| 99th Reconnaissance Squadron | |
|---|---|
 U-2 Dragon Lady 80-1089 from the 99th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron taxis to the runway for takeoff | |
| Active | 21 Aug 1917 – 9 June 1919 2 July 1919 – 31 July 1927 9 Nov 1928 – 20 Oct 1948 1 May 1949 – 1 Apr 1971 1 Nov 1972 – present |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Reconnaissance |
| Size | Squadron |
| Part of |  Air Combat Command |
| Garrison/HQ | Beale Air Force Base, California |
| Equipment | Lockheed U-2S Dragon Lady |
| Engagements |
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| Decorations |
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| Insignia | |
| 99th Reconnaissance Squadron Emblem(approved 4 March 1924)[1] |  |
| Squadron Code | BB |
The99th Reconnaissance Squadron is a squadron of theUnited States Air Force. It is assigned to the9th Operations Group,Air Combat Command, stationed atBeale Air Force Base, California. The squadron is equipped with theLockheed U-2 Dragon Lady reconnaissance aircraft.[1]
The 99th is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, first being organized as the99th Aero Squadron on 21 August 1917 atKelly Field, Texas. The squadron deployed to France and fought on theWestern Front duringWorld War I as a Corps observation squadron.[2]
DuringWorld War II the unit served both in thePanama Canal Zone as an anti-submarine unit and in thePacific Theater of Operations (PTO) as part ofTwentieth Air Force as aBoeing B-29 Superfortress bomber squadron. During theCold War was part ofStrategic Air Command equipped withBoeing B-47 Stratojet medium bombers, and later with theLockheed SR-71 Blackbird strategic reconnaissance aircraft.[3]
Harvard Business School profiled the 99th and its innovation efforts in a 2019 case study.
The 99th Reconnaissance Squadron is responsible for providing criticalintelligence for use by the highest levels of the U.S. government. Squadron pilots fly theLockheed U-2S aircraft as they continuously train to upgrade from normal aircraft commander status to that of instructor pilot status.
The current mission statement of the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron is "To deploy and employ warrior Airmen and execute effective and sustained U-2 operations globally in support of National Objectives."
Organized atKelly Field, Texas, on 21 August 1917, the99th Aero Squadron moved toGarden City, New York, in early November and sailed forFrance on the fourteenth. After training in theSopwith 1½ Strutter and theSalmson 2, the squadron began flying combat missions in June 1918.[1]
Assigned to theV Corps Observation Group, United States First Army Air Service, the99th Aero Squadron (Corps Observation) was assigned to theToul Sector of the FrenchWestern Front on 22 June. It served as a school squadron with V Army Corps Infantry Liaison School. On 19 July, was assigned to theSt. Die sector during which time one flight of unit, operating inVosges region of Alsace and Lorraine where it participated in combat with French XXXIII Corps.[4][5]
Between 12 and 16 September the squadron flew reconnaissance missions and directed artillery fire in supportFrench 8th Army and theAmerican V Army Corps during theSt. Mihiel offensive. It also participated in theMeuse-Argonne offensive between 26 September – 11 November 1918 when the Armistice with Germany was reached.[4][5]
The 99th Aero Squadron remained in France until 8 May 1919, then moved toMitchel Field, New York, where the unit was demobilized; the men who had served in France were returned to civilian life.[4]
The 99th was retained after World War I as part of the permanentUnited States Army Air Service, and after a series of administrative moves in which the squadron was an administrative unit, was assigned toBolling Field, District of Columbia, where it was organized as 99th Corps Observation Squadron. It was manned largely with veterans of the AEF who remained in the Air Service and was equipped with war surplusDayton-Wright DH-4s and some British Royal Aircraft EstablishmentRoyal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s that had been shipped from Britain during the war as engineering models to license produce in the United States.At Bolling Field, the pilots of the squadron trained in aerial reconnaissance and also trained with Army units in Northern Virginia on battlefield observation maneuvers and artillery spotting and adjustments, similar to the combat missions the squadron flew on the Western Front during the way. However lack of funding for training and the general feeling in the United States that the peace lessened the need for a strong military led to many of the combat veterans to leave the service. As a result, the proficiency of squadron aircrews deteriorated until the 99th had no one proficient enough to participate in the 1929 bombing and gunnery matches.[4]
In 1927, the 99th moved to Kelly Field, Texas, where it was assigned to theAir Corps Training Center. It was inactivated on 31 July. On 9 November 1928, it was reactivated at Mitchell Field, New York, and was equipped with a series of observation aircraft, and performed operational testing on the planes, and various variants over the next several years. With the creation of theGHQ Air Force on 1 March 1935, the group became the9th Bombardment Group and the 99th became a bombardment squadron. With the new mission came new airplanes. The new bombardment squadron received American-madeMartin B-10s in 1936 andDouglas B-18 Bolos in 1938. Squadron members trained hard learning the tactics and maneuvers of their new aircraft and new mission.[4]
As part of the buildup of Air Corps forces in thePanama Canal Zone prior to the United States entry into World War II, the 99th was transferred toRio Hato Field, Panama on 13 November 1940. It was almost immediately redesignated as the99th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy), and equipped with Douglas B-18 Bolos. Its mission was to patrol the Pacific approaches to the Panama Canal.[6]
Tragedy struck the 99th early in its Panama assignment. On 27 February 1941, one of its B-18As, piloted by 1st Lieutenant Jack L. Schoch and with six other crew members aboard, crashed into Panama Bay just offVenado Beach, with the loss of all on board. The cause of this mysterious loss were never determined, although rescue efforts continued late into the night. With its remaining four B-18As, the unit continued its intensive training program from its base at Rio Hato until, on 25 August 1941, it received one of the newBoeing B-17B Flying Fortresses assigned to the Command.[6]
Just before thePearl Harbor Attack, on 3 December, the Squadron was ordered to distantZandrey Field, Dutch Guiana (by way ofPiarco Airport, Trinidad), under an agreement with the Netherlands government-in-exile, by which the United States occupied the colony to protect bauxite mines. However, to the disappointment of the crews, the squadron had to leave its B-17 behind. It was, however, reinforced with additional B-18As, bringing squadron strength up to six aircraft. At Zandry, the unit shuttled from Zandery to Atkinson Field, British Guiana and, by January 1942, had eightCurtiss P-40C Warhawks assigned. The P-40s were, in actuality detached for airfield defense by the Trinidad Base Command, under which the 99th fell at the time.[6]
The intensive flying of the first two months of the war soon took its toll, however, and by the end of February 1942, the squadron was forced to report that it had but three B-18A's operational at Zandery and that " .... none of them are airworthy at this time." Apparently the unit was quickly reinforced and by 1 March strength was back up to six aircraft, and seven combat crews, all of whom had more than 12 months experience.[6]
Operations From Zandry Field consisted of coastal, convoy and anti-submarine patrols until 31 October 1942. Just prior to which time the 4th Antisubmarine Squadron was attached to the Squadron between 9 and 16 October. At this pointAAF Antisubmarine Command took over the mission of the 99th and the men and aircraft of the squadron were reassigned. The squadron was detached fromSixth Air Force and reassigned toOrlando Army Air Base, Florida, without personnel or equipment, where it became part of theArmy Air Forces School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT) in central and northern Florida.[6]
At the AAFSAT, the squadron trained units at various airfields in central and northern Florida, the squadron trained cadres for 44 bomb groups in organization and operations, performed bombing pattern tests, experimented with 3-plane formations to attack moving ships, and performed over a hundred equipment tests.[6]
On 3 March 1944, the squadron was again moved without personnel or equipment toDalhart Army Air Field, Texas, where the 99th was assigned to the313th Bombardment Wing, with a mission to organize and train forBoeing B-29 Superfortress operations in the Western Pacific. The 99th helped to develop operational bombardment tactics and tested special devices and equipment during this time.
In 1944 the 99th moved toDalhart Army Air Field, Texas, where it began training on the new Superfortress as part of the 313th Bombardment Wing, to organize and train for B-29 operations in the Western Pacific. The 99th helped to develop operational bombardment tactics and tested special devices and equipment during this time. It then moved toMcCook Army Air Field, Nebraska, in May 1944 where it trained in earnest for its own combat deployment.
After six months in the new B-29, the 99th transferred toNorth Field (Tinian), in theMariana Islands, just east of the Philippines. Arriving at Tinian on 28 December 1944, the99th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy flew its first bombing raids on 27, 29 and 31 January 1945, against Japanese installations in the northern Marianas. On 25 February the 99th joined an all-out Allied effort againstTokyo's port and industrial areas.
For the remaining months of the war, squadron B-29s repeatedly struck Japanese aircraft factories, chemical plants, naval bases and airdromes. It also participated in night, low-level incendiary bombing attacks on urban areas.
During these months the 99th won twoDistinguished Unit Citations. The first came for 15–16 April 1945 bombing raids on Kawasaki, Japan's industrial center, which furnished components for Tokyo and Yokohama's heavy industry. The squadron won the second award in mine-laying operations beginning in mid May 1944 in the Shimonoseki Straits, which controlled access to the Inland Seas. This operation crippled Japan's efforts to ship food, raw materials, war supplies, troops, and combat equipment to and from the homeland.
The 99th Bomb Squadron continued its attacks on Japan until flying its last mission, a low-level night incendiary attack on Kumagaya on 14 August 1945. With the end of World War II, the squadron moved to Harmon Air Force Base, Guam on 17 March 1946 and inactivated there on 20 October 1948.[4]
The Air Force established the9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing atFairfield-Suisun Air Force Base (later Travis Air Force Base, California, on 25 April 1949 and activated it on 1 May as aStrategic Air Command (SAC) unit.99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron flew Boeing RB-17 Flying Fortresses and, later, Boeing RB-29 Superfortresses, and a fewConvair RB-36 Peacemakers. Their mission was to conduct visual, photographic, electronic, and weather reconnaissance operations.[4]
Squadron reconnaissance operations were short-lived, however, as on 1 April 1950, the Air Force redesignated the wing as the 9th Bombardment Wing and the 99th as a bombardment squadron. The 99th continued to fly B-29s at Travis until 1 May 1953, when SAC moved the wing and its squadrons toMountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. By June 1955, the 99th Bombardment Squadron had replaced its B-29s with newBoeing B-47 Stratojets. In November 1955 the 99th and other wing squadrons demonstrated SAC's ability to strike anywhere in the world making several deployments to England andGuam.[4]
Squadron B-47s flew nonstop from the 8,300 miles from Mountain Home to New Zealand. The 99th flew nuclear deterrent missions for ten years. In November 1965, SAC agreed to transfer Mountain Home toTactical Air Command. The 99th's B-47s were retired and by 1 February 1966 all squadron aircraft were gone.[4]
In January 1966 the first productionLockheed SR-71 Blackbirds had landed atBeale Air Force Base, California. This new aircraft gave SAC a reconnaissance capability that far exceeded any then available in terms of speed, altitude, and coverage. The SR-71 flew at more than three times the speed of sound (Mach 3+) at altitudes above 80,000 feet. It carried the most advanced observation equipment in the world. The4200th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing was activated at Beale AFB on 1 January 1965 as the SR-71's parent unit. In October 1965Fifteenth Air Force suggested the Air Force redesignate the 9th Bombardment Wing as the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing to continue the wing's proud history. The Air Force agreed and on 25 June 1966 the wing became the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing and the 99th a strategic reconnaissance squadron. The 9th replaced the 4200th SRW at Beale AFB.[4]
At Beale, the 99th trained with the SR-71 to bring the aircraft and crews to mission-ready status. By March 1967 the aircraft was ready. The SR-71 quickly deployed toKadena Air Base, Okinawa, and began flying operational missions overSoutheast Asia. Squadron pilots and reconnaissance systems operator gathered photographic and electronic data for U.S. commanders in South Vietnam from 1967 until 1 April 1971 when the squadron inactivated.[4]
In November 1972, the 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron was re-activated atU-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, Thailand. The squadron was equipped a combination of U-2s, DC-130s and CH-3s flying classified missions over Southeast Asia until 30 June 1976.[1] When the U-2 joined the SR-71 under the 9thStrategic Reconnaissance Wing at Beale AFB, the 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron returned to Beale.[4]
The U-2, although slower than the SR-71, cost much less to operate and provided more "on-station" time. As intelligence collection increased throughout the 1980s, 99th U-2 pilots manned detachments at sites around the world. With the SR-71's retirement in 1990, the U-2 assumed responsibility for all of America's manned high-altitude reconnaissance.[4]
DuringOperation Desert Shield, 99th Squadron pilots immediately deployed to Saudi Arabia and flew their first missions of 19 August 1990, just 17 days after Iraq invaded Kuwait. Throughout Desert Shield/Storm, squadron pilots provided vital reconnaissance that kept coalition commanders informed on the positions and movement of Iraqi troops. This information made air attacks more effective and helped reduce casualties in the ground war.[4]
Operational missions include extensive reconnaissance efforts during OperationsUrgent Fury,Just Cause,Desert Shield,Desert Storm and operation Iraqi Freedom as well ashumanitarian efforts coveringwildfire andearthquake damage in California andMidwestern United Statesfloods. 99th personnel are currently temporarily assigned to four overseas detachments.[4]
The 99th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron deployed toRAF Fairford,Gloucestershire, in theUnited Kingdom in September 2019.[7]
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This article incorporatespublic domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
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