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1933

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1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936
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1933 by topic
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Afghanistan Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany India Ireland Italy Japan Malaya Mexico New Zealand Norway Palestine Mandate Peru Philippines Portugal South Africa Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
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1933 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1933 MCMXXXIII
Ab urbe condita	2686
Armenian calendar	1382 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԲ
Assyrian calendar	6683
Baháʼí calendar	89–90
Balinese saka calendar	1854–1855
Bengali calendar	1339–1340
Berber calendar	2883
British Regnal year	23 Geo. 5 – 24 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar	2477
Burmese calendar	1295
Byzantine calendar	7441–7442
Chinese calendar	壬申年 (Water Monkey) 4630 or 4423 — to — 癸酉年 (Water Rooster) 4631 or 4424
Coptic calendar	1649–1650
Discordian calendar	3099
Ethiopian calendar	1925–1926
Hebrew calendar	5693–5694
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	1989–1990
-Shaka Samvat	1854–1855
-Kali Yuga	5033–5034
Holocene calendar	11933
Igbo calendar	933–934
Iranian calendar	1311–1312
Islamic calendar	1351–1352
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 8 (昭和８年)
Javanese calendar	1863–1864
Juche calendar	22
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4266
Minguo calendar	ROC 22 民國22年
Nanakshahi calendar	465
Thai solar calendar	2475–2476
Tibetan calendar	阳水猴年 (male Water-Monkey) 2059 or 1678 or 906 — to — 阴水鸡年 (female Water-Rooster) 2060 or 1679 or 907

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1933 (MCMXXXIII) was acommon year starting on Sunday of theGregorian calendar, the 1933rd year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 933rd year of the2nd millennium, the 33rd year of the20th century, and the 4th year of the1930s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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Main article:January 1933

January 5: Construction of theGolden Gate Bridge begins.

January 17: Vote onPhilippines independence.

January 11 – Australian aviator SirCharles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.
January 17 – TheUnited States Congress votes in favour ofPhilippines independence, against the wishes of U.S. PresidentHerbert Hoover.^[1]
January 28 – "Pakistan Declaration":Choudhry Rahmat Ali publishes (inCambridge, UK) a pamphlet entitledNow or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?, in which he calls for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India that he calls "Pakstan"; this influences thePakistan Movement.^[2]
January 30
- Nazi Party leaderAdolf Hitler is appointedChancellor of Germany by President of GermanyPaul von Hindenburg.^[3]
- Édouard Daladier forms a government in France^[4] in succession toJoseph Paul-Boncour. He is succeeded on October 26 byAlbert Sarraut and on November 26 byCamille Chautemps.

February

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Main article:February 1933

February 1 –Adolf Hitler gives his "Proclamation to the German People" in Berlin.
February 3 – Adolf Hitler gives a secret speech to his military leaders, outlining his plans to rearm Germany in defiance of theTreaty of Versailles and to adopt a policy ofLebensraum in eastern Europe.^[5]
February 5 – Amutiny starts on theRoyal Netherlands Navy coastal defence ship De Zeven Provinciën in theDutch East Indies. After 6 days, it is bombed by a Dutch aircraft, killing 23 men, and the remaining mutineers surrender.
February 6–7 – Officers on theUSSRamapo record a 34-meter high sea wave in the Pacific Ocean.
February 9 –The King and Country debate: TheOxford Union student debating society in England passes a resolution stating, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country."^[6]
February 10 – The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the firstsinging telegram.^[7]
February 15 – InMiami,Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt, but instead fatally wounds theMayor of Chicago,Anton Cermak. Zangara is executed on March 20 by theelectric chair.
February 17 –Repeal of Prohibition in the United States: TheBlaine Act passes theUnited States Senate, submitting the proposedTwenty-first Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, endingprohibition in the United States.
February 23 – TheImperial Japanese Army invades Rehe province in northern China.
February 25 – Arminda de Jesus is burned for witchcraft inSoalhães, Portugal.^[8]
February 27 –Reichstag fire: Germany's parliament building in Berlin, theReichstag building, is set on fire under controversial circumstances.^[9] The following day, theReichstag Fire Decree is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many German civil liberties.
February 28 –English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33: TheEngland cricket team winsThe Ashes using the controversialbodyline tactic.^[10]

March

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Main article:March 1933

March 2 –King Kong: TheoriginalKing Kong film, starringFay Wray and directed byMerian C. Cooper, debuts inNew York City.^[11]
March 3 –1933 Sanriku earthquake: A powerful earthquake andtsunami hitHonshū, Japan, killing approximately 3,000 people.
March 4
- TheParliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure;Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree, an origin ofAustrofascism.
March 5
- TheGreat Depression: PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt declares a "Bank holiday", closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ends onMarch 13).
- March 1933 German federal election: TheNazi Party gains 43.9% of the votes.
March 7 – The real-estate trading board gameMonopoly is developed in the United States.
March 10 – The 6.4 M_w Long Beach earthquake shakesSouthern California with a maximumMercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 115 people.
March 12 –Great Depression:Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States, in the first of his "Fireside chats".
March 14 – Indonesian Association football clubPersib Bandung is founded as Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond.
March 15
- TheDow Jones Industrial Average rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day's gain of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.
- Austrian ChancellorEngelbert Dollfuss keeps members of theNational Council from convening, starting theAustrofascist dictatorship.
March 20
- Dachau, the firstNazi concentration camp, is completed in Germany (it opensMarch 22 to hold political prisoners).
- First of a series of meetings in the United States called by Jewish organizations calling for an internationalanti-Nazi boycott in response to the persecution of German Jews.
March 22 – President Franklin Roosevelt signs theCullen–Harrison Act, an amendment to the Volstead Act, allowing the manufacture and sale from April 7 of "3.2 beer" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines,^[12] 8 months before the fullrepeal of Prohibition in the United States in December.^[13]
March 23 –Gleichschaltung: TheReichstag passes theEnabling Act, makingAdolf Hitler effectively thedictator of Germany.^[14]
March 27 – Japan announces it will leave theLeague of Nations (due to a cancellation period of exactly two years, the egression becomes effective March 27, 1935).^[15]
March 29 – Welsh journalistGareth Jones makes the first report in the West of theHolodomor famine genocide in Ukraine.
March 31
- March revolution inUruguay: PresidentGabriel Terra carries out a coup with the support of the civilian population, police officers and firefighters and rules as a dictator until 1938.
- TheCivilian Conservation Corps is established in the United States as an unemployment relief program.

April

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Main article:April 1933

April 1 – The recently electedNazis (underJulius Streicher) organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.^[16]
April 2 – As a member of theEnglish cricket team touring New Zealand, 1933, batsmanWally Hammond scores a record 336 runs in a test match atEden Park,Auckland.^[10]
April 3
- An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam (Thailand).
- The first flight overMount Everest is made by the BritishHouston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition, led by theMarquis of Clydesdale, and funded byLucy, Lady Houston.^[17]
April 4 – American airshipAkron crashes off the coast ofNew Jersey, killing 73 of its 76 crewmen. It is the worst aviation accident in history up to this date (and until1950).
April 5
- TheInternational Court of Justice inThe Hague decides thatGreenland belongs to Denmark, and condemnsNorwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision.
- United States PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt declares a national emergency and issuesExecutive Order 6102, making it illegal for U.S. citizens to own substantial amounts of monetary gold orbullion.
April 7 – In Germany, theLaw for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service is passed, the first law of the new regime directed against Jews (as well as political opponents).^[18]
April 11 – AviatorBill Lancaster takes off from Lympne in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to theCape of Good Hope, but vanishes (his body is not found in theSahara Desert until1962).^[19]
April 13 – TheChildren and Young Persons Act is passed in theUnited Kingdom. This raises theage of criminal responsibility from 7 to 8, raises the minimum age forcapital punishment to 18, places restrictions on the identification in the press of persons under 18 appearing in court, sets a minimum full-time working age of 14 and makes it illegal to sell tobacco products to under-16s.^[20]
April 21 –Nazi Germany outlaws thekosher ritualshechita.
April 24 – In Nazi Germany:
- Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses begins with the seizure of the Bible Students' office inMagdeburg.
- Jewish physicians are excluded from official insurance schemes, forcing many to give up their practices.^[21]
April 26 – TheGestapo secret police is established in Nazi Germany byHermann Göring.
April 27 – TheStahlhelm veterans' organization joins theNazi party in Germany.

May

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Main article:May 1933

May 2 –Gleichschaltung:Adolf Hitler prohibitstrade unions.
May 3
- In theIrish Free State,Dáil Éireann abolishes theoath of allegiance to theBritish Crown.
- Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman to be named director of theUnited States Mint.
May 5 – The detection byKarl Jansky of radio waves from the center of theMilky Way Galaxy is reported inThe New York Times. The discovery leads to the birth ofradio astronomy.
May 8 –Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-weekhunger strike because of the mistreatment of the lower castes inIndia.
May 10 –Chaco War:Paraguay formally declares war onBolivia.^[22]
May 17 –Vidkun Quisling andJohan Bernhard Hjort form theNasjonal Samling (the National Gathering Party) of Norway.
May 18 –New Deal: PresidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating theTennessee Valley Authority.
May 26 – TheNazi Party in Germany introduces a law to legalizeeugenic sterilization.
May 27
- New Deal in the United States: TheFederal Securities Act is signed into law, requiring the registration of securities with theFederal Trade Commission.
- TheCentury of ProgressWorld's Fair opens in Chicago.

June

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Main article:June 1933

June – TheHolodomor famine-genocide inUkraine reaches its peak, with 30,000 deaths from human-made starvation each day.^[23] The average life expectancy for a Ukrainian male born this year is 7.3 years.^[24]
June 5 – TheU.S. Congress abrogates the United States use of thegold standard, by enacting a joint resolution^[25] nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
June 6 – The firstdrive-in movie theater is opened inPennsauken Township, nearCamden, New Jersey, byRichard Hollingshead, according to his patent granted May 16.^[26]^[27]
June 12 – TheLondon Economic Conference is held.
June 17 –Kansas City massacre: At the Union Station inKansas City, Missouri, gangsters kill four law enforcement officers and detained fugitive bank robberFrank Nash.
June 22 –Nazi Germany outlaws theSocial-Democratic Party (SPD).^[28]
June 25 – Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against thepersecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany.
June 26 – In the United States:
- The American Totalisator Company unveils its first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine, at theArlington Park race track near Chicago.
- Founding ofTwentieth Century Pictures as a motion picture production company byJoseph Schenck andDarryl F. Zanuck in Hollywood.

July

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Main article:July 1933

July 1
- TheLondon Passenger Transport Board begins operation.
- Business Plot:Smedley Butler becomes involved in a coup attempt led by Gerald MacGuire against the President of the United StatesFranklin Delano Roosevelt which fails (according to his testimony in 1934).
July 4 –Gandhi is sentenced to prison in India.
July 6 – The firstMajor League Baseball All-Star Game is played atComiskey Park in Chicago.
July 8 – The firstrugby union test match is played between theWallabies of Australia and theSpringboks of South Africa, at Newlands inCape Town.
July 14 – InNazi Germany:
- Formation of new political parties is forbidden.^[14]
- TheLaw for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring is enacted,^[29] allowingcompulsory sterilization of citizens suffering from a list of allegedgenetic disorders.
July 15
- TheFour-Power Pact is signed by Britain, France, Germany and Italy.^[10]
- TheInternational Left Opposition (ILO) is renamed the International Communist League (ICL).
July 20 –Reichskonkordat: Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli (laterPope Pius XII) signs an accord with Germany.
July 22
- Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, landing atFloyd Bennett Field inBrooklyn, New York, after traveling eastbound 15,596 mi (25,099 km) in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.
- "Machine Gun Kelly" andAlbert Bates kidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.

August

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Main article:August 1933

August 1 – The Blue Eagle emblem of theNational Recovery Administration in the United States is displayed publicly for the first time.
August 2 – TheWhite Sea–Baltic Canal, Stalin's 227km ship canal constructed usingforced labour in theSoviet Union, opens, connecting theWhite Sea withLake Onega and theBaltic.
August 7 –Simele massacre: More than 3,000Assyrian Iraqis are killed byIraqi government troops.
August 12 – British politicianWinston Churchill makes his first speech publicly warning of the dangers of German rearmament.^[30]
August 14 – Loggers cause aforest fire in theCoast Range ofOregon, later known as the first forest fire of theTillamook Burn. It is extinguished onSeptember 5, after destroying 240,000 acres (970 km²).
August 25 – TheDiexi earthquake shakesMao County,Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people.
August 30 – German-Jewish philosopherTheodor Lessing is shot in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně),Czechoslovakia, dying the following day.

September

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Main article:September 1933

September 12
- Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain.
- Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light onSouthampton Row inBloomsbury (London), conceives the idea of thenuclear chain reaction.
September 26 –1933 Tampico hurricane: A hurricane destroys the town ofTampico,Mexico.

October

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Main article:October 1933

October 1 –Engelbert Dollfuss, leader of theFatherland's Front in Austria, is seriously injured in a failed assassination attempt.
October 7 –Air France is formed by the merger of five French airline companies, beginning operations with 250 planes.
October 10 –1933 United Airlines Boeing 247 mid-air explosion: A bomb destroys aUnited Airlines Boeing 247 on a transcontinental flight in mid-air nearChesterton, Indiana, killing all 7 on board, in the first proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, although no suspect is ever identified.
October 12 – The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks onAlcatraz is acquired by theUnited States Department of Justice, which plans to incorporate the island into itsFederal Bureau of Prisons as apenitentiary.
October 14 – Germany announces its withdrawal from theLeague of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference, after the U.S., the U.K. and France deny its request to increase its defence armaments under the Versailles Treaty.
October 14–16 – Thenew constitution ofEstonia is approved only on thethird consecutive referendum.
October 16 –Parricides committed in the United States byVictor Licata lead to calls for the legal prohibition ofcannabis.
October 17 – ScientistAlbert Einstein arrives from Europe in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee fromNazi Germany and takes up a position at theInstitute for Advanced Study,Princeton, New Jersey.

November

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Main article:November 1933

November 5 – SpanishBasque people vote for autonomy.
November 8
- New Deal: U.S. PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt unveils theCivil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.
- Mohammad Zahir Shah becomesKing of Afghanistan at the age of 19, following the assassination of his father KingMohammad Nadir Shah.
November 11 –Dust Bowl: InSouth Dakota, a very strongdust storm ("the great black blizzard") stripstopsoil from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous dust storms this year).
November 12 – Japan Precision Optical Industry, predecessor of the globalCanon camera andphotocopier brand is founded in Japan.^[31]
November 16
- The United States and theSoviet Union establish formaldiplomatic relations.
- American aviatorJimmie Angel becomes the first foreigner to see theAngel Falls inVenezuela (they are named after him).
November 17 – TheMarx Brothers'anarchic comedy filmDuck Soup is released in the United States.
November 19 –Second Spanish Republic: General elections result in a victory by the right-wing parties.
November 22 – TheFujian People's Government is declared inFujian Province, China.

December

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Main article:December 1933

December 5 – TheTwenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified,repealing Prohibition in the United States, making production and sale of alcohol legal in the U.S.
December 17 – Thefirst NFL Championship game in American football is played. TheChicago Bears defeat theNew York Giants 23–21.
December 21 –Newfoundland returns toCrown colony status, following financial collapse.^[30]
December 23 –Lagny-Pomponne rail accident: A train collision nearLagny-sur-Marne in France kills 204.
December 26
- Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is signed by participants in the 7thInternational Conference of American States; it is significant in the development of thedeclarative theory of statehood.^[32]
- TheNissan Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan.
- FM radio is patented.
December 29 – Members of theIron Guard assassinateIon Gheorghe Duca, prime minister ofRomania.

Date unknown

[edit]

Turkey concludes a treaty with the creditors of the formerOttoman Empire to schedule the payments in Paris (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt in less than twenty years).
TheAdvisory Committee of Experts on Slavery is created by theLeague of Nations.^[33]
The first datedInter-School Christian Fellowship group is started in Australia atNorth Sydney Boys High School, with the group continuing into the 21st century.
TheAdélaïde Concerto, a spurious violin work attributed toWolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is published as "edited" (actually composed) byMarius Casadesus.