| Acts 2 | |
|---|---|
.JPG) Greek text of Acts 2:11–22 inUncial 076, written in 5th/6th century. | |
| Book | Acts of the Apostles |
| Category | Church history |
| Christian Bible part | New Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 5 |
Acts 2 is the second chapter of theActs of the Apostles in theNew Testament of theChristianBible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous but early Christian tradition asserted thatLuke composed this book as well as theGospel of Luke.[1] This chapter records the events on the day ofPentecost, about 10 days afterthe ascension ofJesus Christ.[2]
The original text was written inKoine Greek.This chapter is divided into 47 verses.
Some earlymanuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
The biblical narrative of Pentecost is given in the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. Present were about one hundred and twenty followers of Christ (Acts 1:15), all together "in one place" (Acts 2:1), including theTwelve Apostles (i.e. the elevendisciples andMatthias, who had replacedJudas Iscariot),[7]Jesus' motherMary, various other women disciples andJesus' brothers (Acts 1:14). Their reception of the Holy Spirit and their empowerment tospeak in tongues are recounted in Acts 2:1–6:[8]J. Rawson Lumby holds that the "one place" was clearly "the upper room where the Apostles abode, and where the disciples had met for the election of Matthias".[9]
¹When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. ²And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. ³Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them, and a tongue rested on each of them. ⁴All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them ability.
⁵Now there were devout Jews from every nation under heaven living in Jerusalem. ⁶And at this sound the crowd gathered and was bewildered, because each one heard them speaking in the native language of each. ⁷Then they were all amazed and marveled, saying to one another, "Look, are not all these who speak Galileans?"
While those on whom the Spirit had descended were speaking in many languages, the gathering crowd's reaction progressed from perplexity (verse 6) to amazement (verse 7). In verse 6, "this sound" (Greek:της φωνης ταυτης,tēs phōnēs tautēs) may refer to "the sound from heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind" in verse 2, or to the speaking in tongues in verse 4.Henry Alford suggests that "we may safely decide for the former reference" (the sound from heaven) because the writer would have written "φωναί" (phōnai: plural) if the multiple voices spoken in tongues was intended.[10] The paraphrase inThe Living Bible emphasizes the same reading: "when they heard the roaring in the sky above the house".[11]
Peter then stood up with theeleven and proclaimed to the crowd that this event was the fulfillment of theprophecy ofJoel (inBook of Joel2:28–29): "…I will pour out my Spirit…".[12] (Acts 2:17).
For these are not drunk, as you suppose, since it is the third hour of the day.[13]
"The third hour of the day" (about 9:00 AM):[14] Peter explains that it is only breakfast time.[15]
¹⁶But this is what was spoken by the prophetJoel:
¹⁷'In the last days it shall be, says God,
'that I will pour out My Spirit on all flesh;
your sons and your daughters shall prophesy,
your young men shall see visions,
and your old men shall dream dreams.
¹⁸Even on My menservants and maidservants
I will pour out My Spirit in those days;
and they shall prophesy.
¹⁹And I will show wonders in heaven above
and signs on the earth below:
blood, and fire, and vapor of smoke.
²⁰The sun shall be turned into darkness,
and the moon into blood,
before that great and glorious day of the Lord comes.
²¹And whoever calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved.'
— Acts 2:16–21: MEV
The extended quotation fromJoel 2:28–32 (LXX) is to support that this event is something predicted in Scripture, and it clarifies some points about the apostolic proclamation:[15]
²²"Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth was a man attested to you by God with powerful works and wonders and signs, which God did through Him in your midst, as you yourselves know. ²³You have taken Him, who was handed over to you by the ordained counsel and foreknowledge of God, and by lawless hands have crucified and killed Him, ²⁴whom God raised up by loosening the pull of death, because it was not possible that He should be held by it.
— Acts 2:22–24: MEV
Peter then turns to the question, "Who was Jesus?", appealing to many people in the audience who had witnessed the miracles performed by Jesus, as a divine attestation of his ministry in the midst of his people (verse 22). Jesus' death is the responsibility of three groups: (1) 'the immediate agency' ('lawless hands' or 'lawless men'); (2) 'the proximate motive force' (the local audience which had witnessed Jesus' ministry, verses 22–23); and behind both of those, 'the divine plan' (verse 24).[15]
Verses 25 to 28 quotePsalm 16:
²⁵For David says concerning Him:
‘I foresaw the Lord always before my face,
For He is at my right hand, that I may not be shaken.
²⁶Therefore my heart rejoiced, and my tongue was glad;
Moreover my flesh also will rest in hope.
²⁷For You will not leave my soul in Hades,
Nor will You allow Your Holy One to see corruption.
²⁸You have made known to me the ways of life;
You will make me full of joy in Your presence.’
— Acts 2:25–28: NKJV
According to a Christian interpretation, verse 27 recalls the belief in the preservation of the mortal bodies of the saints, identified with the people whose souls weren't condemned to theHell. The latter is referred with the Hebrew wordSheol.[18]It has also been seen as a prophecy of Jesus'Harrowing of Hell, while verse 26 would have predicted the finalResurrection of the flesh for which the "body also will rest in hope".
Furthermore, thepaths of life ofActs 2:28 recall the more well known Jesus self-definition as being "the way, the truth, the life" (John 14:6, even using the same Greek words (respectively:hodous zōēs[19] andhodos,alētheia,zōē[20])
Verses 34 and 35 quotePsalm 110:1 to conclude saying:
Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly that God has made this Jesus, whom you crucified, both Lord and Christ.
— Acts 2:36: NKJV
Then Peter said to them, "Repent, and let every one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit."
— Acts 2:38: NKJV
"Remission": or "forgiveness"[21]
Acts 2:41 then reports that about 3000 people were baptized and added to the number of believers.
Then those who gladly received his word were baptized; and that day about three thousand souls were added to them.
— Acts 2:41: NKJV
It would take a long time to immerse all 3,000 people in a single public pool such asPool of Siloam, so the apostles probably made use of manymikvehs around theTemple Mount. A "mikveh" is a stepped immersion pool used by Jews for purification, before prayer or worship, to become ritually clean. Archaeological excavations in Jerusalem (and other Jewish communities) have discovered hundreds of mikvehs from before, during, and after the time of Jesus.[22]
The fact that many understood in their native language, what the Spirit was saying demonstrates that the first miracle the Holy Spirit carried out was the translation of the Gospel. This message is one that is communicating "God's deeds of power".[23] Such miracle carries the undertone that the gospel, would be for a diverse group that for a long time had been divided. "Whereas in Babel humanity was divided by different tongues, in Pentecost that division was overcome."[24]
Traditional interpretation holds that the Descent of the Holy Spirit took place in the Upper Room, orCenacle, on the day of Pentecost (Shavuot). The Upper Room was first mentioned in Luke 22:12–13.[26] This Upper Room was to be the location of theLast Supper and the institution ofHoly Communion. The other mention of an "upper room" is in Acts 1:13–14, the continuation of the Luke narrative, authored by the same biblical writer.[27]
Here thedisciples and women waited and they gave themselves up to constant prayer,[27] until the arrival of the "wind" mentioned above.
Acts 2:44–47 contains a description of the earliest church, giving a practical view of how the church members acted. The verses cover several aspects of life: