TheCPR-1000, orCPR1000 (Chinese PWR) is aGeneration II+pressurized water reactor, based on theFrench 900 MWe three cooling loop design (M310) imported in the 1980s, improved to have a slightly increased net power output of 1,000MWe (1080 MWe gross) and a 60-year design life.
The CPR-1000 is built and operated by theChina General Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG), formerly known as China Guangdong Nuclear Power. Progressively more Chinese manufactured components were used in the units; the second unit built had 70% of its equipment manufactured in China, with a 90% Chinese content target for later builds.[1]
On 15 July 2010, China's first CPR-1000 nuclear power plant,Ling Ao-3, was connected to the grid,[2] having started criticality testing on 11 June 2010.[3] It started commercial operations on 27 September 2010,[4] with Ling Ao-4 starting commercial operation on 7 August 2011.[5]
18 CPR-1000 reactors have been built as of December 2019.[6] Besides Ling Ao unit 3 & 4, the CPR-1000 reactor has been realised inFangchenggang (unit 1 & 2),Fangjiashan (unit 1 & 2),Hongyanhe (unit 1–4),Ningde (unit 1–4),Yangjiang (unit 1–4).[7]
On the basis of theM310, CGN developed an improved Generation IIpressurized water reactor called CPR-1000.[8] CPR-1000 takes a large proportion in all the reactors being built in China. The M310 uses as its base design units 5 & 6 of theGravelines Nuclear Power Station in France.[1]
The CPR-1000 has a 1086 MWe capacity, a three-loop design and 157 fuel assemblies (active length 12 ft), enriched to 4.5% U-235. The fuel assembly design is AREVA's 17x17 AFA 3G M5, which can be fabricated in China. Other features include has a design life that could extend beyond 40 years and an 18-month fuel cycle. It has a digital instrumentation and control system, and is equipped with hydrogen recombiners and containment spray pumps.[9]
The original M310 reactors atDaya Bay andLing Ao Phase 1 are sometimes also called CPR-1000s, but these are closely based on the French 900 MWe design (M310), with net power output below 1,000 MWe, and using mostly imported components.[10]
Some CPR-1000 intellectual property rights are retained byAreva, which limits overseas sales potential.[6] However theFinancial Times reported in 2010 that Areva was considering marketing the CPR-1000 as a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside its largerEPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power.[11][12] In January 2012, CGNPG agreed a partnership with Areva and EDF to develop a reactor based on the CPR-1000,[13] which may create a design converged withMitsubishi andAreva's 1000 MWeAtmea reactor.[14]
CNP-1000 is a similar 3-loop-design byCNNC, but with a different reactor core.
In 2010, CGNPG announced a further design evolution to aGeneration III level, theACPR-1000, which would also replace intellectual property right-limited components from the CPR-1000.CGNPG aimed to be able to independently market the ACPR-1000 for export by 2013.[15] CGNPG has been conducting the development work in cooperation withDongfang Electric,Shanghai Electric,Harbin Electric,China First Heavy Industries andChina Erzhong.[16]
The core of the ACPR1000 comprises 157 fuel assemblies (active length 14 ft) and has a design life of 60 years.[9] Other features include acore catcher and double containment as additional safety measures[17] and ten major technical improvements over its predecessor the CPR-1000. It was the first Chinese reactor to have a domestically developed digital control system.[18] Unit 5 and 6 atTianwan Nuclear Power Plant are similarly classified as ACPRs.
Yangjiang 5 was the first construction of an ACPR-1000 reactor, starting in late 2013.[19] It began commercial operation in July 2018.
Following theFukushima nuclear disaster, a revised design called at the timeACPR-1000+ was described. Features include double containment to protect against external explosions and airplanes, improved seismic capability to 0.3 g, increased core thermal margins and improved operation systems.[20] The gross power output has been increased to 1150 MWe.[21]The ACPR-1000+ was envisaged for export from 2014.[13]
Since 2011,CNNC has been progressively merging itsACP-1000 nuclear power station design[22] with theCGNACPR-1000 design, while allowing some differences, under direction of the Chinese nuclear regulator. Both are three-loop designs originally based on the same French M310 design used inDaya Bay with 157 fuel assemblies, but went through different development processes (CNNC's ACP-1000 has a more domestic design with 177 fuel assemblies while CGN's ACPR-1000 is a closer copy with 157 fuel assemblies).[23] In early 2014, it was announced that the merged design was moving from preliminary design to detailed design. Power output will be 1150 MWe, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment. CNNC's 177 fuel assembly design was retained.
Initially the merged design was to be called the ACC-1000,[24][25][26] but ultimately it was namedHualong One. In August 2014 the Chinese nuclear regulator review panel classified the design as aGeneration III reactor design, with independently owned intellectual property rights.[27][28] As a result of the success of the merger, ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 designs are no longer being offered.
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