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Achilles (son of Zeus)

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Greek mythological character

This article is about a son of Zeus. For Other uses, seeAcheilus. For the Trojan war hero, seeAchilles.

InGreek mythology,Achilles, also spelledAchilleus ([akʰilˈleu̯s];Ancient Greek:Ἀχιλλεύς,romanized: Akhilleús), was the son ofZeus andLamia, and the main subject of a minor myth.^[1] He is not to be confused with the more famousAchilles, the hero of theTrojan War.

Etymology

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Mycenaean Greek tablets attest to the personal name Achilles in the formsa-ki-re-u (Linear B:𐀀𐀑𐀩𐀄) anda-ki-re-we (Linear B:𐀀𐀑𐀩𐀸);^[2] the latter being thedative of the former.^[3]

Achilles' name can be analyzed as a combination ofἄχος (áchos) "distress, pain, sorrow, grief"^[4] andλαός (laós) "people, soldiers, nation", resulting in a proto-form*Akhí-lāu̯os "he who has the people distressed" or "he whose people have distress".^[5]^[6] Furthermore,laós has been construed byGregory Nagy, followingLeonard Palmer, to mean "a corps of soldiers", amuster.^[6]

Some researchers deem the name aloan word, possibly from aPre-Greek language.^[2]Robert S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of the name, based among other things on the coexistence of-λλ- and-λ- in epic language, which may account for a palatalized phoneme /l^y/ in the original language.^[3]^[7]

Mythology

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Achilles was a man of an irresistible beauty, and won a beauty contest judged byPan, the god of wilderness.Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty and love, was irritated and so she made Pan fall in love with the nymphEcho, who spurned him, and made Achilles become as ugly and unattractive as he had been pretty and attractive.^[8] It is not clear whether Aphrodite was simply dissatisfied with the result as part of the audience, or she herself lost to Achilles as a contestant, but the latter seems likely enough.^[9]

Notes

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^Photios (1824)."190.489R". InBekker, August Immanuel (ed.).Myriobiblon (in Greek). Vol. Tomus alter. Berlin: Ge. Reimer. p. 152a. At theInternet Archive."190.152a"(PDF).Myriobiblon (in Greek).Interreg Δρόμοι της πίστης – Ψηφιακή Πατρολογία. 2006. p. 163. At khazarzar.skeptik.net.
^^a ^bSigel, Ley & Bleckmann 2006, s.v. Achilles.
^^a ^bBeekes 2009, pp. 183-184.
^Scholia adHomer,Iliad 1.1
^Palmer 1963, p. 79.
^^a ^bNagy, Gregory."The best of the Achaeans".CHS. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Archived fromthe original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved19 March 2015.
^"Achilles (Greek mythology) | Research Starters | EBSCO Research".EBSCO. Retrieved2025-11-21.
^Ptolemy Hephaestion,New History 6 as cited in Photius,Myriobiblon190.47
^Hartley 2014, p. 158.

Bibliography

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Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Lucien van Beek (ed.).Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 1. Leiden, the Netherlands:Brill Publications.ISBN 978-90-04-17420-7.
Hartley, Beth (June 2014). "Ptolemy and the Mythological Revisionist Games of the Imperial Period".Novel Research: Fiction and Authority in Ptolemy Chennus(PDF) (PhD).University of Exeter. RetrievedApril 26, 2023.
Palmer, Leonard (1963).The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts. Oxford:Clarendon Press.ISBN 978-0198131441.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Sigel, Dorothea; Ley, Anne; Bleckmann, Bruno (2006). "Achilles". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth; et al. (eds.).Achilles.Brill's New Pauly. Brill Reference Online.doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220. RetrievedMay 5, 2017.