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AGM-65 Maverick

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American air-to-surface missile
"Rb-75" redirects here. For the isotope of rubidium (Rb-75 or75Rb), seeRubidium-75.

AGM-65 Maverick
TypeAir-to-surface missile
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service30 August 1972 – present[1]
Used by>30 countries
Wars
Production history
ManufacturerRaytheon Missile Systems
Raytheon
Unit costUS$17,000 to $110,000, depending on variant[1]
No. built>70,000
Specifications
Mass463–670 lb (210–304 kg)[2]
Length249 cm (8 ft 2 in)[2]
Diameter12 in (30 cm)[2]
Wingspan2.33 ft (710 mm)[1]
Warhead
  • 126 lb (57 kg) WDU-20/B shaped-charge (A/B/C/D/H models)
  • 300 lb (140 kg) WDU-24/B penetrating blast-fragmentation (E/F/G/J/K models)
  • E models utilize FMU-135/B delayed impact fuze[2]
Engine
PropellantSolid propellant[1]
Operational
range
Greater than 22 km (12 nmi)[3]
Maximum speed1,150 km/h (620 kn)[3]
Guidance
system

TheAGM-65 Maverick is anair-to-ground missile (AGM) designed forclose air support. It is the most widely produced precision-guided missile in theWestern world,[4] and is effective against a wide range oftactical targets, includingarmor,air defenses,ships, ground transportation and fuel storage facilities.

Development began in 1966 atHughes Aircraft Company as the first missile to use an electroniccontrast seeker. It entered service with theUnited States Air Force in August 1972. Since then, it has been exported to more than 30 countries and is certified on 25 aircraft.[5] The Maverick served during theVietnam,Yom Kippur,Iran–Iraq, andPersian Gulf Wars, along with other smaller conflicts, destroying enemy forces and installations with varying degrees of success.

Since its introduction into service, numerous Maverick versions had been designed and produced usingelectro-optical,laser, andimaging infraredguidance systems. The AGM-65 has two types ofwarhead: one has acontact fuze in the nose, the other has a heavyweight warhead fitted with adelayed-action fuze, which penetrates the target with its kinetic energy before detonating. The missile is currently produced byRaytheon Missiles & Defense.

The Maverick shares the same configuration as Hughes'AIM-4 Falcon andAIM-54 Phoenix, and measures more than 7.9 ft (2.4 m) in length and 12 in (30 cm) in diameter.

Development

[edit]

The Maverick's development history began in 1965, when theUnited States Air Force (USAF) began a program to develop a replacement to theAGM-12 Bullpup.[6] With a range of 8.8 nmi (16.3 km), the radio-guided Bullpup was introduced in 1959 and was considered a "silver bullet" by operators. However, the launch aircraft was required to fly straight towards the target during the missile's flight instead of performing evasive maneuvers, thus endangering itself.[6] Even when it hit, the small 250 lb (110 kg) warhead was only useful against small targets like bunkers; when used against larger targets like theThanh Hóa Bridge it did little more than char the structure.[7] The USAF began a series of projects to replace Bullpup, both larger versions of Bullpup, models C and D, as well as a series of Bullpup adaptations offering fire-and-forget guidance. Among the latter were theAGM-83 Bulldog,AGM-79 Blue Eye andAGM-80 Viper.

From 1966 to 1968,Hughes Missile Systems Division andRockwell competed for the contract to build an entirely new fire-and-forget missile with far greater range performance than any of the Bullpup versions. Each were allocated $3 million for preliminary design and engineering work of the Maverick in 1966.[8] In 1968, Hughes emerged with the $95 million contract for further development and testing of the missile; at the same time, contract options called for 17,000 missiles to be procured.[8] Hughes conducted a smooth development of the AGM-65 Maverick, with the first unguided test launch from anF-4 on 18 September 1969,[9] with the first guided test on 18 December successfully performing a direct hit on aM41 tank target at theAir Force Missile Development Center atHolloman Air Force Base,New Mexico.[8]

In July 1971, the USAF and Hughes signed a $69.9 million contract for 2,000 missiles,[8] the first of which was delivered in 1972.[6] Although early operational results were favorable, military planners predicted that the Maverick would fare less successfully in the hazy conditions ofCentral Europe, where it would have been used againstWarsaw Pact forces.[10] As such, development of the AGM-65B "Scene Magnified" version began in 1975 before it was delivered during the late 1970s. When production of the AGM-65A/B was ended in 1978, more than 35,000 missiles had been built.[2]


An AGM-65 test-fired against anM48 tank (1978)

More versions of the Maverick appeared, among which was thelaser-guided AGM-65C/E. Development of the AGM-65C started in 1978 by Rockwell, who built a number of development missiles for the USAF.[2][10] Due to high cost, the version was not procured by the USAF, and instead entered service with theUnited States Marine Corps (USMC) as the AGM-65E.[2][10]

Another major development was the AGM-65D, which employed an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker. By imaging on radiated heat, the IIR is all-weather operable as well as showing improved performance in acquiring and tracking the hot engines, such as in tanks and trucks, that were to be one of its major missions.[2] The seekerhead mechanically scanned the scene over a nitrogen-cooled 4-by-4 pixel array using a series of mirrored facets machined into the inner surface of the ring-shaped main gyroscope.[citation needed] The five-year development period of the AGM-65D started in 1977 and ended with the first delivery to the USAF in October 1983.[2] The version receivedinitial operating capability in February 1986.[1]

The AGM-65F is a hybrid Maverick combining the AGM-65D's IIR seeker with the warhead and propulsion components of the AGM-65E.[2] Deployed by theUnited States Navy (USN), the AGM-65F is optimized for maritime strike roles.[2] The first AGM-65F launch from theP-3C took place in 1989, and in 1994, the USN awardedUnisys a contract to integrate the version with the P-3C.[4][11] Meanwhile, Hughes produced the AGM-65G, which essentially has the same guidance system as the D, with some software modifications that track larger targets.[1]

In the mid-1990s to early 2000s, there were several ideas for enhancing the Maverick's potential. Among them was the stillborn plan to incorporate the Maverickmillimeter waveactive radar homing, which can determine the exact shape of a target.[12] Another study called "Longhorn Project"[12] was conducted by Hughes, and later Raytheon following the absorption of Hughes into Raytheon, looked into a Maverick version equipped withturbojet engines instead of rocket motors. The "Maverick ER", as it was dubbed, would have a "significant increase in range" compared to the Maverick's current range of 25 kilometres (16 mi).[13] The proposal was abandoned, but if the Maverick ER had entered production, it would have replaced theAGM-119B Penguin carried on theMH-60R.[13]

The most modern versions of the Maverick are the AGM-65H/K, which were in production as of 2007[update].[1] The AGM-65H was developed by coupling the AGM-65B with acharge-coupled device (CCD) seeker optimized for desert operations and which has three times the range of the original TV-sensor;[2][13] a parallel USN program aimed at rebuilding AGM-65Fs with newer CCD seekers resulted in the AGM-65J.[2] The AGM-65K, meanwhile, was developed by replacing the AGM-65G's IR guidance system with an electro-optical television guidance system.[1]

Design

[edit]
AGM-65B Optical seeker

The Maverick has amodular design, allowing for different combinations of the guidance package and warhead to be attached to the rocket motor to produce a different weapon.[1] It has long-chorddelta wings and a cylindrical body, reminiscent of theAIM-4 Falcon and theAIM-54 Phoenix.[3]

Different models of the AGM-65 have used electro-optical, laser, and imaging infrared guidance systems. The AGM-65 has two types ofwarhead: one has acontact fuze in the nose, the other has a heavyweight warhead fitted with a delayed-action fuze, which penetrates the target with itskinetic energy before detonating. The latter is most effective against large, hard targets. The propulsion system for both types is asolid-fuel rocket motor behind the warhead.[1]

The Maverick missile is unable to lock onto targets on its own; it has to be given input by the pilot orweapon systems officer after which it follows the path to the target autonomously. In most modern aircraft withMFDs, anA-10 Thunderbolt II for example, the video feed from the seeker head is relayed to a screen in the cockpit, where the pilot can check the locked target of the missile before launch. A crosshair on theheads-up display is shifted by the pilot to set the approximate target, where the missile will then automatically recognize and lock on to the target. Once the missile is launched, it requires no further assistance from the launch vehicle and tracks its target automatically. Thisfire-and-forget property is not shared by the E version that usessemi-active laser homing.[2]

While the Maverick missile's seeker can be used as a way to locate and lock targets, externaltargeting pods are used more often. The seeker head follows the movements of the targeting pod and attempts to point at the same point on the ground.G-forces throughout flight, however, often cause misalignment in the seeker head, requiring pilots to boresight the missile seeker to the targeting pod prior to locking up a target.[14] To boresight, a certain reference point on the ground is locked by the targeting pod, known as the Sensor Point of Interest (SPI). The Maverick missile's seeker head is then adjusted to correct small offsets, so that it points at the same SPI as the targeting pod. This allows for simpler target acquisition and deployment.

Variants

[edit]
Differences between different Maverick versions[1][2][3][5]
AGM-65A/BAGM-65DAGM-65E/E2/LAGM-65F/GAGM-65HAGM-65JAGM-65K
Length2.49 m (8 ft 2 in)
Wingspan72 cm (28.3 in)
Diameter30 cm (12 in)
Weight210 kg
(462 lb)		220 kg
(485 lb)		293 kg
(645 lb)		306 kg
(675 lb)		210 or 211 kg
(462 or 465 lb)		297 kg
(654 lb)		306 kg
(675 lb)
Speed1,150 km/h (620 kn)
RangeGreater than 22 km (12 nmi)
GuidanceElectro-opticalImaging infraredLaserImaging infraredCharge-coupled device
PropulsionThiokol SR109-TC-1 solid-fuel rocketThiokol SR114-TC-1 (or Aerojet SR115-AJ-1) solid-fuel rocket
Warhead57 kg (126 lb) WDU-20/B shaped-charge136 kg (300 lb) WDU-24/B
penetratingblast-fragmentation		57 kg (126 lb) WDU-20/B
shaped-charge		136 kg (300 lb) WDU-24/B
penetratingblast-fragmentation
AGM-65D
Laser AGM-65E Maverick on a USN F/A-18C, 2004.
  • Maverick A is the basic model and uses an electro-optical television guidance system. No longer in U.S. service.
  • Maverick B is similar to the A model, although the B model added optical zooming to lock onto small or distant targets.
  • Maverick C was to be a laser-guided variant for theUnited States Marine Corps (USMC). It was canceled before production, however its requirement was later met by the Maverick E.
  • Maverick D replaced the electro-optical guidance with animaging infrared system which doubled the practical firing distance and allowed for its use at night and during bad weather. A reduced smoke rocket engine was also introduced in this model. It achieved its initial operation capability in 1986.
  • Maverick E uses a laser designator guidance system optimized for fortified installations using a delayed fuse combined with a heavier penetrating blast-fragmentation warhead (140 kg (300 lb) vs. 57 kg (125 lb) in older models) that perforates a target with its kinetic energy before detonation. It achievedinitial operating capability in 1985 and was used mainly by USMC aviation.
  • Maverick F, designed specially forUnited States Navy, it uses a modified Maverick D infrared guidance system optimized for tracking ships fitted onto a Maverick-E body and warhead.
  • Maverick G model essentially has the same guidance system as the D with some software modification that enables the pilot to track larger targets. The G model's major difference is its heavier penetrator warhead taken from the Maverick E, compared to the D model'sshaped-charge warhead. It completed tests in 1988.
  • Maverick H model is an AGM-65B/D missile upgraded with a newcharge-coupled device (CCD) seeker better suited for the desert environment.
  • Maverick J model is a Navy AGM-65F missile upgraded with the new CCD seeker. However, this conversion is not confirmed.
  • Maverick K model is an AGM-65G upgraded with the CCD seeker; at least 1,200, but possibly up to 2,500 AGM-65G rounds are planned for conversion to AGM-65K standard.[2]
  • Maverick E2/L model incorporates a laser-guided seeker that allows for designation by the launch aircraft, another aircraft, or a ground source and can engage small, fast moving, and maneuvering targets on land and at sea.[15][16]

Deployment

[edit]
AnA-10 firing a Maverick missile

The Maverick was declared operational on 30 August 1972 with theF-4D/Es andA-7s initially cleared for the type;[8] the missile made its combat debut four months later with the USAF inOperation Linebacker II, the last major USAF operation of theVietnam War.[17][18] During theYom Kippur War in October 1973, the Israelis used Mavericks to destroy and disable enemy vehicles.[10] Deployment of early versions of the Mavericks in these two wars were successful due to the favorable atmospheric conditions that suited the electro-optical TV seeker.[10] Ninety-nine missiles were fired during the two wars, eighty-four of which were successful.[19][N 1].

The Maverick was used for trials with theBGM-34Aunmanned aerial vehicle in 1972–1973. Targeting could be carried out with a TV camera in the nose of the UAV or using the seeker of anAGM-45 Shrikeanti-radar missile also carried by the UAV to locate the target for the Maverick's camera to lock on to.[21]

In June 1975, during a border confrontation, a formation of Iranian F-4E Phantoms destroyed a group of Iraqi tanks by firing 12 Mavericks at them.[22] Five years later, duringOperation Morvarid as part of theIran–Iraq War, Iranian F-4s used Mavericks to sink threeOsa II missile boats and four P-6 combat ships.[23]Due to weapons embargoes, Iran had to equip itsAH-1J SeaCobra helicopters with AGM-65 Maverick missiles and used them with some success in various operations such asOperation Fath ol-Mobin wherein Iranian AH-1Js fired 11 Mavericks.[24][25][26]

In August 1990, Iraq invadedKuwait. In early 1991, the US-ledCoalition executedOperation Desert Storm during which Mavericks played a crucial role in the ousting of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Employed byF-15E Strike Eagles,F/A-18 Hornets,AV-8B Harriers,F-16 Fighting Falcons andA-10 Thunderbolt IIs, but used mainly by the last two, more than 5,000 Mavericks were used to attack armored targets.[1][27] The most-used variant by the USAF was the IIR-guided AGM-65D.[27] The reported hit rate by USAF Mavericks was 80–90%, while for the USMC it was 60%.[2] In October 1991, during the early days of theYugoslav Wars, a Yugoslav MiG-29fired a Maverick at theBanski dvori, the seat of the Croatian government inZagreb.[28] The Maverick was used again in Iraq during the 2003Iraq War, during which 918 were fired.[11]

The first time the Maverick was fired from aLockheed P-3 Orion at a hostile vessel was when the USN and coalition units came to the aid of Libyan rebels to engage theLibyan Coast Guard vesselVittoria in the port of Misrata, Libya, during the late evening of 28 March 2011.Vittoria was engaged and fired upon by a USN P-3C Maritime Patrol aircraft with AGM-65 Maverick missiles.[29]

Firebee drone carrying two AGM-65 Mavericks for strike mission.

Launch platforms

[edit]
AU.S. Navy F/A-18C Hornet armed with AGM-65 Maverick.
AnImperial Iranian Air Force F-4E Phantom II carrying four AGM-65 Mavericks.

United States

[edit]

LAU-117 Maverick launchers have been used on US Army, USN, USAF, and USMC aircraft (some platforms may load LAU-88 triple-rail launchers when configured and authorized):

Export

[edit]
Map with AGM-65 operators in blue.

The Maverick has been exported to at least 35[34] countries:

Former users

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Related lists

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Laur and Llanso claim that 18 Mavericks were launched for 13 hits during the Vietnam War from January to February 1973, while the Israelis launched 50 Mavericks during the Yom Kippur War for 42 hits and five deliberate misses.[20]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklm"AGM-65 Maverick".United States Air Force. 16 November 2007. Archived fromthe original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved19 December 2011.
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrs"Raytheon (Hughes) AGM-65 Maverick".DesignationSystems.net. 7 April 2005.Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved19 December 2011.
  3. ^abcdBonds & Miller 2002, p. 230
  4. ^abc"AGM-65 Maverick"(PDF).Raytheon. 2001. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved22 December 2011.
  5. ^ab"AGM-65 Maverick"(PDF).Raytheon. 2007. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 28 July 2012. Retrieved22 December 2011.
  6. ^abcClancy 1995, p. 163
  7. ^Lambeth, Benjamin (2000).The Transformation of American Air Power. Cornell University Press. p. 39.ISBN 0-8014-3816-0.
  8. ^abcdefg"Maverick: smarter than average".Flight International. 23 November 1972. Archived fromthe original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved20 December 2011.
  9. ^"Maverick Under Control".Flight International: 582. 9 October 1969. Archived fromthe original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved22 September 2015.
  10. ^abcdeClancy 1995, p. 164
  11. ^abcdefghijklmFriedman 2006, p. 562
  12. ^abClancy 1995, p. 166
  13. ^abcLewis, Paul (30 April – 6 May 2002)."Raytheon considers turbojet as part of Maverick missile upgrade package". Archived fromthe original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved21 December 2011.
  14. ^Leone, Dario (27 December 2021)."A-10 pilot explains why Warthog drivers often boresight the AGM-65 Maverick on wingman rather than on a ground target".The Aviation Geek Club. Retrieved16 November 2023.
  15. ^Nachshen, Mike (9 August 2011)."U.S. Air Force Completes Developmental Testing of Raytheon Laser-Guided Maverick".Raytheon.Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  16. ^Donald, David (15 February 2012)."Laser Maverick Missile Will Hit Pirates".AIN Online.Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  17. ^Clancy 1995, pp. 163–164
  18. ^Anderegg 2001, p. 136
  19. ^"Air-to-ground: Hughes AGM-65 Maverick".Flight International. 2 August 1980. Archived fromthe original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved20 December 2011.
  20. ^Laur & Llanso 1995, pp. 273–274
  21. ^Pretty 1976, p. 191
  22. ^Laur & Llanso 1995, p. 274
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  24. ^"AH-1J firing Maverick".Axgig.com. Archived fromthe original on 16 May 2013.
  25. ^"Table of contents".Shahed (in Persian). No. 80. June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  26. ^Shahmohammadi, Hojjat (2009). Awani, Ali (ed.).هوانيروز در فتحالمبين [Havaniroz inFath ol-Mobin] (in Persian). Tehran: Aja (Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran).ISBN 978-964-6630-88-8. Archived fromthe original on 3 February 2014.
  27. ^abcdefghElliott, Simon."The Missiles That Worked".Flight International. p. 38. Archived fromthe original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved20 December 2011.
  28. ^Ripley, Tim (2013).Conflict in the Balkans, 1991–2000. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 8.ISBN 978-1-8460-3748-1.
  29. ^abU.S. 6th Fleet Public Affairs (31 March 2011)."Navy Firsts During Odyssey Dawn".United States European Command. Archived fromthe original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved20 December 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^abcd"LAU-117 Maverick Launcher".FAS Military Analysis Network. 23 April 2000.Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved21 December 2011.
  31. ^"F/A-18 fact file".United States Navy. 13 October 2006. Archived fromthe original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved21 December 2011.
  32. ^abcdefghi"Hughes AGM-65 Maverick".Flight International. 5 February 1983. p. 324. Archived fromthe original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved21 December 2011.
  33. ^Morgan, Rick (2017).A-6 Intruder Units: 1974-1996. Osprey Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4728-1878-2.
  34. ^abcde"AGM-65 Maverick Tactical Air-Ground Missile, United States of America".Airforce Technology.com.Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved17 July 2015.
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  37. ^"Belgium - Belgische Luchtmacht/Force Aérienne Belge Belgian Air Force - BAF".F-16.net. Retrieved7 August 2022.
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  40. ^"Denmark - Flyvevaben Royal Danish Air Force - RDAF".F-16.net. Retrieved7 August 2022.
  41. ^"Indonesia – AGM-65K2 MAVERICK Missiles".Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 22 August 2012.Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved6 July 2017.
  42. ^Delalande, Arnaud (2016).Iraqi Air Power Reborn: The Iraqi air arms since 2004. Houston: Harpia Publishing. p. 22.ISBN 978-0-9854554-7-7.
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  44. ^"Malaysia asks for more F-18s".Flight International. 14–20 September 1994. Archived fromthe original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved21 December 2011.
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  48. ^"Oman - Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Sultanat Oman Royal Air Force of Oman - RAFO".F-16.net. Retrieved7 August 2022.
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  50. ^"Philippine Air Force receives AIM-9L/I-1 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, AGM-65G2 Maverick air-to-ground missiles".Philippine Air Force. 16 September 2019.
  51. ^"Portugal - Força Aérea Portuguesa Portuguese Air Force - PoAF".F-16.net. Retrieved7 August 2022.
  52. ^Cooper 2018, p. II
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Bibliography

[edit]

External links

[edit]
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