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88 (number)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Natural number
← 8788 89 →
Cardinaleighty-eight
Ordinal88th
(eighty-eighth)
Factorization23 × 11
Divisors1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 22, 44, 88
Greek numeralΠΗ´
Roman numeralLXXXVIII,lxxxviii
Binary10110002
Ternary100213
Senary2246
Octal1308
Duodecimal7412
Hexadecimal5816

88 (eighty-eight) is thenatural number following87 and preceding89.

In mathematics

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88 is:

88 and 945 are the smallest coprimeabundant numbers, since all numbers until 945 are multiples of 2, 945 has 3, 5 and 7 as divisors, and 88 is the first abundant number that doesn't have 3, 5 or 7 as divisors.

Cultural significance

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In Chinese culture

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Further information:Chinese numerology

Number 88 symbolizes fortune and good luck in Chinese culture, since the word 8 sounds similar to the word (, which implies發財, or wealth, in Mandarin or Cantonese). The number 8 is considered to be the luckiest number in Chinese culture, and prices in Chinese supermarkets often contain many 8s. The shape of the Chinese character for 8 () implies that a person will have a great, wide future as the character starts narrow and gets wider toward the bottom. The Chinese government has been auctioning auto license plates containing many 8s for tens of thousands of dollars. The2008 Beijing Olympics opened at 8 p.m., 8 August 2008.[8]

In addition, 88 is also used to mean "bye bye (拜拜)" in Chinese-language chats, text messages, SMSs and IMs, because its pronunciation inMandarin is similar to "bye bye".[9]

In amateur radio

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Inamateur radio, 88 is used as shorthand for "love and kisses" when signing a message or ending an exchange. It is used in spoken word (radiotelephony),Morse code (radiotelegraphy), and in various digital modes. It is considered rather more intimate than "73", which means "best regards"; therefore 73 is more often used. The two may be used together. Sometimes either expression is pluralized by appending an -s.[10] These number codes originate with the92 Code adopted by Western Union in 1859.

In neo-Nazism

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Nazi graffiti with the number 88

Neo-Nazis use the number 88 as an abbreviation for theNazi saluteHeilHitler.[11] The letterH is eighth in many European Latin alphabets, whereby 88 becomesHH.[12]

Often, this number is associated with thenumber 14, e.g. 14/88, 14-88, or 1488; this number symbolizes theFourteen Words coined byDavid Lane, a prominentwhite supremacist.[13] Example uses of 88 include the song "88 Rock 'n' Roll Band" byLandser, and the organizationsColumn 88 andUnit 88.

The number is banned on Austrian license plates due to its association with "Heil Hitler [and] where H comes in the alphabet".[14] In June 2023, theItalian Football Federation (FIGC) and the Italian government announced that the number 88 would be banned from use in Italian association football, as part of a joint initiative to combat antisemitism. This followed an incident in March of that year in which aLazio supporter wore a club shirt bearing the name "Hitlerson" and the number 88, which led to the supporter receiving a lifetime ban from attending Lazio matches.[15]

In the US, former FBI assistant director of counterintelligenceFrank Figliuzzi declared in 2019 that something as innocuous as raising a flag on the White House to full staff on 8 August (i.e. 8–8) is a "messaging" problem because "the numbers 88 are very significant in neo-Nazi and white supremacy movement."[16]

In other fields

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Eighty-eight (88) could also refer to the following:

  • In theBack to the Future films, 88 miles per hour is the speed that Doctor Emmett Brown's Delorean car had to reach in order to attain time travel.
  • In music, '88s' is slang for a piano, as a standard keyboard has 88 keys.
  • In astronomy, the International Astronomical Union lists 88 named constellations.

References

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  1. ^Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.)."Sequence A033950 (Refactorable numbers)".TheOn-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  2. ^Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.)."Sequence A006036 (Primitive pseudoperfect numbers)".TheOn-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  3. ^Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.)."Sequence A005114 (Untouchable numbers)".TheOn-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  4. ^Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.)."Sequence A051868 (16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers)".TheOn-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  5. ^Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.)."Sequence A059756 (Erdős-Woods numbers)".TheOn-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  6. ^Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.)."Sequence A030984 (2-automorphic numbers)".TheOn-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  7. ^Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.)."Sequence A000787 (Strobogrammatic numbers)".TheOn-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  8. ^Dubner, Stephen (2007-07-05)."Lucky 8's in China".The New York Times. Retrieved2012-02-08.
  9. ^黎, 少銘 (2015)."香港網絡語言初探"(PDF).中國語文通訊.94. Hong Kong:3–26.
  10. ^Zook, Glen (September 28, 2011)."88". Retrieved2012-02-08.
  11. ^"Racist Skinhead Glossary | Southern Poverty Law Center". Southern Poverty Law Center. 2006. Retrieved2013-12-06.
  12. ^Natsiviittaus Ariel-pesujauhepaketissa herättää pahennusta Saksassa,YLE Uutiset 9 May 2014. Accessed on 12 May 2014.
  13. ^"88".
  14. ^"Austria bans neo-Nazi car reg codes".BBC News. 2015-07-23. Retrieved2022-04-08.
  15. ^"Italy bans players wearing No. 88 in antisemitism campaign".ESPN.com. Associated Press. 2023-06-28. Retrieved2023-07-24.
  16. ^Concha, Joe (7 August 2019)."NBC analyst: Trump re-raising US flags on Aug. 8 'very significant to the neo-Nazi movement'".The Hill. Retrieved5 August 2024.
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