Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew:עדה יונת,pronounced[ˈadajoˈnat]; born 22 June 1939)[1] is an Israelicrystallographer and Nobel laureate in Chemistry, best known for her pioneering work on the structure ofribosomes. She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of theWeizmann Institute of Science.
In 2009, Yonath received theNobel Prize in Chemistry along withVenkatraman Ramakrishnan andThomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win theNobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates,[2] the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences,[3] and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.[4]
Ada Lifshitz (later Yonath)[5] was born in theGeula quarter ofJerusalem.[6] Her parents, Hillel and Esther Lifshitz, wereZionistJews who immigrated to theBritish Mandate of Palestine (nowIsrael) fromZduńska Wola,Poland in 1933 before the establishment ofIsrael.[7] Her father was arabbi and came from a rabbinical family. They settled in Jerusalem and ran a grocery, but found it difficult to make ends meet. They lived in cramped quarters with several other families, and Yonath remembers "books" being the only thing she had to keep her occupied.[8] Despite their poverty, her parents sent her to school in the upscaleBeit HaKerem neighborhood to assure her a good education. When her father died at the age of 42, the family moved toTel Aviv.[9]
Yonath was accepted toTichon Hadash high school although her mother could not pay the tuition. She gave math lessons to students in return.[10] As a youngster, she says she was inspired by the Polish and naturalized-French scientistMarie Curie.[11] However, she stresses that Curie, whom she as a child was fascinated by after reading her biography, was not her "role model".[12] She returned to Jerusalem for college, graduating from theHebrew University of Jerusalem with a bachelor's degree inchemistry in 1962, and a master's degree inbiochemistry in 1964. In 1968, she obtained her PhD from theWeizmann Institute of Science forX-ray crystallographic studies on the structure ofcollagen, with Wolfie Traub as her PhD advisor.[13][14][15]
She has one daughter, Hagit Yonath, a doctor at Sheba Medical Center, and a granddaughter, Noa.[16] She is the cousin of anti-occupation activistRuchama Marton.[17]
Yonath focuses on the mechanisms underlyingprotein biosynthesis, by ribosomal crystallography, a research line she pioneered over twenty years ago despite considerable skepticism of the international scientific community.[20] Ribosomes translateRNA into protein and because they have slightly different structures in microbes, when compared toeukaryotes, such as human cells, they are often a target for antibiotics. In 2000 and 2001, she determined the complete high-resolution structures of both ribosomal subunits and discovered within the otherwise asymmetric ribosome, the universal symmetrical region that provides the framework and navigates the process of polypeptide polymerization. Consequently, she showed that the ribosome is aribozyme that places its substrates instereochemistry suitable forpeptide bond formation and for substrate-mediatedcatalysis. In 1993 she visualized the path taken by the nascent proteins, namely the ribosomal tunnel, and recently revealed the dynamics elements enabling its involvement in elongation arrest, gating, intra-cellular regulation and nascent chain trafficking into their folding space.
Additionally, Yonath elucidated the modes of action of over twenty differentantibiotics targeting the ribosome, illuminated mechanisms ofdrug resistance andsynergism, deciphered the structural basis for antibiotic selectivity and showed how it plays a key role in clinical usefulness and therapeutic effectiveness, thus paving the way for structure-baseddrug design.
For enabling ribosomal crystallography Yonath introduced a novel technique,cryo bio-crystallography, which became routine in structural biology and allowed intricate projects otherwise considered formidable.[21]
At the Weizmann Institute, Yonath is the incumbent of the Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professorial Chair.
She has called for the unconditional release of all Palestinian prisoners, saying that "holding Palestinians captive encourages and perpetuates their motivation to harm Israel and its citizens ... once we don't have any prisoners to release they will have no reason to kidnap soldiers".[22]
^Traub, Wolfie; Yonath, Ada (1966). "Polymers of Tripeptides as Collagen Models .I. X-RAY Studies of Poly (L-PROLYL-GLYCYL-L-PROLINE) and related Polytripeptides".Journal of Molecular Biology.16 (2):404–14.doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(66)80182-1.PMID5954171.
^Yonath, Ada; Traub, Wolfie (1969). "Polymers of Tripeptides as Collagen Models .4. Structure Analysis of Poly (L-PROLYL-GLYCYL-L-PROLINE)".Journal of Molecular Biology.43 (3):461–77.doi:10.1016/0022-2836(69)90352-0.PMID5401228.
^Hope, H.; Frolow, F.; von Böhlen, K.; Makowski, I.; Kratky, C.; Halfon, Y.; Danz, H.; Webster, P.; Bartels, K. S.; Wittmann, H. G.; Yonath, A. (1 April 1989). "Cryocrystallography of ribosomal particles".Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science.45 (2). International Union of Crystallography (IUCr):190–199.Bibcode:1989AcCrB..45..190H.doi:10.1107/s0108768188013710.ISSN0108-7681.PMID2619959.
