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APG IV system

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2016 revision of a flowering plant classification
See also:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

Evolution of angiosperms shown in diagram format, per APG IV

TheAPG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostlymolecular-based,system of plant taxonomy forflowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor theAPG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the firstAPG system was published in 1998.[1] In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately;[2] the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one.[1]

Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (Boraginales,Dilleniales,Icacinales,Metteniusales andVahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families.[1] In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.[3]

Short version

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Basal
angio
sperms
Amborellales
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
Magnoliidae
Canellales
Piperales
Magnoliales
Laurales
Chloranthidae
Chloranthales
Lilidae
(Monocots)
Acorales
Alismatales
Petrosaviales
Dioscoreales
Pandanales
Liliales
Asparagales
Arecales
Commelinales
Zingiberales
Poales
Ceratophyllidae
Ceratophyllales
Eudicots
Buxales
Proteales
Ranunculales
Trochodendrales
Dilleniales
Gunnerales
Superrosids
Saxifragales
Rosids
Vitales
Fabids
Cucurbitales
Fabales
Fagales
Rosales
Zygophyllales
Celastrales
Malpighiales
Oxalidales
Malvids
Brassicales
Crossosomatales
Geraniales
Huerteales
Malvales
Myrtales
Picramniales
Sapindales
Superasterids
Berberidopsidales
Caryophyllales
Santalales
Asterids
Cornales
Ericales
Lamiids
Icacinales
Metteniusales
Garryales
Gentianales
Boraginales
Vahliales
Solanales
Lamiales
Campanulids
Apiales
Aquifoliales
Asterales
Bruniales
Dipsacales
Escalloniales
Paracryphiales

Detailed version

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Key to symbols used:

* = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since theAPG III system of 2009
† = the order has been added since the APG III system

Basal angiosperms

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Magnoliids

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Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade

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Monocots

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Probable sister of eudicots

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Eudicots

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Core eudicots

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Superrosids

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Rosids

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Fabids
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COM clade; placement uncertain
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Malvids
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Superasterids

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Asterids

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Lamiids
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Campanulids
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Phylogeny

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Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on aphylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.[4]

angiosperms

core eudicots

References

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  1. ^abcAPG IV (2016)
  2. ^Haston et al. (2009)
  3. ^APG IV (2016), p. 5
  4. ^Cole, Hilger & Stevens (2019)

Bibliography

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This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published byLindley in his 1853 edition, andDahlgren (1982). Examples include the works ofScopoli,Ventenat,Batsch andGrisebach.
John Ray system (1686–1704)
  • A discourse on the seeds of plants
  • Methodus plantarum nova
  • De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis
  • Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Linnaean system (1735–51)
Adanson system (1763)
Familles naturelles des plantes
De Jussieu system (1789)
Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam
De Candolle system (1819–24)
Berchtold andPresl
system (1820–1823)
Agardh system (1825)
Classes Plantarum
Gray system (1821)
The Natural Arrangement of British Plants
Perleb system (1826)
Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs
Dumortier system (1829)
Analyse des familles des plantes
Lindley system (1830–45)
  • An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
  • The Vegetable Kingdom
Don system (1834)
General History of Dichlamydious Plants.
Bentham & Hooker system
(1862–83)
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.
Baillon system (1867–94)
Histoire des plantes
Post-Darwinian (Phyletic)
Nineteenth century
Eichler system (1875–1886)
  • Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert
  • Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde
Engler system (1886–1924)
van Tieghem system (1891)
Traité de botanique
Twentieth century
Dalla Torre & Harms
system (1900–07)
Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta
Warming system (1912)
Haandbog i den systematiske botanik
Hallier system (1912)
L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes
Bessey system (1915)
The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants
Wettstein system (1901–35)
Handbuch der systematischen Botanik
Lotsy system (1907–11)
Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.
Hutchinson system (1926–73)
The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny
Calestani system (1933)
Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme
Kimura system (1956)
Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones
Emberger system (1960)
Traité de Botanique systématique
Melchior system (1964)
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Takhtajan system (1966–97)
  • A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants
  • Flowering plants: origin and dispersal
  • Diversity and classification of flowering plants
Cronquist system (1968–81)
  • The evolution and classification of flowering plants
  • An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
Goldberg system (1986–89
Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons
Dahlgren system (1975–85)
The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy
Thorne system (1968–2000)
An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants
Kubitzki system (1990–)
The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
Reveal system (1997)
Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
See also
Plantae at Wikispecies •
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