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Acapulco Gold is astrain ofCannabis sativa that was popular during the 1960s counterculture movement for its potency, taste, and unique color. It is a landrace cannabis variety that is an 80% sativa and 20% indica hybrid reportedly produced by crossing a native Mexican strain with a Nepalese indica. It is reported to be difficult to cultivate indoors under lights and is better grown as an outdoor plant due to its large size. This cannabis strain flushes in gold and amber tones in the final stages of flowering, producing dense golden buds with a peppery and citrus odor and flavor, and averages 24% THC and 1% CBD. The terpene profile of Acapulco Gold is mostlycaryophyllene, a spicy terpene also found in black pepper.Myrcene is also present and contributes to the earthy aroma of the strain, as well asLimonene which adds a lemon aroma/flavour.[1][2][3][4]
First recorded in the United States in 1964,[5] Acapulco Gold was defined by theOxford English Dictionary the following year as "a special grade of cannabis growing in the vicinity ofAcapulco...with a color of brownish gold, or a mixture of gold and green."[6] Traditionally cultivated in the Guerrero Mountains outside the city,[7] it is a landrace strain[6] described as having "mind-blowing effects", which were attributed to a long growing season and the plant growing in conditions to which it was adapted.[8] Smuggler and promoterGary Tovar said that Acapulco Gold's distinctive color was the outcome of the way the plants were aged and dried by the wind off the Pacific Ocean.[9] When cultivated outside its native range, it is considered to be substantially less potent than native plants: "while the original genetics of Acapulco Gold can be found among global seed companies, without that blazing Acapulco sun and Gulf breezes, the end product remains an artifice, a simulacrum of what could be had in 1974."[10] As early as 1975,New York Magazine claimed that the strain's original potency had already been diluted due to overplanting in response to demand.[11]
Called "connoisseur pot",[12] in the 1960s Acapulco Gold was "a sought-after marijuana for American smokers, considered better quality than the weed growing in California or Texas."[13] "Those in the know sought Mexican Acapulco Gold for the highest of highs."[14] Another report highlighted its "exquisite taste".[5] Its potency was due to aTHC content of 23%, making it one of the strongest strains available at the time.[6] The strain's association with quality was such that the 1993 textbookDrugs, Alcohol and Mental Health claimed that "Acapulco gold" had become a generic term for high-grade marijuana.[15]
![A young female Acapulco Gold plant (Mexican x Nepalese). Seed grown plant from seeds obtained from a cannabis seed bank.[16]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aAlcapulco_Gold_Young_Plant.jpg)
Acapulco Gold was a favorite strain ofCarol Wayne,Paul Ferrara,[17] andJack Nicholson.[18] LongtimeNFL commissionerPete Rozelle experimented with it around 1970, seeking to understand if marijuana would cause problems for his players.[19] The rock duo Heth and Jed dealt Acapulco Gold as teenagers,[20] and the drug dealer andSpeedway bomberBrett Kimberlin claimed to have given some to future US Vice PresidentDan Quayle as a wedding present.[21] Acapulco Gold was particularly in demand atColumbia University in the early 1970s, so much so that the university had a dedicated smuggling route viaAustin, Texas.[22]
Reported prices for Acapulco Gold were "the astronomical sum of twenty dollars an ounce" during the 1960s,[12] $500 per kilo in 1967,[23] and $30 an ounce in 1972, or adjusted for inflation, equal to around $150 an ounce in 2022 USD.[24] Acapulco Gold was possibly $36 per kilo at the source in Mexico in 1973. A[25] For comparison, the legal price inPort Angeles, Washington was $12 per gram in November 2016.[26]
It was incorrectly claimed as early as 1968 that the name 'Acapulco Gold' had been trademarked in anticipation of marijuana legalization;[23] in August 1969,Harlan Ellison asserted that the trademark had been registered to tobacco companyLiggett & Myers.[27] In 1971, the term was used as a brand name for rolling papers intended to be sold to raise funds to campaign for marijuana legalization; Amorphia, the organization that backed the effort, eventually merged withNORML.[28] The rolling papers reportedly generated most of the funding to support the 1972 California marijuana initiativeProposition 19.[29] When the US Patent and Trademark Office briefly opened trade name registration for medical marijuana strains in 2010, Acapulco Gold was one of the trademarks submitted before the category was abandoned.[30]
During the late 1970s, as much as 20 percent of the Mexican marijuana being imported into the US was contaminated with the herbicideparaquat, which caused the plants to turn golden. This increased demand for the contaminated marijuana by causing it to be mistaken for higher-quality Acapulco Gold. The contamination was the result of a drug eradication program being carried on by the Mexican government to which the United States contributed $13 million annually.[31] The Mexican Army had previously burned many of the original Acapulco Gold fields in 1967 at the urging of the US government.[32]
Acapulco Gold was one of the parents of the hybrid Skunk No. 1, which was called "the backbone of the modern cannabis breeding world."[33] In 2014,High Times magazine named Acapulco Gold one of the greatest strains of all time.[34]The following information is based on first hand experience by Brian Hill, a cultural anthropologist, who was one of the people to receive original skunk, indica, kush (all three names were used interchangeably) seeds from 2 smugglers from Afghanistan in 1973(needs group verification) along with a handful of other people who grew them and spontaneously named them skunk, indica and kush. This took place in the Klamath River basin near the towns of Orleans, Weitchpec and most likely in Eureka and Arcata, possibly further south on US 101 near Garberville, CA. In order to reliably document this information a representative group of growers who grew these original seeds which came to be called skunk, ... will have to be interviewed separately and then brought together as a group so that consensus on the introduction of Afghani Kush to Northern California can be achieved. I would participate in this study, but I am almost 83 years old (6/29/41) and many of the original growers have already passed, so the study should take place asap.
Next, the statement that Skunk #1 was the or a backbone of the CA/global homegrown movement would be more correct if it was stated that Skunk #1 rode on the coattails of the original introduction of Skunk which was most likely pure indica. Phenotypically Skunk #1 is quite different than the Orleans Skunk. The initial growers of what could temporarily be called "Orleans Skunk" will also have accounts of how this indica Kush impacted local markets all the way to Berkeley, and how the homegrown movement exploded following this early Skunk. I may be contacted at the email provided here for further information.
Acapulco Gold has lent its name to both a California politician[35] and an Irish racehorse.[36]
Given its status as an icon of the counterculture movement, Acapulco Gold appeared prominently in American literature during its heyday. The 1972 novelAcapulco Gold byEdwin Corley posited that marijuana would be legalized in the near future and depicted the competition among advertising agencies to secure the first marketing account for marijuana cigarettes.[37] The protagonists inRoberto Bolaño's novelThe Savage Detectives were undiscovered writers who began trafficking in Acapulco Gold in order to fund a literary magazine,[38] and Acapulco Gold cigarettes are described as a top brand inDavid Gerrold'sNebula Award-winning fix-upWhen HARLIE Was One.[39]
The strain received tribute inNorman Spinrad's 1969 novelBug Jack Barron. Spinrad's work described a futuristic United States where marijuana usage was not only legal but commonplace, with its users including senior elected officials and major celebrities, and where the leading brand was Acapulco Golds, which were promoted on national television withJuan Valdez-style advertising:
Mexican peon leading burro up winding trail on jungle-covered volcanic mountain, a fruity-authoritativeEncyclopædia Britannica voice over: "In the high country of Mexico evolved a savoury strain of marijuana which came to be known as Acapulco Gold in the days of the contraband trade." Cut to same peon cutting a stand of marijuana with a sickle and loading it onto burro: "Prized for its superior flavour and properties, Acapulco Gold was available only to the favoured few due to its rarity and..." Roll to border patrolman frisking unsavoury Pancho Villa type Mexican: "the difficulties involved in importation." Aerial view of huge field of geometrically-rowed marijuana: "But now the finest strain of Mexican seeds, combined with American agricultural skill and carefully controlled growing conditions, produce a pure strain of marijuana unequalled in flavour, mildness...and relaxing properties. Now available in thirty-seven states: (Cut to close-up of red and gold Acapulco Golds pack.) Acapulco Golds, America's premium quality marijuana cigarette—and, of course, totally noncarcinogenic.[40]
The use of Acapulco Gold is common inL. Ron Hubbard'sMission Earth novels, includingVoyage of Vengeance,[41]An Alien Affair,[42] andDeath Quest.[43] Acapulco Gold also appears in works byOscar Zeta Acosta,[44]Hunter S. Thompson,[45]Darryl Pinckney,[46]Jonathan Raban,[47]Guillermo Cabrera Infante,[48]David Foster Wallace,[49] andCarol Berge.[50]
Linguist Jean-Charles Seigneuret attributed the strain's literary popularity to its role as a "psychedelic Philosopher's Stone" which served "to transform the metaphorical lead of the harried, detribalized modern conscience into the 'gold' latent in 'Acapulco gold.'"[51]
The strain gave its name toa 1976 smuggling film which starred former evangelistMarjoe Gortner,Robert Lansing, andEd Nelson, and was directed byBurt Brinckerhoff.[52]Acapulco Gold was also the title of a 1973 mockumentary by Bob Grosvenor about the history of marijuana cultivation and the efforts of a group of college students to smuggle Mexico's "super weed" into the United States.[53]Mick Jagger's character in the 1970 filmPerformance was depicted as a user of Acapulco Gold.[54]
Acapulco Gold's best-known appearance in film was in 1978'sUp in Smoke, starring the comedy duoCheech & Chong. "I can smoke anything, man,"Cheech Marin's character Pedro bragged. "You know like I smoke that Michoacán, and Acapulco Gold, man."[55] The duo'sdebut album seven years before had featured a track titled "Acapulco Gold Filters", which included the lyrics, "No stems no seeds that you don't need, Acapulco Gold is some badass weed."[56]
During the first season ofSaturday Night Live, hostDesi Arnaz thanked the crew of the show for presenting him with a box of "Acapulco Gold cigars."[57]
Psychedelic pop groupThe Rainy Daze released a 1967 album titledThat Acapulco Gold, portraying Mexico as a far-off land where "the streets are lined with bricks of that Acapulco Gold". The title track reached #70 on theBillboard Hot 100 before being pulled from circulation for promoting marijuana use.[58] Vice PresidentSpiro Agnew later denounced the song as "blatant drug-culture propaganda...threatening to destroy our national strength".[59]
TheNew Riders of the Purple Sage included a song called "Henry" on their 1971debut album, which described an attempt to smuggle 20 kilos of Acapulco Gold out of Mexico.[60]Led Zeppelin paid tribute to the strain in the live versions of the 1973 song "Over the Hills and Far Away".[61]Johnathan Rice's 2013 albumGood Graces included a track titled "Acapulco Gold".[62]
acapulco gold counterculture.
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