Antoni Dufriche-Desgenettes (26 February 1804,Paris – 19 December 1878,Saint-Mandé), baptizedAntoine Marie Dufriche-Foulaines, was a French seafaring merchant, poet and amateurphonetician.
His father François Nicolas, a brother ofRené-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes, had changed his family name fromDufriche-Desgenettes toFoulaines-Dufriche[1] and was a lawyer and political writer; Antoni's mother Antoinette Elisabeth Vassault-Vareille was a translator from English and a publisher-bookseller. After many years at sea, Dufriche worked in the Netherlands as a French teacher for some time. In the late 1850s, he returned to Paris but still frequently travelled abroad, especially to Java. His travels enabled him to collect information about thesounds of many languages and to develop a universalphonetic alphabet. He is best known for the introduction of the termphoneme (in its French formphonème) for an individualsound as an element of a language-specific or universal sound inventory. It is attested in his writings since the early 1860s[2][3] and became more widely known through several papers which Dufriche presented at meetings of theSociété de Linguistique de Paris (Paris Linguistics Society). The first of these, "Sur la nature des consonnes nasales" [On the nature of nasal consonants, in French], whichLouis Havet read for him[4] on 24 May 1873, was not published, but an anonymous report, probably written byHavet, summarized it and drew attention to the termphonème.[5]
In 1860, Dufriche joined theSociété d'ethnographie orientale et américaine (Society for oriental and American ethnography), whose members "were largely linguists and specialists in Asian texts and pre-Columbian codices",[6] and he was among the founders of theSociété de Linguistique de Paris in 1864. As anautodidact inlinguistics, he remained something of an outsider, however, and it is likely that the termphoneme survived primarily thanks to its acceptance byLouis Havet,[4] although it underwent a number of metamorphoses in the course of half a century until it finally acquired the meaning 'smallest distinctive unit'.[7][8]
A biographical sketch of Dufriche was compiled byE. F. K. Koerner in 1976,[9] but his date of death[4] and his full first name[2] long remained a mystery.
