Acarnania Ἀκαρνανία | |
|---|---|
Region | |
 Ruins of the theatre,Stratos | |
 Map of ancient Acarnania | |
| Country | Greece |
| Location | Western Greece |
| Major cities | Stratos |
| Dialects | Northwest Doric |
Acarnania (Ancient Greek:Ἀκαρνανία,romanized: Akarnanía) is a region of west-centralGreece that lies along theIonian Sea, west ofAetolia, with theAchelous River for a boundary, and north of the gulf ofCalydon, which is the entrance to theGulf of Corinth. Today it forms the western part of theregional unit ofAetolia-Acarnania. The capital and principal city in ancient times wasStratos.
Acarnania's foundation inGreek mythology was traditionally ascribed toAcarnan, son ofAlcmaeon.
The name of Acarnania appears to have been unknown in the earliest times.Homer (8th century BC) only calls the country oppositeIthaca andCephalonia, under the general name of "Epeirus" (῎ηπειρος), or the mainland, although he frequently mentions the Aetolians.[n 1]
The country is said to have been originally inhabited by theTaphii (or Teleboae), theLeleges, and theCuretes. The Taphii, or Teleboae were chiefly found in the islands off the western coast of Acarnania, where they maintained themselves by piracy. The Leleges were more widely disseminated, and were also in possession at one period ofAetolia,Locris, and other parts of Greece. The Curetes are said to have come from Aetolia, and to have settled in Acarnania, after they had been expelled from the former country byAetolus and his followers. The name of Acarnania is derived fromAcarnan, the son ofAlcmaeon, who is said to have settled at the mouth of theAchelous.[1] If this tradition is of any value, it would intimate that an Argive colony settled on the coast of Acarnania at an early period.
In the 7th century BC,[2] Greek influence in the region became prominent whenCorinth settledAnactorium,Sollium andLeucas, andKefalonia settledAstacus. The original inhabitants of the country were driven more into the interior; they never made much progress in the arts of civilised life; and even at the time of thePeloponnesian War, they were a rude and barbarous people, engaged in continual wars with their neighbours, and living by robbery and piracy.[3] The settlements ofAlyzeia,Coronta,Limnaea,Medion,Oeniadae,Palaerus,Phoitiai andStratus are also mentioned byThucydides, this latter city being the seat of aloose confederation of Acarnanian powers that was maintained until the late 1st century BC.
The ancient Acarnanians, however, were Greeks, and as such were allowed to contend in the great Pan-Hellenic games, although they were closely connected with their neighbors, theAgraeans andAmphilochians on theAmbracian Gulf, who were barbarian or non-Hellenic nations. Like other rude mountaineers, the Acarnanians are praised for their fidelity and courage. They formed good light-armed troops, and were excellent slingers. They lived, for the most part, dispersed in villages, retiring, when attacked, to the mountains.Strabo relates that they were united, however, in a political League (theAcarnanian League), of whichAristotle wrote an account in a work now lost (Ἀκαρνάνων Πολιτεία).Thucydides mentions a hill, namedOlpae, near theAmphilochian Argos, which the Acarnanians had fortified as a place of judicial meeting for the settlement of disputes.[4] The meetings of the League were usually held atStratus, which was the chief town in Acarnania;[5] but, in the time of the Romans, the meetings took place either atThyrium, or at Leucas, the latter of which places became, at that time, the chief city in Acarnania.[6]
At an early period, when part of Amphilochia belonged to the Acarnanians, they used to hold a public judicial congress at Olpae, a fortified hill about 3 miles (4.8 km) from Argos Amphilochicum. Of the constitution of their League, we have scarcely any particulars. We learn from an inscription found at Punta, the site of ancientActium, that there were a council and a general assembly of the people, by which decrees were passed:Ἔδοξε τᾷ βουλᾷ καὶ τῷ κοινῷ τῶν Ἁκαρνάνων. At the head of the League, there was a strategus (Στρατηγός) or general; and the Council had a secretary (γραμματεύς), who appears to have been a person of importance, as in the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues. The chief priest (ἱεραπόλος) of the temple of Apollo at Actium seems to have been a person of high rank; and either his name or that of the strategus was employed for official dates, like that of the first Archon at Athens.
Because it is located strategically on the maritime route to Italy, Acarnania was involved in many wars. Their hatred against theCorinthian settlers, who had deprived them of all their best ports, naturally led the Acarnanians to side with theAthenians; but the immediate cause of their alliance with the latter arose from the expulsion of theAmphilochians from the town ofArgos Amphilochicum by the Corinthian settlers fromAmbracia, about 432 BC. The Acarnanians espoused the cause of the expelled Amphilochians, and in order to obtain the restoration of the latter, they applied for assistance to Athens. The Athenians accordingly sent an expedition underPhormio, who took Argos, expelled the Ambraciots, and restored the town to the Amphilochians and Acarnanians. An alliance was now formally concluded between the Acarnamians and Athenians. The only towns of Acarnania which did not join it wereOeniadae andAstacus.
The Acarnanians were of great service in maintaining the supremacy of Athens in the western part of Greece, and they distinguished themselves particularly in 426 BC, when they gained a signal victory under the command ofDemosthenes over the Peloponnesians and Ambraciots at theBattle of Olpae.[7] At the conclusion of this campaign they concluded a peace with the Ambraciots, although they still continued allies of Athens.[8] In 391 BC we find the Acarnanians engaged in war with the Achaeans, who had taken possession ofCalydon inAetolia; and as the latter were hard-pressed by the Acarnanians, they applied for aid to theLacedaemonians (Spartans), who sent an army into Acarnania, commanded byKing Agesilaus. The latter ravaged the country, but his expedition was not attended with any lasting consequences,[9] whilst the cities of Acarnania surrendered to the Lacedaemonians under Agesilaus, and continued to be Spartan allies for a time, they joined theSecond Athenian League in 375 BC. The Acarnanians later sided with theBoeotians in their fight against Sparta, and with Athens againstPhilip II of Macedon atChaeronea.
After the time ofAlexander the Great, in 314 BC, at the behest of the Macedonian kingCassander, the settlements of Acarnania lying near theAetolian border were conglomerated into fewer, larger settlements. Still, border conflicts with the Aetolians were frequent, and led to Acarnania's territory being partitioned between Aetolia andEpirus in, c. 250 BC. After the fall of the king of Epirus, the Acarnanian territory that had been given to Epirus regained its independence, andLeucas became the capital of the region, but conflict with the Aetolians remained. The Acarnanians in consequence united themselves closely to the Macedonian kings, to whom they remained faithful in their various vicissitudes of fortune. They refused to desert the cause ofPhilip in his war with the Romans, and it was not till after the capture ofLeucas, their principal town, and the defeat of Philip at theBattle of Cynoscephalae that they submitted to Rome.[10] WhenAntiochus III king of Syria, invaded Greece, 191 BC, the Acarnanians were persuaded by their countryman Mnasilochus to espouse his cause; but on the expulsion of Antiochus from Greece, they came again under the supremacy of Rome.[11] In the settlement of the affairs of Greece byAemilius Paulus and the Roman commissioners after the defeat ofPerseus (168 BC), Leucas was separated from Acarnania,[12] and the city ofThyrreion was appointed the new capital.
In the 1st century BC, Acarnania suffered greatly at the hands ofpirates, and inRoman civil wars. When Greece was reduced to the form of a Roman province, it is doubtful whether Acarnania was annexed to the province ofAchaea or ofEpirus, but it is mentioned at a later time as part of Epirus. The inhabitants of several of its towns were removed byAugustus toNicopolis, which he founded after theBattle of Actium, and Acarnania fell under that city's rule; and in the time of Augustus emperor the country is described by Strabo as utterly worn out and exhausted.
In 395, it became part of theEastern Roman Empire. When the empire was attacked by Western powers in theFourth Crusade (1204), Acarnania passed to theDespotate of Epirus and in 1348 it was conquered bySerbia. Then in 1480 it fell to theOttoman Empire. Since 1832 it has been part of Greece.
Acarnania is composed of three main regions: 1) a rocky coastline, 2) a rugged strip of mountain range that follows the coastline, and 3) plains lying between these mountains and theAchelous River.
Anciently, Acarnania was reckoned the most westerly province of Greece, bounded on the north by theAmbracian Gulf, on the northeast byAmphilochia, on the west and southwest by theIonian Sea, and on the east byAetolia. It contained about 1,571 square miles (4,070 km2). Under the Romans, or probably a little earlier, the riverAchelous formed the boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia; but in the time of thePeloponnesian War, the territory ofOeniadae, which was one of the Acarnanian towns, extended east of this river. The interior of Acarnania was covered with forests and mountains of no great elevation. Between these mountains there are several lakes, and many fertile valleys. The chief river of the country is the Achelous, which in the lower part of its course flows through a vast plain of great natural fertility, called after itself theParacheloitis. By the 19th century, the plain was covered with marshes, and the greater part of it appeared to have been formed by the alluvial depositions of the Achelous. Owing to this circumstance, and to the river having frequently altered its channel, the southern part of the coast of Acarnania has undergone numerous changes since antiquity. The chief affluent of the Achelous in Acarnania is theAnapus (Ἄναπος), which flowed into the main stream 80 stadia south ofStratus.
There are several promontories on the coast, but of these only two are especially named by writers in antiquity, the promontory ofActium and that ofCrithote (Κριθωτή), on the west coast, forming one side of the small bay, on which the town ofAstacus stood. Of the inland lakes, the only one mentioned by name by the classical writers is that of Melite (Μελίτη; the modernLake Trichonida), 30 stadia long and 20 broad, north of the mouth of the Achelous, in the territory ofOeniadae. There was a lagoon, or salt lake, betweenLeucas and the Ambracian gulf, to whichStrabo gives the name ofMyrtuntium (Μυρτούντιον). Although the soil of Acarnania was fertile, it was not much cultivated by the inhabitants. The products of the country are rarely mentioned by the ancient writers.Pliny speaks of iron mines,[13] and also of a pearl-fishery off Actium.[14] The chief wealth of the inhabitants consisted in their herds and flocks, which pastured in the rich meadows in the lower part of the Achelous. There were numerous islands off the western coast of Acarnania. Of these the most important were theEchinades, extending from the mouth of the Achelous along the shore to the North; theTaphiae Insulae, lying between Leucas and Acarnania, and Leucas itself, which originally formed part of the mainland of Acarnania, but was afterwards separated from the latter by a canal.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Acarna'nia".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.38°45′N21°05′E / 38.750°N 21.083°E /38.750; 21.083
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