| GLOBUS | |
|---|---|
| Vardø in Norway | |
 GLOBUS station above Vardø, with Globus II at left and Globus III at right | |
| Site information | |
| Type | Radar station |
| Owner | Norwegian Intelligence Service |
| Website | https://www.etterretningstjenesten.no/aktuelt/aktuelt/oppgradering-av-globus-systemet?q=Globus |
| Location | |
 | |
| Coordinates | 70°22′02″N31°07′40″E / 70.3671°N 31.1278°E /70.3671; 31.1278 |
| Site history | |
| In use | 1988 (1988)–present |
GLOBUS is a radar system in the town ofVardø inVardø Municipality,Finnmark county, Norway. It is operated by theNorwegian Intelligence Service (NIS) and its official uses are primarily space observation and Arctic airspace monitoring for Norway's national interest, though the site's close proximity to known Russian naval bases as well as U.S. involvement in construction and funding have fueled suspicions that it also serves as part of an American missile defense system.
Norway and the United States, both founding members of the newly-formedNATO, began cooperation on the GLOBUS project during theCold War era of the 1950s.[1] By 1988, the Globus I radar array was built and operational in the town ofVardø, just 50 km (31 mi) from the border between Norway and the Soviet Union[2] and within visible range of theKola Peninsula, which is known to contain high-security Russian naval bases.[3] This came within the same year that the U.S. condemned the deployment of a large Soviet radar array nearKrasnoyarsk, claiming that this violated the 1972Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.[4]
 Globus II in 2009 | |
| Country of origin | U.S. (now in Norway) |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Raytheon Company |
| Introduced | 1995 |
| Type | Cassegrainfeed antenna[5] |
| Frequency | X band, 9.5 – 10.5 GHz |
| Beamwidth | <0.1° |
| Range | 40,000 km (25,000 mi) |
| Power | 200 kW |
| Other names | HAVE STARE, AN/FPS-129 |
Originally known as HAVE STARE, the Globus II radar was built by theRaytheon Company atVandenberg Air Force Base,California and became operational in 1995. It is designatedAN/FPS-129 according to the U.S. military'sJoint Electronics Type Designation System, as it is the 129th design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device.[6] Although the cost of the radar is classified, it is believed to have cost more than US$100 million.[7] In 1999 Raytheon moved the array to Vardø, Norway in fulfillment of a US$23.5 million contract with theU.S. Defense Department and operations resumed under Norwegian control in 2001.[8]
In 2016 construction began on a new array dubbed the Globus III to replace Globus I and work in concert with Globus II.[9][3] The new radar was estimated to cost US$121 million.[citation needed] On 13 February 2018 it was reported that the local population felt misled about the size of the radar. The construction work was shrouded in secrecy, and many locals were critical, but they were reluctant to speak out because the project brought sorely needed employment to the community.[10] Testing was set to begin in autumn of 2018 with an expected operational date of 2022.[3]
The site is administrated by NIS and operated by Norwegian personnel only. Their website officially states that the radar is used to:[11]
The installation is included as a dedicated sensor in the world-wideUnited States Space Surveillance Network for tracking objects orbiting Earth.Raytheon, the company that built Globus II, previously described it on their website as a radar "originally designed to collect intelligence data against ballistic missiles". The website has since been removed by request of theUS DoD.[12][13]
In April 1998, a Norwegian journalist, Inge Sellevåg, from the daily newspaperBergens Tidende discovered that NASA had no knowledge of a new radar being added to the system, despite the Globus II nearing operational condition. This led her to suspect it had other purposes, and Sellevåg discovered that it was also going to be used for national purposes such as intelligence gathering.[13]
In 2000, during a storm, theradome was torn off and uncovered the Globus II radar dish. At that time it was pointing directly towardsRussia. A local newspaper editor commented: "I'm not an expert, but I thought space was in the sky." Official comments claimed that the radar was still being tested and that it being pointed towards Russia was a pure coincidence. NIS officialTom Rykkin stated "if you use a small part of the brain, you know this also has an intelligence mission. ... In the intelligence business, there are certain things you don't make public. It is the nature of the business."[7] TheRussian Defense Ministry raised complaints that the radar installation violates theAnti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and were supported in this claim by missile defense expertTheodore Postol of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology.[2]
In March 2017, nine Russian bombers took off from Russia's nearbyKola Peninsula and executed a mock air strike against the radar station, flying in attack formation and turning back just before breaching Norwegian airspace.[14] Then in February of the following year, a very similar mock strike was carried out by eleven Russian fighter jets.[15]Regarding the GLOBUS system, Russian spokespersonMaria Zakharova stated in 2019 "There is every reason to believe that the radar will monitor precisely the territory of the Russian Federation and will become part of the US missile defense system" and added "It seems obvious to me that military preparations near Russian or any other borders cannot be ignored by our or other countries. We presume that we will take response measures to ensure our own security."[15][1] Shortly after these statements Russia deployed aBal missile system to theSredny Peninsula, just 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Vardø.[16]
According to the U.S. Department of Defense in 2022, "The GLOBUS program is a dual band ground-based radar system consisting of an S-band solid state phased array, an X-band dish antenna, an Integrated System Controller (ISC), and a Mission Communications Suite (MCS) hosted at an Outside Continental United States (OCONUS) location. TheS-band sensor is mounted on anazimuth-only pedestal, housed in a new facility. TheX-band sensor is a large aperture dish mounted on an elevation/azimuth pedestal. Each sensor may operate independently or cooperatively under the control of the ISC."[17][18]
