 Logo 1964–1968 | |
 The two ABC regions when it lost its franchises in 1968 | |
| Type | Region oftelevision network |
|---|---|
| Branding | ABC |
| Country | United Kingdom |
First air date |
|
| TV transmitters |
|
| Headquarters | |
Broadcast area | North |
| Owner | Associated British Picture Corporation |
| Dissolved | 28 July 1968; 57 years ago (1968-07-28) |
Former names | Associated British Cinemas (Television) Limited |
Picture format | 405-line black and white |
| Affiliation | ITV |
| Language | English |
| Replaced by |
|
ABC Television Limited, popularly known asABC Weekend TV, was a British broadcaster which provided the weekend service in theMidlands andNorthern England regions of theIndependent Television (ITV) network from 1956 to 1968. It was one of the "Big Four" companies that between them produced the majority of ITV networked programmes during this period.
Originally created asAssociated British Cinemas (Television) Ltd, ABC was one of a number of commercial television companies established during the 1950s by cinema chain companies, in an attempt to safeguard their business by becoming involved with television, which was taking away their cinema audiences. In this case, the parent company was theAssociated British Picture Corporation (ABPC)—owner ofABC Cinemas—which initially did not wish to become involved with the new broadcasting system, but was persuaded to do so by theIndependent Television Authority (ITA) and the manager of itsPathé News subsidiaryHoward Thomas, who became the new company's managing director.
ABC operated two franchises, one in the Midlands, which was the fourth ITA franchise to go on air, in 1956, and the other in the North of England, which was the sixth franchise to go on air, later the same year. It lost both its franchises in 1968, but merged with another franchisee to formThames Television, which held the London weekday franchise for 24 years.
From 1967, ABC's sister company, ABC Television Films, used the nameAssociated British Corporation on its exports to the US, such as the last two series ofThe Avengers.
WhenKemsley-Winnick, one of theconsortia that had been awarded twofranchises in the newIndependent Television network in 1954, collapsed, theITA approachedABPC to step into the breach. The Corporation agreed to assume the franchises to broadcast on Saturdays and Sundays to the Midlands and the North of England. The contract agreeing to do so was signed on 21 September 1955, the day before Independent Television (ITV) began inLondon.
This left the new ABC five months to begin broadcasting in the Midlands, the service beginning on 18 February 1956.[1] Soon afterwards, it was also up and running in the North; it began broadcasting in the North West on 5 May 1956,[citation needed] and in Yorkshire on 3 November 1956.[citation needed] It was aided in part by the failure of the original contractor; Kelmsley-Winnick had ordered over £1 million (equivalent to £33.1 million today)[2] of production equipment from manufacturerPye, which it sold to ABC at a much-discounted price.[3]
The London weekend contractor had launched under the name "Associated Broadcasting Company" (ABC), but ABPC wanted to use the ABC brand for its own service, to match its existingABC Cinemas brand, so it took legal action against the Associated Broadcasting Company who subsequently agreed to rename asAssociated Television (ATV) after broadcasting for three weeks as "ABC".[4] This allowed ABPC to launch its own station as "ABC".
ABC's late entry into Independent Television meant that some of the details of how the new system would run were already agreed between the ITA regulator and the other three contractors. ABC felt that some of these details were unfair on itself as the smallest contractor, and the only contractor that broadcast only at weekends.[5]
In particular, ABC objected to paying one-quarter of the costs forITN, provider of national news broadcasts for the network, as there would be fewer news programmes at the weekend than on weekdays. ABC's managing director Howard Thomas, former head ofPathé News, felt that ABC could provide its own news for a fraction of ITN's price, but the ITA would not allow this: regional companies were responsible only for regional news, and national news should be independent of the regional companies. ABC lobbied both ITN and the ITA for change, which eventually resulted in a cutback to the amount of programming to be provided by ITN to the network and a substantial reduction in ITN's costs.[5]
Once the "Big Four" companies were in profit, the ITA reviewed the performance each of them. ABC escaped with little criticism, except for its presentation, which was considered to be dull and too closely aligned with its sister "ABC Cinemas" brand. ABC took this to heart and launched a new look in September 1959.[5][6]
Of the original four ITV contractors, ABC had difficulty getting its programmes shown in the London region, which was hampering its reputation. Two of the other contractors had London franchises, andGranada seemed to have a good working relationship withAssociated-Rediffusion to show its programmes. ABC found itself in a head-to-head battle with ATV, as, in the early years, these were the only two companies whose franchises operated at the weekend.[5]
ATV had close connections with theMoss Empires theatre chain (through ATV'sVal Parnell) and the Grade Organisation theatrical talent agency (through ATV'sLew Grade and his brotherLeslie) and felt they had the expertise to make expensive, high-status drama, variety and comedy shows, and leave the cheaper "provincial" off-peak weekend programming to ABC. This would have been to ABC's financial disadvantage, since ABC (with its two regions to ATV's one region at the weekends) would have to pay two-thirds of the expensive costs of ATV London's shows, while ATV would pay only one-third of the costs of ABC's cheaper shows.[7]
ABC fought back, first of all, by selling some of its pre-recorded shows toAssociated-Rediffusion (instead of ATV) to broadcast to London on weekdays. Secondly, it refused to buy some of ATV's top-rated shows such asSunday Night at the London Palladium and broadcast its own alternatives such asBlackpool Night Out. Eventually ATV gave way and agreed to buy more of ABC's shows.[7]
Structural changes in the regional contract areas meant that ABC no longer had a contract to reapply for in 1967. The Northern area (split into North West and Yorkshire) was to become a seven-day operation, as would the Midlands. Existing weekday contractors (Granada andATV respectively) were correctly considered the favourites. ABC consequently submitted two applications: one for the service for London at the weekend, the other for the Midlands seven-day operation, although it favoured the first contract.
It was expected that ABC would be awarded the weekend London licence, but the strength of another application (from theLondon Weekend Television consortium) ruled this out. This led to a situation where a successful company could be closed down through no fault of its own. To prevent this, the governing body of ITV, theIndependent Television Authority, ordered a merger with the existing London weekday companyRediffusion, with ABC having majority control of the new operation.
Despite protests from Rediffusion, the two companies eventually becameThames Television. ABC ceased weekend broadcasting in the North and Midlands regions on Sunday 28 July 1968 and resumed on Tuesday 30 July in the London region as weekday company Thames.
ABC operated three production sites and had a further sales office. The main production facilities were theformer Warner Studios inTeddington,Middlesex. Although this was outside its contract area, ABC wanted aLondon base, as many performers could not venture outside of the capital to record programmes because they were often committed to runs of theatre plays in theWest End. Upon the merger withRediffusion, this site became the main production base for the new companyThames Television.
In the Midlands, ABC formed a joint venture with Midlands weekday licenseeATV to oversee the running of a production and transmission facility to be used by both.Alpha Television purchased a former cinema inAston, nearBirmingham, and extended it by the construction of additional studios and office space; the site was known as the Alpha Studios.
ABC operated a northern studio centre inManchester and a sales office based in Television House in the city centre. The production facility was converted from aformer Capitol cinema inDidsbury. ABC vacated both premises during 1968. ABC also made some entertainment shows such asBlackpool Night Out andThe Blackpool Show at theABC Theatre in Blackpool (owned by ABC-TV's sister company ABC Cinemas). For its pre-filmed series, such asThe Avengers (from 1965), ABC used its parent company'sAssociated British Elstree Studios.
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When ABC first went on the air, it used the branding of its sister companyABC Cinemas. This featured a triangular shield with the letters ABC upon it, and a bar across it with the caption 'Television'.[8] This lasted from the station's launch in 1956 until September 1959.[6] The ITA had criticised ABC's original presentation style for being bland and too much attached to the existing ABC Cinemas chain.[5]
As a result, ABC created a new brand ident featuring three arrows pointing to the bottom of the screen to reveal the letters ABC in turn and leaving a triangle behind and on top of the letters. At the end of this, the three triangles would snap together into the new ABC logo. This ident lasted until 1964 when the lettering font was altered slightly from a serif font to the latest bold used by the company, this revision lasting until the company's demise.[8][9]
The logo uses the notion of threes, three triangles making another triangle, with the points of a triangle often being labelled 'A', 'B' and 'C' in geometry. The tune that was used for all of ABC's idents was a vibraphone playing the notes A-B-C (la-te-doh). Out of this look, ABC Television developed a strong corporate identity[original research?], effectively becoming the first British TV station to recognise the importance of corporate branding.[citation needed]
The company itself was originally calledAssociated British Cinemas (Television) Limited,[10] which by 1957 had been shortened toA.B.C. Television Limited. However, from about 1967, on exports made by its sister company A.B.C. Television Films Ltd. (such as the last two series ofThe Avengers), the name 'Associated British Corporation' was used, to avoid confusion with the USABC network.[11] As for on-air, the name was for a few months 'Associated British', before becoming 'ABC Television', or just 'ABC'. The names 'ABC Television Network' and 'ABC Weekend Network' were also used, for example inTV Times listings.[12] The station received a joke nickname fromBob Monkhouse, namely "All Bloody Commercials".[citation needed]
The station's spoken slogan varied through time, starting off as "ABC – Associated British in the North/Midlands" before being replaced in 1958 to "ABC, your weekend TV" and again changed in 1964 to "ABC, your weekend television in the North/Midlands".[citation needed]
The following who have served as announcers for ABC Weekend TV include:
Networked programmes from ABC included the drama seriesPolice Surgeon,The Human Jungle,Undermind,Redcap,The Avengers, theArmchair Theatre series of single plays, theHabatales cartoons, the popular showsThank Your Lucky Stars,Opportunity Knocks,Big Night Out,Doddy's Music Box andOh Boy!,Tommy Cooper's showsCooperama andLife with Cooper, the UK and international artist folk and blues music seriesHullabaloo, the children's science fiction serialsEmerald Soup,Target Luna and its sequelsPathfinders in Space,Pathfinders to Mars andPathfinders to Venus, and the gritty drama seriesCallan andPublic Eye (both of which continued as Thames productions after 1968). ITV's first weekly series devoted to the arts,Tempo, was introduced by ABC, as was its first hidden camera show,Candid Camera, and its first attempt to challenge the BBC's dominance of television sport, withWorld of Sport. ABC also introduced British television's first late night chat show,TheEamonn Andrews Show[13] and, together with ATV, British television's first regular weekly series of adult education programmes.[14]
Areas are described in terms of the county boundaries at the time. After ABC's closure there were significant county boundary changes in 1974, and ITV's regional boundaries have also changed over time.
| Franchise | Start date | Transmitter | Principal service area | Significant overlap into adjacent regions | Studios |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Midlands | 18 February 1956[citation needed] | Lichfield Channel 8 | West Midlands and parts ofEast Midlands | Parts ofLincolnshire andNorthamptonshire(Anglia) Cheshire(ABC North) | Alpha Studios, Birmingham |
| 30 April 1965[citation needed] | Membury Channel 12 | Thames Valley | Parts ofHampshire(Southern) | ||
North | 5 May 1956[citation needed] | Winter Hill Channel 9 | Lancashire andCheshire | North Wales coast(Teledu Cymru) Staffordshire(ABC Midlands) | Didsbury Studios, Manchester |
| 3 November 1956[citation needed] | Emley Moor Channel 10 | West Riding of Yorkshire, parts ofLincolnshire andNorth andEast Ridings | Parts ofLincolnshire andEast Riding(Anglia) | ||
| 11 June 1965[citation needed] | Scarborough Channel 6 | Scarborough | |||
| 1959[1] | Teddington Studios, London | ||||
ABC's two franchise regions each had their own continuity announcers, advertisements and regional programmes (mainly news and weather, and the magazine showsABC of the Midlands andABC of the North). Apart from those exceptions, both regions usually showed the same programmes simultaneously.
| ITV regional services | ||
|---|---|---|
| New service | Midlands (weekends) 18 February 1956 – 28 July 1968 | Succeeded by |
| New service | North of England (weekends) 5 May 1956 – 28 July 1968 | Succeeded by |
| Succeeded by | ||
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