1983–1985 U.S. Congress
The98th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of theUnited States Senate and theUnited States House of Representatives . It met inWashington, D.C. , from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 1985, during the third and fourth years ofRonald Reagan's presidency . The apportionment of seats in theHouse of Representatives was based on the1980 U.S. census .
The Republicans maintained control of the Senate, while the Democrats increased their majority in the House of Representatives from the97th Congress .
April 20, 1983:Social Security Amendments of 1983 ,Pub. L. 98–21 August 26, 1983:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 ,Pub. L. 98–88 , 97 Stat. 494 November 2, 1983:Martin Luther King Jr. Day law,Pub. L. 98–399 March 20, 1984:Shipping Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–237 , 98 Stat. 67 July 17, 1984:Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–365 July 17, 1984:National Minimum Drinking Age Act ,Pub. L. 98–363 August 11, 1984:Equal Access Act September 24, 1984:Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act ,Pub. L. 98–417 , 98 Stat. 1585 September 28, 1984:Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act ,Pub. L. 98–435 October 3, 1984:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act ,Pub. L. 98–440 , 98 Stat. 1689 October 12, 1984:Comprehensive Crime Control Act ,Pub. L. 98–473 , title II October 12, 1984:Armed Career Criminal Act ,Pub. L. 98–473 , 98 Stat. 2185 October 12, 1984:Comprehensive Smoking Education Act ,Pub. L. 98–474 , 98 Stat. 2200 October 12, 1984:Controlled Substances Penalties Amendments Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–473 , 98 Stat. 1837 October 19, 1984:National Archives and Records Administration Act,Pub. L. 98–497 October 19, 1984:Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–499 October 19, 1984:National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–507 , 98 Stat. 2339 October 30, 1984:Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–575 October 30, 1984:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–549 , 98 Stat. 2779 October 30, 1984:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–573 November 8, 1984:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–623 , 98 Stat. 3394 November 8, 1984:Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 ,Pub. L. 98–620 , 98 Stat. 3335 Party standings at the end of the 98th Congress House of Representatives [ edit ] House seats by party holding plurality in state 80+% to 100% Democratic 80+% to 100% Republican 60+% to 80% Democratic 60+% to 80% Republican 50+% to 60% Democratic 50+% to 60% Republican striped: 50–50 splitSenate President pro tempore
[ edit ] [ edit ] House of Representatives [ edit ] [ edit ] [ edit ] This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.
Senators are elected statewide every two years, with approximately one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1984; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1986; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1988.
House of Representatives [ edit ] ▌ 1 Jack Edwards (R)▌ 2 William Louis Dickinson (R)▌ 3 Bill Nichols (D)▌ 4 Tom Bevill (D)▌ 5 Ronnie Flippo (D)▌ 6 Ben Erdreich (D)▌ 7 Richard Shelby (D)▌ At-large Don Young (R)▌ 1 John McCain (R)▌ 2 Mo Udall (D)▌ 3 Bob Stump (R)▌ 4 Eldon Rudd (R)▌ 5 James F. McNulty Jr. (D)▌ 1 William Vollie Alexander Jr. (D)▌ 2 Ed Bethune (R)▌ 3 John Paul Hammerschmidt (R)▌ 4 Beryl Anthony Jr. (D)▌ 1 Douglas H. Bosco (D)▌ 2 Eugene A. Chappie (R)▌ 3 Bob Matsui (D)▌ 4 Vic Fazio (D)▌ 5 Phillip Burton (D), until April 10, 1983▌ Sala Burton (D), from June 21, 1983▌ 6 Barbara Boxer (D)▌ 7 George Miller (D)▌ 8 Ron Dellums (D)▌ 9 Pete Stark (D)▌ 10 Don Edwards (D)▌ 11 Tom Lantos (D)▌ 12 Ed Zschau (R)▌ 13 Norman Mineta (D)▌ 14 Norman D. Shumway (R)▌ 15 Tony Coelho (D)▌ 16 Leon Panetta (D)▌ 17 Chip Pashayan (R)▌ 18 Richard H. Lehman (D)▌ 19 Robert J. Lagomarsino (R)▌ 20 Bill Thomas (R)▌ 21 Bobbi Fiedler (R)▌ 22 Carlos Moorhead (R)▌ 23 Anthony Beilenson (D)▌ 24 Henry Waxman (D)▌ 25 Edward R. Roybal (D)▌ 26 Howard Berman (D)▌ 27 Mel Levine (D)▌ 28 Julian Dixon (D)▌ 29 Augustus Hawkins (D)▌ 30 Matthew G. Martínez (D)▌ 31 Mervyn Dymally (D)▌ 32 Glenn M. Anderson (D)▌ 33 David Dreier (R)▌ 34 Esteban Edward Torres (D)▌ 35 Jerry Lewis (R)▌ 36 George Brown Jr. (D)▌ 37 Al McCandless (R)▌ 38 Jerry M. Patterson (D)▌ 39 William E. Dannemeyer (R)▌ 40 Robert Badham (R)▌ 41 Bill Lowery (R)▌ 42 Dan Lungren (R)▌ 43 Ron Packard (R)▌ 44 Jim Bates (D)▌ 45 Duncan L. Hunter (R)▌ 1 Pat Schroeder (D)▌ 2 Tim Wirth (D)▌ 3 Ray Kogovsek (D)▌ 4 Hank Brown (R)▌ 5 Ken Kramer (R)▌ 6 Dan Schaefer (R), from March 29, 1983[ c] [ d] ▌ 1 Barbara B. Kennelly (D)▌ 2 Sam Gejdenson (D)▌ 3 Bruce Morrison (D)▌ 4 Stewart McKinney (R)▌ 5 William R. Ratchford (D)▌ 6 Nancy Johnson (R)▌ At-large Tom Carper (D)▌ 1 Earl Hutto (D)▌ 2 Don Fuqua (D)▌ 3 Charles E. Bennett (D)▌ 4 Bill Chappell (D)▌ 5 Bill McCollum (R)▌ 6 Buddy MacKay (D)▌ 7 Sam Gibbons (D)▌ 8 Bill Young (R)▌ 9 Michael Bilirakis (R)▌ ▌ 10 Andy Ireland (D, then R)▌ 11 Bill Nelson (D)▌ 12 Tom Lewis (R)▌ 13 Connie Mack III (R)▌ 14 Dan Mica (D)▌ 15 Clay Shaw (R)▌ 16 Lawrence J. Smith (D)▌ 17 William Lehman (D)▌ 18 Claude Pepper (D)▌ 19 Dante Fascell (D)▌ 1 Lindsay Thomas (D)▌ 2 Charles Floyd Hatcher (D)▌ 3 Richard Ray (D)▌ 4 Elliott H. Levitas (D)▌ 5 Wyche Fowler (D)▌ 6 Newt Gingrich (R)▌ 7 Larry McDonald (D), until September 1, 1983▌ George Darden (D), from November 8, 1983▌ 8 J. Roy Rowland (D)▌ 9 Ed Jenkins (D)▌ 10 Doug Barnard Jr. (D)▌ 1 Cecil Heftel (D)▌ 2 Daniel Akaka (D)▌ 1 Larry Craig (R)▌ 2 George V. Hansen (R)▌ 1 Harold Washington (D), until April 30, 1983▌ Charles Hayes (D), from August 23, 1983▌ 2 Gus Savage (D)▌ 3 Marty Russo (D)▌ 4 George M. O'Brien (R)▌ 5 Bill Lipinski (D)▌ 6 Henry Hyde (R)▌ 7 Cardiss Collins (D)▌ 8 Dan Rostenkowski (D)▌ 9 Sidney R. Yates (D)▌ 10 John Porter (R)▌ 11 Frank Annunzio (D)▌ 12 Phil Crane (R)▌ 13 John N. Erlenborn (R)▌ 14 Tom Corcoran (R), until November 28, 1984▌ 15 Edward Rell Madigan (R)▌ 16 Lynn Morley Martin (R)▌ 17 Lane Evans (D)▌ 18 Robert H. Michel (R)▌ 19 Dan Crane (R)▌ 20 Dick Durbin (D)▌ 21 Melvin Price (D)▌ 22 Paul Simon (D)▌ 1 Katie Hall (D)▌ 2 Philip Sharp (D)▌ 3 John P. Hiler (R)▌ 4 Dan Coats (R)▌ 5 Elwood Hillis (R)▌ 6 Dan Burton (R)▌ 7 John T. Myers (R)▌ 8 Frank McCloskey (D)▌ 9 Lee H. Hamilton (D)▌ 10 Andrew Jacobs Jr. (D)▌ 1 Jim Leach (R)▌ 2 Tom Tauke (R)▌ 3 T. Cooper Evans (R)▌ 4 Neal Edward Smith (D)▌ 5 Tom Harkin (D)▌ 6 Berkley Bedell (D)▌ 1 Pat Roberts (R)▌ 2 Jim Slattery (D)▌ 3 Larry Winn (R)▌ 4 Dan Glickman (D)▌ 5 Bob Whittaker (R)▌ 1 Carroll Hubbard (D)▌ 2 William Natcher (D)▌ 3 Romano Mazzoli (D)▌ 4 Gene Snyder (R)▌ 5 Hal Rogers (R)▌ 6 Larry J. Hopkins (R)▌ 7 Carl D. Perkins (D), until August 3, 1984▌ Chris Perkins (D), from November 6, 1984▌ 1 Bob Livingston (R)▌ 2 Lindy Boggs (D)▌ 3 Billy Tauzin (D)▌ 4 Buddy Roemer (D)▌ 5 Jerry Huckaby (D)▌ 6 Henson Moore (R)▌ 7 John Breaux (D)▌ 8 Gillis William Long (D)▌ 1 John R. McKernan Jr. (R)▌ 2 Olympia Snowe (R)▌ 1 Roy Dyson (D)▌ 2 Clarence Long (D)▌ 3 Barbara Mikulski (D)▌ 4 Marjorie Holt (R)▌ 5 Steny Hoyer (D)▌ 6 Beverly Byron (D)▌ 7 Parren Mitchell (D)▌ 8 Michael D. Barnes (D)▌ 1 Silvio O. Conte (R)▌ 2 Edward Boland (D)▌ 3 Joseph D. Early (D)▌ 4 Barney Frank (D)▌ 5 James Shannon (D)▌ 6 Nicholas Mavroules (D)▌ 7 Ed Markey (D)▌ 8 Tip O'Neill (D)▌ 9 Joe Moakley (D)▌ 10 Gerry Studds (D)▌ 11 Brian J. Donnelly (D)▌ 1 John Conyers (D)▌ 2 Carl Pursell (R)▌ 3 Howard Wolpe (D)▌ 4 Mark D. Siljander (R)▌ 5 Harold S. Sawyer (R)▌ 6 Milton Robert Carr (D)▌ 7 Dale Kildee (D)▌ 8 J. Bob Traxler (D)▌ 9 Guy Vander Jagt (R)▌ 10 Donald J. Albosta (D)▌ 11 Robert William Davis (R)▌ 12 David Bonior (D)▌ 13 George Crockett Jr. (D)▌ 14 Dennis Hertel (D)▌ 15 William D. Ford (D)▌ 16 John D. Dingell Jr. (D)▌ 17 Sander Levin (D)▌ 18 William Broomfield (R)▌ 1 Tim Penny (DFL)[ b] ▌ 2 Vin Weber (I-R)[ a] ▌ 3 Bill Frenzel (I-R)[ a] ▌ 4 Bruce Vento (DFL)[ b] ▌ 5 Martin Olav Sabo (DFL)[ b] ▌ 6 Gerry Sikorski (DFL)[ b] ▌ 7 Arlan Stangeland (I-R)[ a] ▌ 8 Jim Oberstar (DFL)[ b] ▌ 1 Jamie L. Whitten (D)▌ 2 Webb Franklin (R)▌ 3 Sonny Montgomery (D)▌ 4 Wayne Dowdy (D)▌ 5 Trent Lott (R)▌ 1 Bill Clay (D)▌ 2 Robert A. Young (D)▌ 3 Dick Gephardt (D)▌ 4 Ike Skelton (D)▌ 5 Alan Wheat (D)▌ 6 Tom Coleman (R)▌ 7 Gene Taylor (R)▌ 8 Bill Emerson (R)▌ 9 Harold Volkmer (D)▌ 1 Pat Williams (D)▌ 2 Ron Marlenee (R)▌ 1 Doug Bereuter (R)▌ 2 Hal Daub (R)▌ 3 Virginia D. Smith (R)▌ 1 Harry Reid (D)▌ 2 Barbara Vucanovich (R)▌ 1 Norman D'Amours (D)▌ 2 Judd Gregg (R)▌ 1 James Florio (D)▌ 2 William J. Hughes (D)▌ 3 James J. Howard (D)▌ 4 Chris Smith (R)▌ 5 Marge Roukema (R)▌ 6 Bernard J. Dwyer (D)▌ 7 Matthew John Rinaldo (R)▌ 8 Robert A. Roe (D)▌ 9 Robert Torricelli (D)▌ 10 Peter W. Rodino (D)▌ 11 Joseph Minish (D)▌ 12 Jim Courter (R)▌ 13 Edwin B. Forsythe (R), until March 29, 1984▌ Jim Saxton (R), from November 6, 1984▌ 14 Frank Joseph Guarini (D)▌ 1 Manuel Lujan Jr. (R)▌ 2 Joe Skeen (R)▌ 3 Bill Richardson (D)▌ 1 William Carney (C)[ e] ▌ 2 Thomas Downey (D)▌ 3 Robert J. Mrazek (D)▌ 4 Norman F. Lent (R)▌ 5 Raymond J. McGrath (R)▌ 6 Joseph P. Addabbo (D)▌ 7 Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal (D), until January 4, 1983▌ Gary Ackerman (D), from March 1, 1983▌ 8 James H. Scheuer (D)▌ 9 Geraldine Ferraro (D)▌ 10 Chuck Schumer (D)▌ 11 Edolphus Towns (D)▌ 12 Major Owens (D)▌ 13 Stephen Solarz (D)▌ 14 Guy Molinari (R)▌ 15 Bill Green (R)▌ 16 Charles Rangel (D)▌ 17 Theodore S. Weiss (D)▌ 18 Robert Garcia (D)▌ 19 Mario Biaggi (D)▌ 20 Richard Ottinger (D)▌ 21 Hamilton Fish IV (R)▌ 22 Benjamin Gilman (R)▌ 23 Samuel S. Stratton (D)▌ 24 Gerald Solomon (R)▌ 25 Sherwood Boehlert (R)▌ 26 David O'Brien Martin (R)▌ 27 George C. Wortley (R)▌ 28 Matthew F. McHugh (D)▌ 29 Frank Horton (R)▌ 30 Barber Conable (R)▌ 31 Jack Kemp (R)▌ 32 John J. LaFalce (D)▌ 33 Henry J. Nowak (D)▌ 34 Stan Lundine (D)▌ 1 Walter B. Jones Sr. (D)▌ 2 Tim Valentine (D)▌ 3 Charles Orville Whitley (D)▌ 4 Ike Franklin Andrews (D)▌ 5 Stephen L. Neal (D)▌ 6 Charles Robin Britt (D)▌ 7 Charlie Rose (D)▌ 8 Bill Hefner (D)▌ 9 James G. Martin (R)▌ 10 Jim Broyhill (R)▌ 11 James M. Clarke (D)▌ At-large Byron Dorgan (D-NPL)[ b] ▌ 1 Tom Luken (D)▌ 2 Bill Gradison (R)▌ 3 Tony P. Hall (D)▌ 4 Mike Oxley (R)▌ 5 Del Latta (R)▌ 6 Bob McEwen (R)▌ 7 Mike DeWine (R)▌ 8 Tom Kindness (R)▌ 9 Marcy Kaptur (D)▌ 10 Clarence E. Miller (R)▌ 11 Dennis E. Eckart (D)▌ 12 John Kasich (R)▌ 13 Donald J. Pease (D)▌ 14 John F. Seiberling (D)▌ 15 Chalmers Wylie (R)▌ 16 Ralph Regula (R)▌ 17 Lyle Williams (R)▌ 18 Douglas Applegate (D)▌ 19 Ed Feighan (D)▌ 20 Mary Rose Oakar (D)▌ 21 Louis Stokes (D)▌ 1 James R. Jones (D)▌ 2 Mike Synar (D)▌ 3 Wes Watkins (D)▌ 4 Dave McCurdy (D)▌ 5 Mickey Edwards (R)▌ 6 Glenn English (D)▌ 1 Les AuCoin (D)▌ 2 Bob Smith (R)▌ 3 Ron Wyden (D)▌ 4 Jim Weaver (D)▌ 5 Denny Smith (R)▌ 1 Thomas M. Foglietta (D)▌ 2 William H. Gray III (D)▌ 3 Robert A. Borski Jr. (D)▌ 4 Joseph P. Kolter (D)▌ 5 Richard T. Schulze (R)▌ 6 Gus Yatron (D)▌ 7 Robert W. Edgar (D)▌ 8 Peter H. Kostmayer (D)▌ 9 Bud Shuster (R)▌ 10 Joseph M. McDade (R)▌ 11 Frank Harrison (D)▌ 12 John Murtha (D)▌ 13 Lawrence Coughlin (R)▌ 14 William J. Coyne (D)▌ 15 Donald L. Ritter (R)▌ 16 Robert Smith Walker (R)▌ 17 George Gekas (R)▌ 18 Doug Walgren (D)▌ 19 William F. Goodling (R)▌ 20 Joseph M. Gaydos (D)▌ 21 Tom Ridge (R)▌ 22 Austin Murphy (D)▌ 23 William Clinger Jr. (R)▌ 1 Fernand St Germain (D)▌ 2 Claudine Schneider (R)▌ 1 Thomas F. Hartnett (R)▌ 2 Floyd Spence (R)▌ 3 Butler Derrick (D)▌ 4 Carroll A. Campbell Jr. (R)▌ 5 John Spratt (D)▌ 6 Robin Tallon (D)▌ At-large Tom Daschle (D)▌ 1 Jimmy Quillen (R)▌ 2 John Duncan Sr. (R)▌ 3 Marilyn Lloyd (D)▌ 4 Jim Cooper (D)▌ 5 Bill Boner (D)▌ 6 Albert Gore Jr. (D)▌ 7 Don Sundquist (R)▌ 8 Ed Jones (D)▌ 9 Harold Ford Sr. (D)▌ 1 Sam B. Hall Jr. (D)▌ 2 Charlie Wilson (D)▌ 3 Steve Bartlett (R)▌ 4 Ralph Hall (D)▌ 5 John Bryant (D)▌ 6 Phil Gramm (D), until January 5, 1983▌ Phil Gramm (R), from February 12, 1983▌ 7 Bill Archer (R)▌ 8 Jack Fields (R)▌ 9 Jack Brooks (D)▌ 10 J. J. Pickle (D)▌ 11 Marvin Leath (D)▌ 12 Jim Wright (D)▌ 13 Jack Hightower (D)▌ 14 William Neff Patman (D)▌ 15 Kika de la Garza (D)▌ 16 Ron Coleman (D)▌ 17 Charles Stenholm (D)▌ 18 Mickey Leland (D)▌ 19 Kent Hance (D)▌ 20 Henry B. González (D)▌ 21 Tom Loeffler (R)▌ 22 Ron Paul (R)▌ 23 Abraham Kazen (D)▌ 24 Martin Frost (D)▌ 25 Michael A. Andrews (D)▌ 26 Tom Vandergriff (D)▌ 27 Solomon P. Ortiz (D)▌ 1 Jim Hansen (R)▌ 2 David Daniel Marriott (R)▌ 3 Howard C. Nielson (R)▌ At-large Jim Jeffords (R)▌ 1 Herbert H. Bateman (R)▌ 2 G. William Whitehurst (R)▌ 3 Thomas J. Bliley Jr. (R)▌ 4 Norman Sisisky (D)▌ 5 Dan Daniel (D)▌ 6 Jim Olin (D)▌ 7 J. Kenneth Robinson (R)▌ 8 Stanford Parris (R)▌ 9 Rick Boucher (D)▌ 10 Frank Wolf (R)▌ 1 Joel Pritchard (R)▌ 2 Al Swift (D)▌ 3 Don Bonker (D)▌ 4 Sid Morrison (R)▌ 5 Tom Foley (D)▌ 6 Norm Dicks (D)▌ 7 Mike Lowry (D)▌ 8 Rod Chandler (R)▌ 1 Alan Mollohan (D)▌ 2 Harley O. Staggers Jr. (D)▌ 3 Bob Wise (D)▌ 4 Nick Rahall (D)▌ 1 Les Aspin (D)▌ 2 Robert Kastenmeier (D)▌ 3 Steve Gunderson (R)▌ 4 Clement J. Zablocki (D), until December 3, 1983▌ Jerry Kleczka (D), from April 3, 1984▌ 5 Jim Moody (D)▌ 6 Tom Petri (R)▌ 7 Dave Obey (D)▌ 8 Toby Roth (R)▌ 9 Jim Sensenbrenner (R)▌ At-large Dick Cheney (R)▌ American Samoa Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia (D)▌ District of Columbia Walter Fauntroy (D)▌ Guam Antonio Borja Won Pat (D)▌ Puerto Rico Baltasar Corrada del Río (PNP)▌ Virgin Islands Ron de Lugo (D)House majority leadership
House minority leadership
Changes in membership [ edit ] House of Representatives [ edit ] House changes District Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's formal installation[ f] New York's 7th Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal (D)Died January 4, 1983. Seat filled in special election. Gary Ackerman (D)March 1, 1983 Texas's 6th Phil Gramm (D)Resigned January 5, 1983, after being removed from theHouse Budget Committee for supporting PresidentRonald Reagan 's tax cuts, and then elected to fill his own vacancy. Reinstated after switched his affiliation to Republican. Phil Gramm (R)February 12, 1983 Colorado's 6th Vacant. District created in the1980 census . Member-electJack Swigert (R) died December 27, 1982, before his term started. Seat filled in special election. Daniel Schaefer (R)March 29, 1983 California's 5th Phillip Burton (D)Died April 10, 1983. Seat filled in special election. Sala Burton (D)June 21, 1983 Illinois's 1st Harold Washington (D)Resigned April 30, 1983, after being installed asMayor of Chicago . Seat filled in special election. Charles Hayes (D)August 23, 1983 Georgia's 7th Larry McDonald (D)Died September 1, 1983, onboard theKorean Air Lines Flight 007 . Seat filled in special election. George Darden (D)November 8, 1983 Wisconsin's 4th Clement J. Zablocki (D)Died December 3, 1983. Seat filled in special election. Jerry Kleczka (D)April 3, 1984 New Jersey's 13th Edwin B. Forsythe (R)Died March 29, 1984 Jim Saxton (R)November 6, 1984 Florida's 10th Andy Ireland (D)Changed party affiliation July 5, 1984 Andy Ireland (R)July 5, 1984 Kentucky's 7th Carl D. Perkins (D)Died August 3, 1984 Chris Perkins (D)November 6, 1984 Illinois's 14th Tom Corcoran (R)Resigned November 28, 1984 Vacant Not filled this term
Lists of committees and their party leaders for members of the House and Senate committees can be found through the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of this article. The directory after the pages of terms of service lists committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and, after that, House/Senate committee assignments. On the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.
House of Representatives [ edit ] House of Representatives [ edit ]
Martis, Kenneth C. (1989).The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Martis, Kenneth C. (1982).The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
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