Anact of Congress is astatute enacted by theUnited States Congress. Acts may apply only to individual entities (calledprivate laws), or to the general public (public laws). For abill to become an act, the text must pass through both houses with a majority, then be either signed into law by thepresident of the United States, be left unsigned for ten days (excluding Sundays) while Congress remains in session, or, if vetoed by the president, receive a congressional override from2⁄3 of both houses.
In the United States, acts of Congress are designated as eitherpublic laws, relating to the general public, orprivate laws, relating to specific institutions or individuals. Since 1957, all Acts of Congress have been designated as "Public Law X–Y" or "Private Law X–Y", where X is the number of the Congress and Y refers to the sequential order of the bill (when it was enacted).[1] For example, P. L. 111–5 (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) was the fifth enacted public law of the111th United States Congress. Public laws are also often abbreviated as Pub. L. No. X–Y.
When the legislation of those two kinds are proposed, it is calledpublic bill andprivate bill respectively.
The word "act", as used in the term "act of Congress", isa common, not a proper noun. The capitalization of the word "act" (especially when used standing alone to refer to an act mentioned earlier by its full name) is deprecated by some dictionaries and usage authorities.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, theBluebook requires "Act" to be capitalized when referring to a specific legislative act.[9] TheUnited States Code capitalizes "act".
The term "act of Congress" is sometimes used in informal speech to indicate something for which getting permission is burdensome. For example, "It takes an act of Congress to get a building permit in this town."
An act adopted by simple majorities in both houses of Congress ispromulgated, or given the force of law, in one of the following ways:
The president promulgates acts of Congress made by the first two methods. If an act is made by the third method, the presiding officer of the house that last reconsidered the act promulgates it.[10]
Under theUnited States Constitution, if the president does not return a bill or resolution to Congress with objections before the time limit expires, then the bill automatically becomes an act; however, if the Congress is adjourned at the end of this period, then the bill dies and cannot be reconsidered (seepocket veto). If the president rejects a bill or resolution while the Congress is in session, a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress is needed for reconsideration to be successful.
Promulgation in the sense of publishing and proclaiming the law is accomplished by the president, or the relevant presiding officer in the case of an overridden veto, delivering the act to thearchivist of the United States.[11] The archivist provides for its publication as aslip law and in theUnited States Statutes at Large after receiving the act.[12][13] Thereafter, the changes are published in theUnited States Code.
Through the process ofjudicial review, an act of Congress that violates the Constitution may be declared unconstitutional by the courts. A judicial declaration that an act of Congress is unconstitutional does not remove the act from the Statutes at Large or the United States Code; rather, it prevents the act from being enforced. However, the act as published in annotated codes and legal databases is marked with annotations indicating that it is no longer good law.
About Public Laws
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