ARINC 429,^[1] the "Mark 33 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS)," is theARINC technical standard for the predominantavionicsdata bus used on most higher-end commercial and transport aircraft.^[2] It defines the physical and electrical interfaces of a two-wiredata bus and a data protocol to support an aircraft's avionicslocal area network.

ARINC 429 is a data transfer standard for aircraft avionics. It uses a self-clocking, self-synchronizing data bus protocol (Tx and Rx are on separate ports). The physical connection wires aretwisted pairs carryingbalanced differential signaling.Data words are 32 bits in length and most messages consist of a single data word.Messages are transmitted at either 12.5 or 100 kbit/s^[3] to other system elements that are monitoring the bus messages. The transmitter constantly transmits either 32-bit data words or the NULL state (0 Volts). A single wire pair is limited to one transmitter and no more than 20 receivers. The protocol allows for self-clocking at the receiver end, thus eliminating the need to transmit clocking data. ARINC 429 is an alternative toMIL-STD-1553.

The ARINC 429 unit of transmission is a fixed-length 32-bitframe, which the standard refers to as a 'word'. The bits within an ARINC 429 word are serially identified from Bit Number 1 to Bit Number 32^[4] or simply Bit 1 to Bit 32. The fields and data structures of the ARINC 429 word are defined in terms of this numbering.

While it is common to illustrate serial protocol frames progressing in time from right to left, a reversed ordering is commonly practiced within the ARINC standard. Even though ARINC 429 word transmission begins with Bit 1 and ends with Bit 32, it is common to diagram^[5] and describe^[6][7] ARINC 429 words in the order from Bit 32 to Bit 1. In simplest terms, while the transmission order of bits (from the first transmitted bit to the last transmitted bit) for a 32-bit frame is conventionally diagrammed as

First bit > 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, ... 29, 30, 31, 32 < Last bit,

this sequence is often diagrammed in ARINC 429 publications in the opposite direction as

Last bit > 32, 31, 30, 29, ... 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 < First bit.

Generally, when the ARINC 429 word format is illustrated with Bit 32 to the left, the numeric representations in the data field are read with themost significant bit on the left. However, in this particular bit order presentation, theLabel field reads with its most significant bit on the right. LikeCAN Protocol Identifier Fields,^[8] ARINC 429label fields are transmitted most significant bit first. However, likeUART Protocol,Binary-coded decimal numbers andbinary numbers in the ARINC 429data fields are generally transmitted least significant bit first.

Some equipment suppliers^[9][10] publish the bit transmission order as

First bit >8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 … 32 < Last bit.

The suppliers that use this representation have in effect renumbered the bits in the Label field, converting the standard'sMSB 1 bit numbering for that field to LSB 1 bit numbering. This renumbering highlights the relative reversal of"bit endianness" between the Label representation and numeric data representations as defined within the ARINC 429 standard. Of note is how the87654321 bit numbering is similar to the76543210bit numbering common in digital equipment; but reversed from the12345678 bit numbering defined for the ARINC 429 Label field.

This notional reversal also reflects historical implementation details. ARINC 429transceivers have been implemented with 32-bitshift registers.^[11] Parallel access to that shift register is oftenoctet-oriented. As such, the bit order of the octet access is the bit order of the accessing device, which is usuallyLSB 0; and serial transmission is arranged such that the least significant bit of each octet is transmitted first. So, in common practice, the accessing device wrote or read a "reversed label"^[12] (for example, to transmit a Label 213₈ [or 8B₁₆] the bit-reversed value D1₁₆ is written to the Label octet). Newer or "enhanced" transceivers may be configured to reverse the Label field bit order "in hardware."^[13]

Each ARINC 429 word is a 32-bit sequence that contains five fields:

Bit 32 is theparity bit, and is used to verify that the word was not damaged or garbled during transmission. Every ARINC 429 channel typically uses "odd" parity - there must be an odd number of "1" bits in the word. This bit is set to 0 or 1 to ensure that the correct number of bits are set to 1 in the word.

Bits 30 to 31 are the Sign/Status Matrix (SSM) - these bits may have various encodings dependent on the particular data representation applied to a given word:

• In all cases using the SSM, these bits may be encoded to indicate:

Normal Operation (NO) - Indicates the data in this word is considered to be correct data.

Functional Test (FT) - Indicates that the data is being provided by a test source.

Failure Warning (FW) - Indicates a failure which causes the data to be suspect or missing.

No Computed Data (NCD) - Indicates that the data is missing or inaccurate for some reason other than a failure. For example, autopilot commands will show as NCD when the autopilot is not turned on.

• In the case ofBinary Coded Decimal (BCD) representation, the SSM may also indicate the Sign (+/-) of the data or some information analogous to sign, like an orientation (North/South; East/West). When so indicating sign, the SSM is also considered to be indicating Normal Operation.
• In the case oftwo's-complement representation of signed binary numbers (BNR), Bit 29 represents the number'ssign; that is, sign indication is delegated to Bit 29 in this case.
• In the case ofdiscrete data representation (e.g., bit-fields), the SSM has a different, signless encoding.^[14]

SSM		Data Dependent SSM Encodings:
Bit 31	Bit 30	Sign/Status Matrix for BCD Data	Status Matrix for BNR Data	Status Matrix for Discrete Data
0	0	Plus, North, East, Right, To, Above	Failure Warning (FW)	Verified Data, Normal Operation
0	1	No Computed Data (NCD)	No Computed Data (NCD)	No Computed Data (NCD)
1	0	Functional Test (FT)	Functional Test (FT)	Functional Test (FT)
1	1	Minus, South, West, Left, From, Below	Normal Operation (NO)	Failure Warning (FW)

Bit 29	Sign Matrix for BNR Data
0	Plus, North, East, Right, To, Above
1	Minus, South, West, Left, From, Below

Bits 11 to 29 contain the data.Bit-field discrete data,Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), andBinary Number Representation (BNR) are common ARINC 429 data formats. Data formats may also be mixed.

Bits 9 and 10 are Source/Destination Identifiers (SDI) and may indicate the intended receiver or, more frequently, indicate the transmitting subsystem.

Bits 1 to 8 contain a label (label words), expressed inoctal (MSB 1 bit numbering), identifying the data type.

The image below exemplifies many of the concepts explained in the adjacent sections. In this image the Label (260) appears in red, the Data in blue-green and the Parity bit in navy blue.

Label guidelines are provided as part of the ARINC 429 specification, for various equipment types. Each aircraft will contain a number of different systems, such asflight management computers,inertial reference systems,air data computers,radar altimeters,radios, andGPS sensors. For each type of equipment, a set of standard parameters is defined, which is common across all manufacturers and models. For example, any air data computer will provide the barometric altitude of the aircraft as label 203. This allows some degree of interchangeability of parts, as all air data computers behave, for the most part, in the same way. There are only a limited number of labels, though, and so label 203 may have some completely different meaning if sent by a GPS sensor, for example. Very commonly needed aircraft parameters, however, use the same label regardless of source. Also, as with any specification, each manufacturer has slight differences from the formal specification, such as by providing extra data above and beyond the specification, leaving out some data recommended by the specification, or other various changes.

Avionics systems must meet environmental requirements, usually stated as RTCA DO-160 environmental categories. ARINC 429 employs several physical, electrical, and protocol techniques to minimizeelectromagnetic interference with on-board radios and other equipment, for example viaother transmission cables.

Its cabling is a shielded 78Ω twisted-pair.^[1] ARINC signaling defines a 10 Vp differential between the Data A and Data B levels within the bipolar transmission (i.e. 5 V on Data A and -5 V on Data B would constitute a valid driving signal), and the specification defines acceptable voltage rise and fall times.

ARINC 429's data encoding uses a complementary differential bipolarreturn-to-zero (BPRZ) transmission waveform, further reducing EMI emissions from the cable itself.

When developing and/or troubleshooting the ARINC 429 bus, examination of hardware signals can be very important to find problems. Aprotocol analyzer is useful to collect, analyze, decode and store signals.

• ARINC 615 defines a high-speed data loader protocol layered upon the ARINC 429 physical layer.
• ARINC 629 defines a high-speed, multi-transmitter,TDMA extension to ARINC 429, superseded byAFDX.
• ARINC 664 Part 7 defines the use of a deterministic Ethernet network as an avionic databus in later aircraft like theAirbus A380 and theBoeing 787. This standard defines virtual point-to-point connections implementing the same concept as used in ARINC 429. In contrast to 429, these connections do not exist physically, but asTDMA logical links.^[15]
• ARINC 708 defines a protocol for transmission ofweather radar data. While the 708 transmission is a simplified version ofMIL-STD-1553,^[16] control of ARINC 708 components was standardized through ARINC 429 labels.^[17]
• ARINC 828 defines Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) interfaces used in all types of aircraft and includes, among other interfaces, ARINC 429 interfacing.
• MIL-STD-1553, Military Bus standard for a "Shared Serial Bus", often used in place of ARINC 429.

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