has returned[this bowl], Salkisalsi being patesi of Adab".[40] One king of Adab,Lugal-Anne-Mundu, appearing in theSumerian King List, is mentioned in few contemporary inscriptions; some that are much later copies claim that he established a vast, but brief empire stretching fromElam all the way toLebanon and theAmorite territories along the Jordan.[41] Adab is also mentioned in some of theEbla tablets from roughly the same era as a trading partner ofEbla in northern Syria, shortly before Ebla was destroyed by unknown forces.[42]
A marble statue was found at Bismaya inscribed with the name of another king of Adab, variously translated as Lugal-daudu, Da-udu, andLugaldalu.[43][44] An inscription ofEannatum, ruler ofLagash was also found at Adab.[45]
Sumerian 26th BC Adab, "Gifts from the High and Mighty of Adab to the High Priestess"
Meskigal, governor of Adab under Lugalzagesi of Uruk, changed allegiance to Akkad and became governor underSargon of Akkad. He later joined other cities includingZabalam in a rebellion againstRimush son of Sargon and second ruler of theAkkadian Empire and was defeated and captured. About 380 of the published tablets from Adab date to the time of Meskigal (ED IIIB/Early Sargonic). This rebellion occurred during the first two regnal years of Rimush. A year name of Rimush reads "The year Adab was destroyed" and an inscription reads "Rimus, king of the world, was victorious over Adab and Zabala in battle and struck down 15,718 men. He took 14,576 captives". Various governors, including Lugal-gis, Sarru-alli, Ur-Tur, and Lugal-ajagu then ruled Adab under direct Akkadian control. About 1000 tablets from this period (Middle Sargonic) have been published.[46] In the time of Sargon's grandsonNaram-Sin Adab, again joined a "Great Rebellion" against Akkad and was again defeated.[47] In the succeeding period (Classical Sargonic) it is known that there were temples to Ninhursag/Digirmah (E-Mah), Iskur, Asgi, Inanna and Enki. By the end of the Akkadian period, Adab was occupied by the Gutians, who made it their capital.[48]Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon and first known poet, wrote a number of temple hymns including one to the temple of the goddessNinhursag and her sonAshgi at Adab.[49]
Several governors of the city underUr III are also known including Ur-Asgi and Habaluge under Ur III rulerShulgi (and Amar-Sin) and Ur-Asgi II underShu-Sin. A brick inscription found at Adab marked Shulgi dedicating aweir to the goddessNinhursag. Inscribed bricks ofAmar-Sin were also found at Adab.[50][51] A temple for the deified Shi-Sin was built at Adab by Habaluge.
"Sü-Sín, beloved of the god Enlil, the king whom the god Enlil lovingly chose in his (own) heart, mighty king, king of Ur, king of the four quarters, his beloved god, Habaluge, governor of Adab, his servant, built for him his beloved temple."[52]
About 200 inscribed objects, mainly tablets but also a few bricks and clay sealings, from the Old Babylonian period of the early 2nd millennium BC from Adab are known. The city of Adab is also mentioned in theCode of Hammurabi (c. 1792 – c. 1750 BC).[53] There is aSumerian language comic tale, dating to the Old Babylonian period, of theThree Ox-drivers from Adab.[54]Inscribed bricks of theKassite dynasty rulerKurigalzu I (c. 1375 BC) were found at Adab, marking the last verified occupation of the site.[18]
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^[7] Edgar James Banks, "The Oldest Statue in the World", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 57–59, Oct 1904
^Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "Hidden messages under the temple: Foundation deposits and the restricted presence of writing in 3rd millennium BCE Mesopotamia", Verborgen, unsichtbar, unlesbar – zur Problematik restringierter Schriftpräsenz, edited by Tobias Frese, Wilfried E. Keil and Kristina Krüger, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 17-32, 2014
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