Academese is the unnecessary use ofjargon inacademia, particularly inacademic writing insocial science andhumanities; it is contrasted withplain language.[1]: 1 [2][3]: 29 [4][5]: 73–75 The term is often but not alwayspejorative, and occasionally can be used to refer to complex but necessary terminology.[5]: 69–72 [6] Critics of academese argue that it usually creates unnecessary difficulty in communication, with the harshest critics arguing this is intentional with writers aiming to impress the readers and hide the fact that they are not saying anything of substance.[3]: 6 [1]: 1 [5]: 73–74
In the context ofmedical sciences, a similar term,medicalese, exists; likewise,legal science jargon is calledlegalese.[1]: 1 [6][7][8] In the context of the English language, the termEngfish has also been used ("sounds like English but stinks like a fish").[3]: 6 Another related and highly pejorative term isacademicbullshit.[3]: 44
The usage of the word in English has been traced to at least 1917, and is attributed toWill Durant, who in hisPhilosophy and the Social Problem defined it as an opposite of "plain language".[3]: 29 Academic writing, particularly in the fields ofart andliterary criticism, was the subject of criticism byGeorge Orwell in his 1946 essayPolitics and the English Language; similar criticisms were expressed bySteven Pinker in his 2014 essay, entitledWhy Academics Stink at Writing.[1]: 1–2 [4] In 1985,Jacob L. Mey criticized academese harshly, writing that "Academese is a misuse of language, a road-block on the way to knowledge, erected by the mafia of the pseudo-scientists and their linguistic connection: it obstructs, rather than promotes communication. It discriminates against Academe's outsiders by ridiculing their ways of expressing themselves".[5]: 75
Academese has been partially attributed to the rise of thepostmodernist tradition. Some of the related issues have been popularized by theSokal affair in 1996.Alan Sokal produced a text that "not only exemplifies academese in what might be one of its worst – that is, most inaccessible – forms, but also unabashedly mocks anyone who uses it", published in a purported academic journal specializing in postmodernist texts, and then published a critique of this process in another journal.[3]: 32–34
Academese has been criticized through mock awards by several organizations. Since 1974 theNational Council of Teachers of English has been awarding the "Doublespeak Award", an "ironic tribute to public speakers who have perpetuated language that is grossly deceptive, evasive, euphemistic, confusing, or self-centered".[3]: 40 From 1995 to 1998 the journalPhilosophy and Literature sponsored a ‘Bad Writing Contest’, which lampooned "the most stylistically lamentable passages found in scholarly books and articles published in the last few years", with philosopherJudith Butler, the winner of that contest in 1998, often cited as one of the most notorious users of academese.[1]: 2 [3]: 40 [9][10][11]
Howard S. Becker, author of several guides on academic writing addressed to young scholars, has been described as having "an aversion to academese".[12]
In 2012,Mark Blyth noted that in order to popularize scientific research, scholars need to "let go of the academese".[2]
Academese has been criticized in syndicatedcomic strips, including aCalvin and Hobbes comic originally published in 1993[3]: 41 [13] as well as a strip inPiled Higher and Deeper.[3]: 42 [14]
Academese has been described as a commonstereotype of academic writing in general.[1]: 1
Academese has been criticized for being overly complex and for being intentionally complex to impress readers.[1]: 1 Academese can also constitute a form ofpower relations between those who use it and those who do not, serving to separate individuals into different groups and discriminate against those who are not fluent in it.[5]: 73–74 Conversely, academese can help academics recognize one another quickly and help themsocialize with one another.[5]: 76
While the term is often seen as pejorative, it can be sometimes used in neutral fashion as a synonym toacademic writing, or jargon in that field, some of which is considered necessary to express certain advanced concepts.[5]: 69–72 [6]