One of the oldest cathedral buildings in Europe, it was constructed as theroyal chapel of thePalace of Aachen ofEmperorCharlemagne, who was buried there in 814. From 936 to 1531, the originalPalatine Chapel saw thecoronation of thirty-oneGerman kings and twelve queens. Later, much expanded, it was aminster andcollegiate church, becoming a cathedral briefly from 1803 to 1825, and again in 1930 when the Diocese of Aachen was revived.[1] In 1978, Aachen Cathedral was one of the first 12 sites to be listed on theUNESCO list ofWorld Heritage Sites, because of its exceptional artistry, architecture, and central importance in the history of the Holy Roman Empire.[2]
The cathedral mostly uses two distinct architectural styles. First, the core of the cathedral is theCarolingian-Romanesque Palatine Chapel, which was modeled after theBasilica of San Vitale atRavenna and is notably small in comparison to the later additions. Secondly, the choir was constructed in theGothic style.[3][4] There are portions that showOttonian style, such as the area around the throne,[4] and some areas were not completed until the 19th century, in revivalist styles.
Charlemagne began the construction of thePalatine Chapel around 796,[5] along with the rest of the palace structures.[6] The construction is credited toOdo of Metz. The exact date of completion is unclear; however, a letter fromAlcuin, in 798, states that it was nearing completion, and in 805,Pope Leo III consecrated the finished chapel.[7] A foundry was brought to Aachen near the end of the 8th century and was utilized to cast multiple bronze pieces, from doors and the railings, to the horse and bear statues.[8][nb 1] Charlemagne was buried in the chapel in 814.[1] It suffered a large amount of damage in aViking raid in 881, and was restored in 983.
Following Charlemagne'scanonization byAntipope Paschal III in 1165, the chapel became a draw for pilgrims.[1] Due to the enormous flow of pilgrims, in 1355 aGothic choir hall was added,[3] and a two-part Capella vitrea (glass chapel) was consecrated on the 600th anniversary of Charlemagne's death.[1] Acupola, several other chapels, and asteeple were also constructed at later dates. It was restored again in 1881,[9] when theBaroque stucco was removed.[4]
DuringWorld War II, Aachen, including its famed cathedral, was heavily damaged by Allied bombing attacks and artillery fire, and the subsequent ground fighting whenU.S. troopsattacked the city, but the cathedral's basic structure survived. Many of the cathedral's artistic objects had been removed to secure storage during the war, and some which could not be moved were protected within the church itself. However, the glazing of the 14th-century choir hall, theGothic Revival altar, a large part of thecloister, and the Holiness Chapel (Heiligtumskapelle) were irretrievably destroyed. Reconstruction and restoration took place intermittently over more than 30 years, and cost an estimated €40 million.
The Palatine chapel consisted of a high octagonal room with a two-story circuit below. The inner octagon, with a diameter of 14.46 metres (47.4 ft),[7] is made up of strongpiers, on which an octagonalcloister vault lies, covering the central room. Around this inner octagon is a sixteen sided circuit of lowgroin vaults, supporting a high gallery above. This upper story was known as theHochmünster (high church). The arched openings of the lower story are only about half as high as those of theHochmünster, as a result of which the lower story looks stocky and bulky. The two floors are separated from each other by an expansive cornice. The high altar and Imperial throne are located on the upper circuit of the Palatine chapel in an octagonal side room, covered by abarrel vault lying on an angle. This area was connected to the palace by a passage. Above the arches of the gallery, an octagonal drum with window openings rises, on top of which is the cupola. On the east end was a smallapse that protruded and was, in later years, replaced by the choir. Opposite of this, was the tiered entrance to the rest of the now defunct palace,Westwork.[7] Light is brought in by a three tiered system ofcircular arched windows. The corners of the octagonal dome are joined with the walls with a system of pairedpilasters withcorinthiancapitals.[7]
The upper gallery openings are divided by a grid of columns. These columns are ancient and come fromSt. Gereon inCologne. Charlemagne allowed furtherspolia to be brought toAachen fromRome andRavenna at the end of the 8th century. In 1794, during the French occupation of theRheinland, they were removed toParis, but in 1815 up to half the pieces remaining in theLouvre were brought back to Aachen. In the 1840s they were restored to their original places once more and new columns of Odenberg granite were substituted for the missing columns. The interior walls were initially lined with a marble facade.[4] The round arched openings in the upper floor in the side walls of the octagon, between the columns, in front of a mezzanine, are decorated with a metre-high railing of Carolingian bronze rails. These bronze rails were cast 1200 years ago in a single piece according to Roman models. The original cupola mosaic was probably executed around 800 and known from Medieval sources depicted Christ as the triumphant Lord of the world, surrounded by the symbols of theFour Evangelists, with thetwenty-four elders from theApocalypse of John offering their crowns to him. In 1880–81 it was recreated by theVenetian workshop ofAntonio Salviati, according to the plans of theBelgian architectJean-Baptiste de Béthune. The dome was intricately decorated with amosaic tile.[4]
The exterior walls of the Carolingian octagon, made of quarry stone, are largely unjointed and lack further ornamentation. The only exception is that the projections of the pillars of the cupola are crowned by antique capitals. Above the Carolingian masonry, there is aRomanesque series of arches above a late Roman gable. The Octagon is crowned by unusualbaroque vents.
Aachen Cathedral was plastered red in the time of Charlemagne, according to the most recent findings of the Rheinish Office for Monuments. This plaster was made longer-lasting through the addition of crushed red brick. The colour was probably also a reference to the imperial associations of the work.[11]
The question of which geometric concepts and basic dimensions lie at the basis of the chapel's construction is not entirely clear even today. Works of earlier cathedral architects mostly followed either theDrusian foot (334 mm) or the Roman foot (295.7 mm). However, these measurements require complex theories to explain the church's actual dimensions.[12] In 2012, the architectural historian Ulrike Heckner proposed a theory of a new, hitherto unknown unit of measure of 322.4 mm, the so-called Carolingian foot, to which all other measurements in the Palatine chapel can be traced back. This measurement is referred to as theAachener Königsfuß (Aachen royal foot), after the similarly sizedParisian royal foot (324.8 mm).[13]
Beyond this, there is a symbolic layer to the octagon. Eight was a symbol of theeighth day (Sunday as the sabbath) and therefore symbolised theResurrection of Jesus Christ and the promise of eternal life. Likewise, ten, the number of perfection in Medieval architectural symbolism, is frequent in the Palatine Chapel: Its diameter (including the circuit surrounding the dome) measures a hundred Carolingian feet (i. e. ten by ten) – equivalent to the height of the dome.[14]
Lion head doorknocker of the Carolingian Wolf's DoorAachen Cathedral seen from the west
Thewestwork (western facade) of the cathedral is ofCarolingian origin, flanked by two stair-towers. It is a two-story building, completed by a porch from the 18th century at the west end.
The bronze leaves attached to this porch, theWolfstür (Wolf's Door), weigh 43hundredweight altogether (cf. with this theLousberg saga). The main entrance to the cathedral, the door was cast in Aachen around 800 and was located between the westwork and the octagon in the so-called hexadecagon up to 1788. The portal was restored in 1924.[15] Each leaf is divided into eight rectangles – a number which had religious symbolism inChristianity, as a symbol of Sunday, the day of theResurrection of Jesus Christ and also of perfection (as did twelve, also) and can be found in the measurements of thePalatine Chapel over and over again. These boxes were framed by decorative strips, which are made of egg-shaped decorations. The egg was considered a symbol of life and fertility from antiquity. In Christian belief it was imbued with the even wider symbolism ofEternal Life. The door-rings in the shape of lions' heads are wreathed by 24 (i.e. two times twelve or three times eight)acanthus scrolls – again to be understood at the deepest level through numerology. The Wolfstür's imitation of the shape of theancient Roman temple door signifies Charlemagne's claim, to have established aNew Rome in Aachen with the Palatine Chapel as the distinctive monumental building.[16]
Bronze pine cone in the entrance hall
There were multiple sculptures, made of bronze, including an equestrian piece probably meant as a parallel of a statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome.[8] In the forehall, there is abronze sculpture of a bear, which was probably made in the 10th century, i.e. inOttonian times.[17] Opposite it is a bronze pine cone with 129 perforated scales, which stands 91 cm high (including its base); its date is controversial and ranges from the 3rd to the 10th century. Its base is clearly Ottonian and includes an inscription written indactylic hexameter, which refers to theTigris andEuphrates rivers ofMesopotamia. According to one view, the pine cone would originally have served as a waterspout on a fountain and would have been placed in the atrium of the Palatine chapel in Carolingian times.[18]
The upper level is characterised by an exceptionally fine brick western wall. Inside, it bulges outward, while the outside bulges inwards, so that the Carolingian west wall can be seen as a convex-concave bulge. Before the construction of the porch in the 18th century, the Carolingian west facade, when seen from theNarthex, was particularly evocative: a large niche, topped by a semicircular arch in the western upper level corresponded to the semicircle of the barrel vault of the lower level.
View from west-south-west at night
Today, the western wall is broken up by the large western window. The large window frame dates from theGothic period and replaced a smaller window from Carolingian times, which was probably structured as amullion (a double arch with a column in the centre). The modern window was designed byEwald Mataré in 1956. Mataré's design imitates, however abstractly, the structure of the Carolingian bronze gate inside the dome. Bronze and unprocessedquartz form the window itself.
The function of the upstairs part of the west facade is not entirely clear. The right of baptism (long reserved for the Collegiate Church of Mary) was at abaptismal font, which was behind the marble throne, until the end of theAncien Régime.[19] Possibly the space was involved in these ceremonies. Furthermore, in the western wall, under the great west window, there is aFensetella (small window) even today, through which there is line of sight to the court below, the former atrium.[20] It is certain that the so-calledCarolingian Passage entered this room on its northern wall, connecting theAula Regia (King's Hall) in the north of thepalace with the church.
The lower, barrel-vaulted room in the west probably served asCharlemagne's sepulchre after his death on 28 January 814 and his burial in thePersephone sarcophagus.
The floors of the western facade lying above this room were remodelled in the first half of the 14th century and in the 17th century; the tower was completed between 1879 and 1884.
Between 1355 and 1414, on the initiative of theMarienstift and the mayor of AachenGerhard Chorus (1285–1367), aGothicchoir was built to the east of the Octagon. Before this there must have been a rectangular Carolingian choir.
The Gothic choir measures 25m in length, 13m wide and 32m high. Its external wall is broken, as much as possible, by windows – the surface area of the glass is more than 1,000m² and led to the nameGlashaus (glass house). This was conceived as a glassreliquary for the holy relics of Aachen and for the body of Charlemagne. The design is arranged on the model of theSainte-Chapelle inParis, likewise a space for important relics and a royal palace chapel. For protection of the vault of the choir, iron rods were built in at the time of construction, to counter the lateral force on the narrow stone supports and to allow as much space as possible between them for window space.
Annakapelle on the left, Matthiaskapelle (Chapel of St Matthew) on the right
Gathered around the octagon are several side chapels. Clockwise from the southeast, they are:
In the southeast, theMatthiaskapelle (Chapel ofSt Matthew), which was built in the late 14th century, at the same time as the choir which is next to it.
Adjoining the Chapel of St Matthew to the south is the gothicAnnakapelle (Chapel ofSt Anne). The lower level of this was originally thenarthex to one of the cathedral gates, but later the doors were sealed and the room turned into a chapel.
South of the western facade is theChapel of Hungary. Originally a gothic side chapel as well, it was remodelled in thebaroque style in the 18th century, following the plans of the Italian architectJoseph Moretti.
Adjoining the western facade to the north is the Chapel ofSt Nicholas &St Michael, of the 15th century with aneo-baroque altarpiece in the chancel, created in the 20th century byJoseph Buchkremer. It was formerly the burial place of the canons of Aachen cathedral.
Northeast, the Chapel ofSt Charles &Hubert was built into the octagon.
Further chapels associated with the cathedral complex are found in the cloisters (All Saints and All Souls Chapel) and in the cathedral forecourt (Baptismal Chapel).
Annakapelle (Chapel of St Anne)
Ungarnkapelle (Chapel of Hungary)
Chancel of the Nikolauskapelle (Chapel of St Nicholas)
Karlsthron (Throne of Charlemagne)Barbarossa chandelier
Aachen Cathedral houses a collection of medieval art objects from the lateClassical,Carolingian,Ottonian andStaufian periods which are exceptional in their artistic and religious meaning.
In the western gallery on the lower floor, opposite the choir, the Throne of Charlemagne is to be found, which has been the object of new investigations in the past decades. The original Carolingian throne came from thespolia of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre inJerusalem. The appearance of the throne and its location in the Palatine Chapel did not change with the passage of centuries. Between 936 and 1531, thirty oneGerman kings ascended to this throne after their anointment and coronation at the Marienaltar (Altar of Mary).
TheMarienschrein (Shrine of St. Mary) rests in the choir of the church and dates from 1220 to 1239. Adorned with the figures of Christ, Mary, Charlemagne,Pope Leo III and the Twelve Apostles, the shrine contains the four great Aachen relics: St. Mary's cloak, Christ's swaddling clothes, St.John the Baptist's beheading cloth andChrist's loincloth. Following a custom begun in 1349, every seven years the relics are taken out of the shrine and put on display during the Great AachenPilgrimage. Thispilgrimage most recently took place during June 2023.
From the vault of the dome, which is made up of eight curved faces, awheel chandelier hangs on a long chain, about four metres above the ground, with a diameter of over four metres, which is known as the Barbarossa Chandelier (1165/1170). This artwork was a donation of EmperorFrederick Barbarossa and his wifeBeatrice. The forty-eight candles of the chandelier are lit forsolemnities of the Church.
Between 1002 and 1014,Henry II had apulpit erected as anambon in the east passage, which is among the most magnificent artistic treasures of theOttonian Renaissance. Its inscription on the upper and lower edges clearly identifies its donor as Henry II, referring to him asREX PIVS HEINRICVS. The pulpit is made of an oak base and is decorated all over withfiligree and precious stones, with many precious artefacts from antiquity, such as fourrepoussé copper reliefs with depictions of the Evangelists, as well as six ivory panels of the 6th century. The wooden staircase dates to 1782. The Ambon was thoroughly restored in 1816/1817 and again between 1926 and 1937. To this day, the pulpit is still in liturgical use forsolemnities of the Church.
A golden altarpiece, the Pala d'Oro which today forms theAntependium of the high altar[21] was probably created around 1020 inFulda.[22] It consists of seventeen individual gold panels with reliefs inrepoussé. In the centre, Christ is enthroned as Redeemer in aMandorla, flanked by Mary and the Archangel Michael. Four round medallions with images of theEvangelists' symbols show the connection to the other twelve relief panels with depictions from the life of Jesus Christ. They begin with theentry into Jerusalem and end with the encounter of the women with therisen Christ in front of the open grave onEaster morning. The depictions are read from left to right, like a book.
Stylistically, the Pala d'Oro is not uniform. The first five reliefs probably come from agoldsmith taught in theRheinland and is distinguished by a strikingly joyful narration. It probably derives from a donation ofEmperor Otto III. The other panels, together with the central group of Christ, Mary, and Michael, draws fromByzantine andlate Carolingian predecessors and was likely first added under Otto's successor,Henry II, who also donated theAmbo of Henry II.[23]
Presumably, in the late 15th century, the golden altarpiece formed a massive altar system together with the twelve reliefs of apostles in the cathedral treasury, along with altarpieces with scenes from the life of Mary, which would have been dismantled in 1794 as theFrench Revolutionary troops approached Aachen.[23]
The Aachen cathedral treasury includes highly important objects including theCross of Lothair,Bust of Charlemagne and thePersephone sarcophagus. The Cathedral Treasury in Aachen is regarded as one of the most important ecclesiastical treasuries in northern Europe.Pilgrims are able to see some of the relics every seven years when they are displayed.[3]
The organ system of Aachen Cathedral was installed in 1939. It consists in part of the earlier organ, installed 1845–1847, which was built by the organ builderWilhelm Korfmacher ofLinnich. ThisKorfmacher organ had 60 stops, distributed in three works.
The current instrument was installed in 1939 byJohannes Klais (Bonn) and expanded to 65 stops, which were distributed thereafter in five works. To achieve a balanced sound throughout the cathedral, the parts were distributed through the cathedral: in the northwest and southwest niches of the choir are the works of the High organ, while aswallow's nest organ was hung on the east pillar of the octagon.
In 1991–1993, the organ was restored by theKlais organ company and increased to a total of 89 stops. At this time the swallow's nest organ was turned into a new, independent instrument, which now stands in the upper church, between the octagon and the choir.
As well as a chamber organ, the cathedral also has a small organ, called theZoboli Organ. This was built by the north Italian organ builder,Cesare Zomboli, probably some time around 1850. The pipeworks, windbox, and keyboard survive. The historic housing no longer exists, but the current housing was built later on the model of a north Italian cabinet organ in classicist style. The instrument is arranged in the classic Italian style, with the typical stops of the Roman style as well.
The cathedral has eightbells hang on wooden yokes in a wooden bell frame. The bells were cast three years after the city fire of 1656 byFranz Von Trier and his son Jakob. This disposition, altered from that of Medieval times, has been maintained to this day, except that the Marybell has had to be replaced twice. The largest bell orbourdon is called "Maria" and it weighs over 6 tonnes and was made in 1958 and cast byPetit & Gebr. Edelbrock.[24] In Germany, the bells are always numbered from largest to smallest, Bell 1 is always thetenor orbourdon.
HONOR ET CULTUS, QUEM REGALIS ECCLESIA AQUEN: SANCTISSIMO IMPERATORI PATRONO AC FUNDATORI SUO CAROLO VIRTUTE, MERITO, IMPERIO VERE MAGNO DEBET ET DEFERT MIHI NOMEN DEDIT ANNO 1 6 5 9(The honour and devotion, which the royal church of Aachen owes and renders to its most sacred Emperor, patron and benefactor: Charles, truly Great in virtue, merit and rule, gave this name to me in the year 1659).
NASCENTES INTER SOCIAS MECUM ORDINE PONOR TERTIA, SED CUM QUINTA TONO APPELLATA JOHANNES(I am placed third in order among the friends born with me, but I call to John with the fifth tone)
JOHANNES BAPTISTA ORA PRO NOBIS. IN LUDO HAUD IN AGRO FLORENS NOS CURIA FECIT SED LONGO SUB AGRO FUDIT NOS IPSE DECANO. An O. 1 6 5 6(John the Baptist pray for us. Flourishing in play not in the field, the Curia made us, but cast us in a vast field for the dean. 1656)
The core of Aachen Cathedral, the Carolingian octagon, was originally erected as Charlemagne's palace chapel and was also his grave. After his death, on 28 January 814, he was buried in his church; the exact spot is unknown, because of the lack of documentation and the ambiguity of the physical evidence. However, it is probable that he was buried in thePersephone sarcophagus under the west tower at the entrance to the octagon.
In 1000,Otto III hadCharlemagne's vault opened. Otto of Lomello, one of the courtiers who accompanied him, recorded the event, which is reported in the Chronicle of Novalesia, written about 1026. The account reads:
So we went in to Charles. He did not lie, as the dead otherwise do, but sat as if he were living. He was crowned with a golden crown and held in his gloved hands a sceptre; the fingernails had penetrated through the gloves and stuck out. Above him was a canopy of limestone and marble. Entering, we broke through this. Upon our entrance, a strong smell struck us. Kneeling, we gave Emperor Charles our homage, and put in order the damage that had been done. Emperor Charles had not lost any of his members to decay, except only the tip of his nose. Emperor Otto replaced this with gold, took a tooth from Charles's mouth, walled up the entrance to the chamber, and withdrew again.
A large picture representing Otto and his nobles gazing on the dead Emperor was painted on the wall of the great room inAachen Town Hall.
In 1165, on the occasion of Charlemagne's canonisation, EmperorFrederick Barbarossa again opened the vault and reinterred his remains. In 1215, at his coronation,Frederick II had the remains reinterred for the last time, placing them in acasket of gold and silver, known as theKarlsschrein, where they remain to this day.
EmperorOtto III was buried in the cathedral as well.
On the explicit instructions of Charlemagne, his sonLouis the Pious crowned himself king in the chapel. Between the coronation ofOtto I in 936 and 1531, thirty German kings (out of ~40) were crowned in the chapel. The coronation itself occurred at the High Altar, followed by the enthronement on theAachen Throne of Charlemagne (which can still be seen today). It is also notable that in this period, all German rulers, regardless of whether they were crowned in Aachen or not, took their position on Charlemagne's throne.
TheAachen pilgrimage (Aachener Heiligtumsfahrt), apilgrimage during which the four most important religiousrelics of the cathedral can be seen by believers, is attested from 1238. Since 1349, these relics have been displayed once every seven years. The last pilgrimage was in 2023, and had the motto "Discover Me".
Aachen Cathedral c. 1900To celebrate1200 Years of Aachen Cathedral in 2000, the Federal Republic of Germany issued thesecommemorative stamps.
768–800: Aachen was the residence ofCharlemagne. Construction of the palace (in the location of the modernRathaus and Aachen Cathedral) on the site of a Roman bath. The Octagon was built with columns and marble from ancient buildings ofRome,Ravenna,Trier &Cologne). The exterior was covered with red plaster. This central core was begun in 793 at the earliest and finished by 813 at the latest. This dating was reached in 2009 by means ofdendrochronology on wood in the structure, which was found during repairs to the cathedral.[25]
1187–1193: Erection of the romanesque cloister, expansion of the octagon around theblind arcade.
c.1240/1250: Erection of the gable of the Octagon, collapse of the window in the west niche, the building received a white replacement (perhaps earlier, in 1187–1193), the gable was painted colorfully.
c.1350: Addition of the west towen, in the Gothic style, with a tall pyramidal roof spire and two flanking towers, bridge to the Octagon for the display of relics.
1355–1414: Erection of the choir, simultaneous with the erection of the Chapel of St Matthew, whose date of consecration is not preserved (possible dates range between 1379 (completion of the foundations) and 1420).[1]
1429: Double door of the narthex (broken 1811, remains in the cathedral court, on the south wall with gothic graffiti in red chalk).
1449: Chapel of St Anne added, initially as an open hall on the lower floor, rebuilt in the baroque style in 1772, renewed in 1862 with gothic masonry.
1456–1474: The two-level Chapel of St Charles and St Hubert.
before 1487: Nikolauskapelle (Chapel of St Nicholas). Further gothic chapel buildings were planned, but were never built.
1656: Fire of Aachen, extensive destruction to the city. The cathedral's entire roof was destroyed.
1664: New roof on the octagon and choir. Octagon reaches modern form ("Lemon squeezer").
1719–1733: Baroquification with the application of stucco to the inner rooms by Johann Baptist Atari, painting of the vault, baroque reworking of the main window, expansion of the choir windowtracery.
1755: Destruction of the shell of the previous chapel byJohann Joseph Couven due to structural defects.
1756–1767: Construction of new building according to the plans ofJoseph Moretti.
1788: Entrance porch in front of the west facade, resulting in the internalisation of the Carolingian bronze door (Wolfstür).
1794: Occupation of the city byFrench revolutionary troops, removal of the columns toParis (some of which are still in theLouvre), dismantling of the lead roof (replaced with slate in 1803), temporary use of the cathedral as a stable.
1843: Reinstallation of some of the columns (28 pieces returned from France) in the Octagon, several columns replaced with new ones, the old bronze bases replaced with marble, almost all of the ten capitals returned from France replaced in marble.
1847: Foundation of theKarlsverein (Charlemagne Society).
1849–1861: Repair of the choir and its fittings, restoration of thetracery at the instigation of the glassworker with five webs (the gothic tracery has six webs).
1857–1862: Restoration of the Chapel of St Anne.
1864–1866: Restoration of the Chapel of St Matthew.
1868: Restoration of the Chapel of St Charles & St Hubert.
1866–1873: Statues added to the Chapel of St Matthew inUldfangen limestone and to the Chapel of St Charles & St Hubert, Chapel of St Anne & the choir inSavonnières limestone byGottfried Götting.
1869–1873: Removal of baroque decoration and exterior plaster, producing the modern bare stone. By 1871, the complete renovation of theStaufen gable, Medieval material being retained only in the roof of the choir.
1879–1884:Neogothic addition to the west tower, in pursuit of the tower's gothic form.
1879–1881: Decoration of the cupola with mosaic, according to the plans of the Belgian Béthune, carried out by the Venetian mosaicist Antonio Salviatis.
1896–1902: Marble cladding and mosaic decoration of the passages according to the plans ofHermann Schaper fromHannover, carried out byPuhl & Wagner of Rixdorf (Berlin).
1913: Marble floors in the Octagon and the passages.
1986–2011: Massive programme of restorations to Aachen Cathedral. Exterior renovations were completed in 2006, interior & basement renovations were completed in 2011, with the cleaning and conservation of the mosaics in the Octagon. According to the cathedral's architect, Maintz, around €35 million were spent in the course of the programme.
According to legend, the people of Aachen ran out of funding to finish the construction of the cathedral. It is said that they made a deal with the devil to obtain the remaining funds, in exchange for the soul of the first to enter the cathedral. Upon completion, the locals sent a wolf into the cathedral and the devil quickly took the animal's soul. Upon realizing the trick, the devil stormed from the cathedral, severing his thumb in the lion head door handles. A wolf statue sits in the entrance to the cathedral, and the "devil's thumb" can be felt inside the lion's mouth.[26]
Seismometer of the seismological station in Aachen Cathedral
The German impressionist painterAugust von Brandis painted Aachen Cathedral in several works. Act III ofGiuseppe Verdi'sErnani is set at the tomb of Charlemagne.
TheDomwache (Cathedral watch), a youth self-help group, has been operated since 1957 by the Catholic students association ofK.D.St.V. Franconia Aachen.
Since 15 November 2012, theGeological Service of North Rhine-Westphalia operates a station monitoring seismic activity in the Lower Rhine Basin. It is located in the foundations of the hexadecagon near the entry to the St Ann's Chapel.
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Hugot, Leo (1962). "Der Westbau des Aachener Domes" [The Westwork of the Aachen Cathedral].Aachener Kunstblätter (in German). 24/25:108–126.
Jachtmann, Norbert, ed. (2010)."Glockenmusik in der Region Aachen-Stadt" [Bell Music in the Region of Aachen City](PDF).www.glockenbuecheraac.de (in German). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 23 November 2014. Retrieved15 May 2015.
Roth, Hans Jürgen (2011).Ein Abbild des Himmels: Der Aachener Dom – Liturgie, Bibel, Kunst [An Image of Heaven: The Aachen Cathedral – Liturgy, Bible, Art] (in German). Aachen, Germany: Thouet.
Künzl, Ernst (2002). "Die Antike Bärin im Dom zu Aachen" [The Ancient Bear in the Aachen Cathedral].Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums [Yearbook of the Roman-Germanic Central Museums] (in German).49.
Lepie, Herta (1996).Pala d'Oro: Der Goldaltar im Dom zu Aachen [Pala d'Oro: The Gold Altar in Aachen] (in German). Photos by Münchow, Ann. Cologne, Germany: Wienand Verlag & Medien.ISBN3-87909-520-5.
Lepie, Herta; Minkenberg, Georg (2010) [1986].The Cathedral Treasury of Aachen. Translated by Hargarter, Manjula Dias. Regensburg, Germany: Schnell & Steiner.ISBN978-3-7954-2321-6.LCCN2010451623.
McClendon, Charles B. (1996). "Aachen: Buildings: Palatine Chapel: Architecture". In Turner, Jane; Brigstocke, Hugh (eds.).The Dictionary of Art. Vol. 1: A to Anckerman. New York, NY: Grove. pp. 2–4.ISBN0-19-517068-7.LCCN96013628.
Schillig, Christiane (September 2005)."Wider den Zahn der Zeit: Der Dom zu Aachen" [Against the Ravages of Time: The Aachen Cathedral].Monumente Online: Magazine of the Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz [Monuments Online: Magazine of the German Foundation for Monument Protection (in German).Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved15 May 2015.
Belting, Hans (1984). "Das Aachener Münster im 19: Jahrhundert. Zur ersten Krise des Denkmal-Konzeptes" [The Aachen Cathedral in the 19th Century: The First Crisis of the Memorial Concept].Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch (in German).45:257–290.ISSN0083-7105.
Binding, Günther (1996).Deutsche Königspfalzen: Von Karl dem Grossen bis Friedrich II. (765–1240) [German Royal Palaces: From Charlemagne to Frederick II (765–1240)] (in German). Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.ISBN3-89678-016-6.LCCN97129274.
Bock, Franz Johann Joseph (1867).Das Heiligthum zu Aachen. Kurzgefaßte Angabe und Abbildung sämtlicher "großen und kleinen Reliquien" des ehemaligen Krönungs-Münsters, sowie der vorzüglichsten Kunstschätze daselbst [The Sanctuary at Aachen: Brief Specification and Mapping of all "Large and Small Relics" of the Former Coronation Cathedral, as well as the Principal Art Treasures] (in German). Cologne, Germany: L. Schwann.LCCN10034214.
Braunfels, Wolfgang (1968).Die Welt der Karolinger und ihre Kunst [The World of the Carolingians and their Art] (in German). Munich, Germany:Callwey Verlag.LCCN70364845.
Grimme, Ernst Günther (2001).Der goldene Dom der Ottonen [The Golden Dome of the Ottonians] (in German). Aachen, Germany: Einhard-Verlag.ISBN3-930701-90-1.
Grimme, Ernst Günther (1994).Der Dom zu Aachen: Architektur und Ausstattung [The Aachen Cathedral: Architecture and Features] (in German). Aachen, Germany: Einhard-Verlag.ISBN3-9202-8487-9.LCCN95145648.
Groten, Manfred (2009). Mölich, Georg; Muschiol, Gisela; Oepen, Joachim; Rosen, Wolfgang (eds.).Nordrheinisches Klosterbuch – Lexikon der Stifte und Klöster bis 1815 [North Rhine Buch Monastery: Encyclopedia of Monasteries to 1815] (in German). Vol. 1: Aachen bis Düren [Aachen to Düren]. Siegburg, Germany: Verlag Franz Schmitt.ISBN978-3-87710-453-8.LCCN2010395367.
Heermann, Anne (2009).Der Aachener Dom: Bilder Pictures Images [The Aachen Cathedral – Bilder Pictures Images] (in German). Photos by Gerrmann, Andreas. Aachen, Germany: Einhard.ISBN978-3-936342-765.
Hugot, Leo (1986).Der Dom zu Aachen: Ein Wegweiser [The Aachen Cathedral: A Guide] (in German). Aachen, Germany.ISBN3-920284-23-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Knopp, Gisbert; Heckner, Ulrike (2002).Die gotische Chorhalle des Aachener Doms. Baugeschichte – Bauforschung -Sanierung [The Gothic Choir Hall of the Aachen Cathedral. Architectural History – Construction – Restoration] (in German). Petersberg:Michael Imhof Verlag.ISBN3-935590-38-5.
Maas, Walter (2001).Der Aachener Dom [The Aachen Cathedral] (in German). Photos by Siebigs, Pit. Cologne, Germany: Greven.ISBN3-7743-0325-8.LCCN2002422205.
Maintz, Helmut (2012). "Sanierung Mosaiken, Marmorverkleidung und Fußböden im Zentralbau des Aachener Doms" [Restoration Mosaics, Marble Facing and Flooring in the Central Structure of the Aachen Cathedral].Veröffentlichung für die Mitglieder des Karlsverein-Dombauverein (in German) (14). Aachen, Germany: Thouet.
Minkenberg, Georg (1995).Führer durch den Dom zu Aachen [Guide Through the Aachen Cathedral] (in German). Aachen: Domkapitel.ISBN3-9804836-0-6.
Pufke, Andrea (2012). Heckner, Ulrike; Beckmann, Eva-Maria (eds.).Die karolingische Pfalzkapelle in Aachen. Material – Bautechnik – Restaurierung (in German). Worms, Germany: Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft.ISBN978-3-88462-325-1.
Siebigs, Hans-Karl (2004).Der Zentralbau des Domes zu Aachen: Unerforschtes und Ungewisses [The Central Building of the Cathedral at Aachen: Unexplored and Uncertain] (in German). Worms, Germany: Wernersche.ISBN3-88462-195-5.LCCN2005361308.
Wynands, Dieter P. J.; Siebigs, Pit (2000).Der Dom zu Aachen: Ein Rundgang [The Aachen Cathedral: A Tour] (in German). Frankfurt, Germany: Insel.ISBN3-4581-9205-0.
