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640s

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Decade

Millennia
1st millennium
Centuries
6th century 7th century 8th century
Decades
620s 630s 640s 650s 660s
Years
640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The640s decade ran from January 1, 640, to December 31, 649.

Events

February 27 –Pepin the Elder,Mayor of the Palace ofAustrasia, dies and is succeeded by his sonGrimoald. He becomes the head of theFrankish household, and the most powerful man in theFrankish Kingdom (approximate date).
KingChintila dies of natural causes after a 3-year reign, in which he permitted thebishops wide authority inHispania,Septimania andGalicia. He is succeeded by his sonTulga, who becomes ruler of theVisigothic Kingdom (approximate date).
At the request ofPorga of Croatia, one of the first dukes or princes (Croatian:knez) ofDalmatian Croatia, theByzantine emperorHeraclius sends Christianmissionaries to theCroatian Provinces (approximate date).
The French city ofLille (according to thelegend) is founded byLydéric. He kills Phinaert in a duel to avenge his parents' deaths (approximate date).

Britain

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KingEadbald of Kent dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his sons,Eorcenberht andEormenred, who jointly rule theKingdom of Kent (now south east England).
Hartlepool Abbey inNorthumbria (northern England) is founded. Wooden huts surrounding a church are built inSaxon style.

Africa

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May –Siege of Babylon Fortress: TheRashidun army lays siege toBabylon Fortress in theNile Delta (nearCairo). The next two months' fighting remain inconclusive, theByzantines having the upper hand by repulsing every Muslim assault.^[1]
July 6 –Battle of Heliopolis: TheMuslim Arab army (15,000 men) underAmr ibn al-As defeats the Byzantine forces nearHeliopolis (Egypt). Amr divides his troops into three parts, surrounding the Byzantines.
December 21 – Muslim Arabs capture Babylon after a seven-month siege; during a night assault Arab warriors open thecity gates.^[2] TheThebaid region (Upper Egypt) is annexed by theRashidun Caliphate.
December 22 – On orders of the Saracen leader, Amar, theSerapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the destruction of theLibrary of Alexandria, is burned down, along with its collection of 500,000 manuscripts.^[3] This story may be apocryphal.^[4]

Asia

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Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions

Emperor Taizong of Tang begins themilitary campaigns against the Western Regions states in theTarim Basin. GeneralHou Junji captures the kingdom ofGaochang, tosolidify Tang rule in Central Asia.
Nestorian missionaries build theDaqin Pagoda inChang'an (Shaanxi).Daqin is the name for theRoman Empire or theNear East.^[5]

By topic

[edit]

Religion

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Disibod, Irishmonk andhermit, arrives as a missionary inFrancia. He begins his religious work in theVosges andArdennes.
May 28 –Pope Severinus succeedsHonorius I as the 71stpope. He dies in Rome only two months after beingconsecrated.
December 24 –Pope John IV succeeds Severinus as the 72nd pope. Hiselection is accepted by theExarchate of Ravenna.

Economy

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A surge in atmospheric lead in ice core drilled in the Colle Gnifetti Glacier in theSwiss Alps signals an increase in silver mining because of economic recovery, after natural disasters in530s and540s.^[6]

641

This section istranscluded fromAD 641.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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February 11 – EmperorHeraclius, age 65, dies ofdropsy atConstantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lostArmenia, parts ofEgypt,Palestine,Syria and ByzantineMesopotamia to theMuslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sonsConstantine III andHeraklonas.
TheMuslim conquest of Egypt continues, with thesiege of Alexandria.
May – Constantine III, age 29, dies oftuberculosis after a four-month reign, leaving his half-brother Heraklonas sole emperor. Rumors spread that Constantine has beenpoisoned by Heraclius's second wife (and niece)Martina.
September – TheByzantine Senate turns against Martina and her son Heraklonas, who are bothmutilated, andexiled toRhodes. Supported by generalValentinus, Constantine's sonConstans II, age 10, succeeds to thethrone.
Constans II establishes a new civil-military defensive organisation, based upongeographical military districts. Byzantine forces maintain the frontier, along the line of theTaurus Mountains (SouthernTurkey).

Europe

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Aega,Mayor of the Palace andregent (alongside ofqueen mother Nanthild) ofNeustria andBurgundy, dies during the reign of KingClovis II. He is replaced byErchinoald, a relative ofDagobert I's mother.
TheLombards under KingRothari conquerGenoa (Liguria), and all remainingByzantine territories in the lowerPo Valley, includingOderzo (Opitergium).
Arechis I, duke ofBenevento (northeast ofNaples), dies after a 50-year reign and is succeeded by his sonAiulf I.

Britain

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PrinceOswiu ofBernicia conquersGododdin (or "The Old North") as far north asManau (modernScotland), on behalf of his half-brother, KingOswald (approximate date).
KingBridei II dies after a 5-year reign, and is succeeded by his brotherTalorc III as ruler of thePicts.

Africa

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November 8 –Siege of Alexandria: Muslim Arabs under'Amr ibn al-'As captureAlexandria after a six-monthsiege. Byzantine officials formally capitulate to Amr, turning the city over to Arab hands.
The city ofFustat (laterCairo) is founded inEgypt. It becomes the firstcapital of Egypt under Muslim rule.

Asia

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EmperorTaizong of theTang dynasty (China) instigates acivil war in theWestern Turkic Khaganate, by supporting Isbara Yabghu Qaghan.
November 17 – EmperorJomei ofJapan, age 48, dies after a 12-year reign.
Uija becomes the last king of the Korean kingdom ofBaekje.^[7]

642

This section istranscluded fromAD 642.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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EmperorConstans II marriesFausta.

Europe

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April 30 –Chindasuinth, aGothic warlord (already 79 years old), commences a rebellion and deposes KingTulga inToledo, Spain. He is proclaimed king by theVisigothic nobility and anointed by thebishops. Tulga istonsured and sent out to live his days in amonastery.
Radulf, aFrankish aristocrat, revolts against KingSigebert III ofAustrasia and defeats his army, taking the title ofrex or king ofThuringia.^[8]

Britain

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August 5 –Battle of Maserfield: KingPenda of Mercia defeats and kills KingOswald of Northumbria, age 38, atOswestry (West Midlands). He commands a unitedBritish andMercian force, which includes the Welsh army of KingsCadafael Cadomedd of Gwynedd andCynddylan of Pengwern. The Mercians become dominant in theEnglish Midlands.
Oswiu succeeds his half-brother Oswald as king ofBernicia. He strengthens his position by marryingEanflæd, daughter of KingEdwin of Northumbria, then in exile in theKingdom of Kent.^[9] This marriage takes place between 642 and644.

Persia

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Battle of Nahāvand: TheRashidun army (30,000 men) underSa`d ibn Abi Waqqas defeats the Persians atNahāvand (modernIran). The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounts an ill-prepared attack. TheArabs retreat to a safe area, where they outmanoeuvre and destroy the Persians in a narrow mountain valley.

Africa

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Battle of Dongola:'Amr ibn al-'As sends an Arab expedition of 20,000 horsemen, under his cousinUqba ibn Nafi, toMakuria (SouthernEgypt). The Nubians strike hard against theMuslims nearDongola withhit-and-run attacks. The Arab incursions intoNubia are temporarily halted.

Asia

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EmperorTaizong of theTang dynasty issues adecree throughout China, that increases the punishment for men who deliberately inflict injuries upon themselves (most commonly breaking their own legs) in order to avoid militaryconscription. This decree is an effort to eradicate this practice that has grown as a trend since the time of the rebellion against theSui dynasty.
Taizongsupports a revolt by Turkic tribes against the rebelliousTu-lu Qaghan of theWestern Turkic Khaganate.
EmpressKōgyoku ascends to the throne of Japan, after her husband (and uncle) EmperorJomei's death in641.
Winter –Yŏn Kaesomun seizes power overGoguryeo (Korea), and places KingBojang on the throne.

By topic

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Arts and sciences

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The earliest surviving dated Arabic-languagepapyrus (PERF 558), found inHeracleopolis (Egypt), and the earliest known Arabic text withdiacritical marks is written.

Architecture

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Arabs begin construction of theMosque of Amr atCairo, the firstmosque built in Egypt and in all of Africa.

Religion

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October 12 –Pope John IV dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by aJerusalem-borncleric of Greek descent,Theodore I, as the 73rdpope of Rome.
Amonastic settlement is founded inHampshire (England) which later becomesWinchester Cathedral.

643

This section istranscluded fromAD 643.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

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EmperorConstans II recognisesTheodore Rshtuni as ruler ofArmenia, after his successful campaign against theMuslims. He names him commander (nakharar) of the Armenian army.
Maurikios names himselfdux of Rome, and revolts against exarchIsaac (Exarchate of Ravenna). He declaresRome's independence from the Exarchate and from theByzantine Empire.

Europe

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KingRothari of theLombards issues theEdictum Rothari, which is the first codification of Lombard law (written inLatin). Theedict guarantees rights only for Lombard subjects.
DukeLeuthari II hasOtto,mayor of the palace ofAustrasia, murdered. He is succeeded byGrimoald the Elder, the eldest son ofPepin of Landen.

Britain

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KingCynegils of Wessex dies after a 32-year reign, and is succeeded by his sonCenwalh (who is stillpagan); he marries the sister of KingPenda of Mercia (approximate date).

Persia

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Peroz III, son ofYazdegerd III, the lastSassanid king ofPersia, flees to territory under the control of theTang dynasty inChina (approximate date).

Africa

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Arab–Byzantine War:Arab armies continue their military expansion intoNorth Africa and laysiege toTripoli. The city is captured after one month.
'Amr ibn al-'As sends a detachment toSabratha (modernLibya). The city puts up feeble resistance, but soon surrenders and agrees to payJizya.

Asia

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Chineseprefectural government officials travel to the capital ofChang'an, to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts. EmperorTaizong discovers that many have no proper quarters to rest in, and are renting rooms withmerchants. Therefore, Taizong orders the government agencies in charge ofmunicipal construction to build every visiting official his own privatemansion in the capital.
A Chineseembassy is sent to the NorthIndian Empire. They are invited by EmperorHarsha, who holds aBuddhist convocation at the capitalKannauj, which is attended by 20 kings and thousands ofpilgrims.^[10]
Taizong commissions artistYan Liben to paint the life-size portraits of 24 government officials in theLingyan Pavilion, to commemorate their service and contributions to the founding of the Tang dynasty.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

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Æbbe establishes amonastery atEbchester, known as Kirk Hill atSt Abb's Head nearColdingham (Scotland).

644

This section istranscluded fromAD 644.(edit |history)

By place

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Asia

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EmperorTaizong of theTang dynasty sends a Chinese expeditionary force, toinvade and annex theTarim Basin kingdom ofKarasahr inXinjiang, a vassal of theWestern Turkic Khaganate. Theoasis state is conquered, and Western Turks sent to assist Karasahr are defeated by the Tang forces.^[11]
Zenkoji, aBuddhist temple and landmark spot inNagano, Japan, is officially built byEmpress Kogyoku.^{[citation needed]}

Britain

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Oswine, son of the late kingOsric of Deira, manages to establish himself as king ofDeira (Northern England) despite armed objections from KingOswiu of Bernicia. His succession, probably the choice of the people of Deira, splits theKingdom of Northumbria.^[12]

Byzantine Empire

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Valentinus, Byzantine general, attempts to usurp thethrone of his son-in-lawConstans II. He appears at the gates ofConstantinople with a contingent of Byzantine troops, and demands to be crowned emperor. His claim is rejected, and Valentinus islynched by the populace.^[13]

Islamic Empire

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November 3 – The second caliphUmar,r. 634–644, dies of wounds inflicted by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz atMedina. On his death bed he appoints a committee to determine his successor. They selectUthman ibn Affan, who becomes the thirdcaliph of theRashidun Caliphate.

645

This section istranscluded fromAD 645.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Alexandria revolts againstArab rule, at the appearance of aByzantine fleet of 300 ships,^[14] and Byzantine forces recapture the city.Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, Arab governor ofEgypt, mounts an assault and retakes it. He begins building aMuslim fleet.

Europe

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Plato, exarch (imperial governor) ofRavenna, invades the southernPo Valley. TheLombards under KingRothari defeat him on the banks of thePanaro River (nearModena); 8,000 imperial troops are killed.

Britain

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KingCenwalh of Wessex is driven from his kingdom by his brother-in-law, KingPenda of Mercia (according toBede). He flees to the court of kingAnna of East Anglia, and isbaptised while inexile. Penda overrunsWessex.
Gwynedd and much ofWales is in the grasp offamine. Would-be kingCadwaladr Fendigaid flees toBrittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date).

Japan

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July 10 –Isshi Incident: PrinceNaka-no-Ōe andFujiwara no Kamatari assassinateSoga no Iruka, during acoup d'état at the imperial palace.
EmpressKōgyoku is forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her younger brotherKōtoku, age 49, who becomes the 36th emperor ofJapan.
Naka-no-Ōe becomescrown prince and prime minister. Supporters of the semi-legendaryregent PrinceShōtoku gain supremacy in Japan.
Kōtoku creates a new city atNaniwa, and moves the capital fromYamato Province. The capital has asea port, establishing foreigntrade anddiplomatic relations.
Emperor Kōtoku establishes theTaika Reform: a land reform based onConfucian ideas andphilosophies fromChina (approximate date)
The firstnengō, derived from theChinese system of eras (nianhao) begins with theTaika era.^[15]^{(Unclear significance. Needs more explanation as to why this belongs in the list of major events of the year)}

China

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May 1 –First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War: A Chinese expeditionary army underEmperor Taizong of Tang crosses theLiao River intoGoguryeo (one of theThree kingdoms of Korea).^[16]
July 18 – Tang forces underLi Shiji heading southeast toward theYalu River put the strategic fortress ofAnsi City (in the province ofLiaoning) undersiege.
September – Taizong is unable to capture the Ansi fortress defended by Korean generalYang Manch'un. Food supplies running low, he withdraws his forces, ending theSiege of Ansi.^[17]
October 13 – Emperor Taizong is compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo.^[18]

By topic

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Religion

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Xuanzang, ChineseBuddhist monk, returns toChina after a 16-yearpilgrimage toIndia. He is greeted with much honor by EmperorTaizong.
TheGiant Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple,Xi'an (Shanxi) is first erected during theTang dynasty (approximate date).

646

This section istranscluded fromAD 646.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

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Arab-Byzantine War:Alexandria is recaptured by theMuslim Arabs, after aByzantine attempt (see645) to retakeEgypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 years of rule byGreco-Roman states in the city.
Gregory the Patrician, Byzantineexarch of Africa, begins a rebellion againstConstans II, and proclaims himself emperor; therevolt finds broad support among the populace.

Arabian Empire

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CaliphUthman ibn Affan founds the city ofJeddah (Saudi Arabia) on the coast of theRed Sea. He establishes aport for Muslimpilgrims making the requiredHajj toMecca.

Africa

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Battle of Nikiou: TheRashidun army (15,000 men) underAmr ibn al-'As defeats a smaller Byzantine force, near the fortified town of Nikiou (Egypt).
Amr ibn al-'As buildsfortifications in Alexandria and quarters a stronggarrison in the vicinity, which twice a year is relieved fromUpper Egypt.^[14]

China

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Summer – EmperorTaizong of theTang dynasty destroys theXueyantuo state, during thecampaign against the Xueyantuo (Central Asia).

Japan

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EmperorKōtoku makes adecree about the policies of buildingtombs. He discontinues the old customs ofsacrificing people in honor of a dead man, and forbids ill-consideredrituals about purgation.
AGreat Reform edict changesJapan's political order. It will lead to the establishment of a centralized government with Kōtoku ruling from his palace,Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace, inOsaka.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

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Xuanzang completes his bookGreat Tang Records on the Western Regions, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study ofmedieval Central Asia andIndia.

647

This section istranscluded fromAD 647.(edit |history)

By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Arab–Byzantine War: AnArab army (20,000 men) underAbdullah ibn Sa'ad invades the ByzantineExarchate of Africa. It conquersTripolitania and the city ofSufetula, 150 miles (240 km) south ofCarthage.
Self-proclaimed emperorGregory the Patrician is killed during the Arab invasion at Sufetula.Africa returns to imperial allegiance after his death, but the foundation ofByzantine rule is fatally undermined.

Asia

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EmperorTaizong of theTang dynasty sends a Chinese mission to study Indian techniques ofsugar manufacturing, atBihar in theGanges Valley.^[19]
Taizong establishes a Chinesemilitary government topacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extends to theAltai Mountains in the west.
EmperorHarsha, ruler of northernIndia, dies after a 41-year reign. His kingdom disintegrates into smaller states.
Jindeok becomes queen of the Korean kingdom ofSilla after the death ofQueen Seondeok.^[20]

By topic

[edit]

Astronomy and science

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A stone towerastronomical observatory (namedCheomseongdae) atGyeongju is constructed inSilla (South Korea) around this time.

Religion

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Hilda of Whitby, age 33, is persuaded byAidan, bishop ofLindisfarne, to enter themonastic life atHartlepool Abbey (Northumbria).

648

This section istranscluded fromAD 648.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

EmperorConstans II issues an imperialedict forbiddingMonothelitism to be discussed, to quiet the intense controversy caused by the Monothelete doctrine. This edict, distributed by patriarchPaul II in Constans' name, is known as theTypos.

Europe

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KingSigebert III ofAustrasia is advised byRemaclus to establish adouble-monastery, atStavelot andMalmedy. As a missionarybishop, he founds anabbey on theRiver Amblève (modern Belgium).

Britain

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KingCenwalh of Wessex returns from a 3-year exile inEast Anglia, to reclaim his kingdom. He gives 3,000hides of land aroundAshdown to his nephewCuthred, possibly sub-king ofBerkshire (England).
Cenwahl invites bishopBirinus to establish under his direction theOld Minster inWinchester. Together they have a small stone church built.^[21]

Asia

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Tang general Ashina She'er re-establishesTang control of Karasahr, and leads amilitary campaign against theTarim Basin kingdom ofKucha inXinjiang, a vassal of theWestern Turkic Khaganate.

Americas

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In an early skirmish in the run up to theSecond Tikal–Calakmul War,Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil scores a military victory, apparently over his half-brother, who had galled him by using the sameroyal emblem (oremblem glyph) as he did.
Dos Pilas breaks away fromTikal and becomes a vassal state ofCalakmul.

By topic

[edit]

Literature

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TheBook of Jin is compiled in China during theTang dynasty. Its chief editor is the chancellorFang Xuanling, who dies in this year as well.

Religion

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Pope Theodore I excommunicates Paul II ofConstantinople.

649

This section istranscluded fromAD 649.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

Arab–Byzantine War: Arab naval forces underAbdullah ibn Saad conquerCyprus, sacking the capitalConstantia after a shortsiege, andlooting the rest of the island. The Cypriots agree to pay the samerevenue as they have done to EmperorConstans II.^[22]
Constans II ordersOlympius, exarch of theExarchate of Ravenna, to arrestPope Martin I on the ostensible grounds that the pope's election has not been submitted to the emperor for approval, but in fact because of theLateran Council of 649's condemnation ofMonothelitism and theType of Constans. Olympius attempts to gain the support of the citizens ofRome and thebishops, with little success, and perhaps considers the assassination of the Pope.

Europe

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January –Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishopBraulio of Zaragoza, confirms his sonRecceswinth as co-ruler of theVisigothic Kingdom.^[23]

Arabian Empire

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Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, governor ofSyria, develops an Arab navy in theLevant and uses it to confront theByzantine Empire in theAegean Sea. It is manned byMonophysitise Christian,Coptic andSyrian Christian sailors.

China

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January 19 – TheTang campaign against Kucha ends after the forces ofKucha surrender, following a 40-day siege led by general Ashina She'er, establishing Chinese control over the northernTarim Basin (Xinjiang).
June 16 – GeneralWang Xuance commands a combined Chinese,Nepalese, andTibetan expedition intoIndia. He ends up winning the battle and acquiring a Buddhist relic.^[24]
July 10 – EmperorTaizong dies after a 23-year reign, in which he has restored the civil administration in China. He is succeeded by his sonGaozong, age 20, who becomes ruler of theTang dynasty.

Japan

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EmperorKōtoku hasSoga no Kurayamada accused oftreason. He strangles himself at the temple ofYamada-dera. Other relatives of theSoga clan are captured and executed.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

May 14 –Pope Theodore I dies after a 7-year reign, in which he has showngenerosity to thepoor. He is succeeded on July 5 byMartin I as the 74thpope.
October 5 – TheLateran Council of 649, summoned by Theodore and carried forward by Martin, opens. It strongly condemnsMonothelitism and theType of Constans.

Significant people

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This section is empty. You can help byadding to it.(March 2016)

Births

Transcluding articles:640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648, and649

640

Al-Akhtal, Arab poet (approximate date)
Arikesari Maravarman, king of thePandyan Empire (approximate date)
Asparuh, ruler of theBulgarian Empire (approximate date)
Godeberta, Frankishabbess (approximate date)
Isonokami no Maro, Japanese statesman (d.717)
Kilian, Irishbishop (approximate date)
Luo Binwang, Chinese poet (d.684)
Musa ibn Nusayr, Arab general (d.716)
Winnoc, Welshabbot (approximate date)
Wulfhere, king ofMercia (approximate date)
Wulfram,archbishop of Sens (approximate date)

641

Asparukh, ruler (khan) of theFirst Bulgarian Empire (d.701)

642

Ceolfrith, Anglo-Saxonabbot (approximate date)
Hasan al-Basri, Arabtheologian (d.728)
Julian, archbishop ofToledo (d.690)
Máel Ruba, Irish abbot (d.722)
Mujahid ibn Jabr, Muslim scholar (or645)

643

Fazang, ChineseBuddhist patriarch (d.712)
Li Zhong, prince of theTang dynasty (d.665)

644

K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II, ruler ofPalenque
Li Jiao, chancellor of theTang dynasty (d.713)

645

Æthelred, king ofMercia (approximate date)
Ecgfrith, king ofNorthumbria (approximate date)
Jitō, empress ofJapan (d.703)
John of Damascus, Syrianchurch father (or676)
Mujahid ibn Jabr, Arabic scholar (or642)
Yazid I, MuslimCaliph (d.683)

646

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, MuslimCaliph (d.705)
Gudula, Frankish saint
Li Sujie, prince of theTang dynasty (d.690)
Sun Guoting, Chinesecalligrapher (d.691)
Tonyukuk, military leader of theGöktürks (approximate date)

647

Al-Abbas ibn Ali, Muslimmartyr (d.680)
Itzamnaaj B'alam II, ruler ofYaxchilan (d.742)

648

Kōbun, emperor of Japan (d.672)
Radbod, king ofFrisia (d.719)
Tōchi, Japanese princess (d.678)

649

Approximate date –Wang Bo, Chinesepoet (d.676)
Xue Ne, Chinese general andchancellor of the Tang dynasty (d.720)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648, and649

640

February 27 –Pepin the Elder,Mayor of the Palace
August 2 –Pope Severinus
September 12 –Sak Kʼukʼ, queen ofPalenque^[25]
Alena, Frankishmartyr (approximate date)
Aretion, Byzantine governor of Jerusalem
Arnulf of Metz, Frankish bishop andsaint
Bilal ibn Rabah, companion ofMuhammad
Chintila, king of theVisigoths (approximate date)
Dushun, (Chinese Buddhist) patriarch (b.557)
Eadbald, king ofKent (approximate date)
Eanswith, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
John, Byzantine duke ofBarca
Li Xiaogong, prince of theTang dynasty (b.591)
Romanus,bishop of Rouen (approximate date)
Tysilio, Welsh prince and bishop
Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Arab general

641

February 11 –Heraclius, Byzantine emperor
November 17 –Emperor Jomei ofJapan (b.593)
Aega,Mayor of the Palace (Neustria andBurgundy)
Arechis I, duke ofBenevento (Italy)
Bridei II, king of thePicts
EmperorConstantine III of theByzantine Empire
Mu, king ofBaekje (one of theThree Kingdoms of Korea)^[7]
Ouyang Xun,Confucian scholar andcalligrapher (b.557)
Zaynab bint Jahsh, wife ofMuhammad

642

March 21 –Cyrus of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria and governor of Egypt
August 5 or641 –Oswald, king ofNorthumbria
October 12 –Pope John IV
Emma, Anglo-Saxon queen
Eowa, king ofMercia (English Midlands)
Domnall Brecc, king ofDál Riata^[26]
Domnall mac Áedo, high king of Ireland
Flaochad,Mayor of the Palace (Burgundy)
Heraklonas, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)
Khalid ibn al-Walid, Arab general (b.592)
Mardanshah, Persian general
Nanthild, Frankish queen
Pulakeshin II, king ofChalukya (India)
Willibad, patrician (ofduke) ofBurgundy
Yeongnyu, king ofGoguryeo (Korea)
Yuwen Shiji,chancellor of theTang dynasty

643

April 29 –Hou Junji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
September 19 –Goeric,bishop of Metz
Cynegils, king ofWessex (approximate date)
Maurikios Chartoularios, Byzantine rebel leader
Otto,mayor of the palace (Austrasia)
Wei Zheng, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b.580)

644

January 17 –Sulpitius the Pious, French bishop and saint
October 10 –Paulinus,Archbishop of York^[27]
Otto,mayor of the palace (Austrasia)
Radulf, king ofThuringia (approximate date)
Trudpert, Irishmissionary (or607)
Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, assassin of Umar I
Umar I, Muslimcaliph (r. 634–644)
Valentinus, Byzantine general andusurper

645

April 26 –Richarius, Frankishhermit andmonk^[28]
July 10 –Soga no Iruka, statesman of Japan^[29]
October 21 –Zhenzhu Khan, khan ofXueyantuo
unknown dates
- Al-Khansa, Arabicpoet (b.575)
- Cen Wenben,chancellor and editor of theBook of Zhou (b.595)
- Li Chengqian, crown prince of theTang dynasty
- Soga no Emishi, statesman of Japan (b.587)
- Yan Shigu, Chineseauthor of the Tang dynasty (b.581)

646

January 17 –Sulpitius the Pious,bishop of Bourges^[30]
January 19 –Liu Ji,chancellor of the Tang dynasty
unknown dates
- Gallus, Irishmissionary (approximate date)
- Manuel, Armenian eunuch and general
- Zhang Liang, general of the Tang dynasty

647

Æthelburh of Kent, queen ofNorthumbria
Felix of Burgundy, bishop ofDunwich (or648)
Gao Shilian, chancellor of theTang dynasty (b.576)
Gregory the Patrician,Exarch of Africa
Harsha, emperor ofHarsha (India)
Li Baiyao, Chinese official andhistorian (b.564)
Seondeok, queen ofSilla (Korea)^[20]
Xiao Yu, prince of theLiang dynasty (b.574)
Yang Shidao,chancellor of the Tang dynasty

648

Fang Xuanling,chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b.579)
John III of the Sedre, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.^[31]
Ma Zhou, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b.601)
Xiao, empress of theSui dynasty

649

March –John Climacus, Syrianmonk and writer (b. c.579)
May 2 –Marutha of Tikrit, Persiantheologian andMaphrian of theSyriac Orthodox Church (b.565)
May 14 –Pope Theodore I, Jerusalem-born Greek pontiff
July 2 –Li Jing, Chinese general andchancellor of the Tang dynasty (b.571)
July 6 –Goar of Aquitaine,Catholic priest andhermit (b. c.585)
July 10 –Taizong, ChineseTang dynasty emperor (b.598)
December 3 –Birinus, French-bornBishop of Dorchester in Wessex (b. c.600)
Rogallach mac Uatach,Irish king ofConnacht (murdered)
Soga no Kurayamada,Japanese udaijin
Songtsen Gampo, founder of theTibetan Empire

References

[edit]

^Butler, Alfred,The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty years of Roman Dominion, p. 222
^Al Farooq, Umar by Muhammad Husayn Haykal, chapter nr. 21
^"Fires, Great", inThe Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) pp24
^"What happened to the Great Library at Alexandria?".World History Encyclopedia. February 2011. Retrieved2020-01-09.
^Hill, John E. (2003). "The Kingdom of Da Quin". TheWestern Regions according to the Hou Hanshu (2nd ed.). Retrieved 2008-11-30
^"Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive'". sciencemag.org Nov. 15, 2018.
^^a ^b"List of Rulers of Korea".www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved21 April 2019.
^Reuter, Timothy (1991).Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman. p. 55.ISBN 0-582-08156-4.
^Bede Book III,Chapter XV.
^Watters, Thomas. "On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India". Two volumes. 1904–1905, Royal Asiatic Society, London. One volume reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1973, pp. 343–344
^Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "T'ai-tsung (reign 626–49) the consolidator". In Twitchett, Dennis (ed.).The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 226.ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9.
^Parker, Anselm. "St. Oswin". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 28 Mar. 2013
^Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2001). "Ualentinos (#8545)".Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit: 1. Abteilung (641–867), Band 5 : Theophylaktos (# 8346) – az-Zubair (# 8675), Anonymi (# 10001–12149) (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. p. 71.ISBN 978-3-11-016675-0.
^^a ^bMuir 1898, p. 166, Chapter XXII, "Conquest of Egypt".
^Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Taika" inJapan Encyclopedia, p. 924, p. 9247, atGoogle Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum,seeDeutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
^Graff 2002, p. 197.
^Lee, Kenneth B. (1997).Korea and East Asia: "The story of a phoenix". Westport: Praeger. p. 16.ISBN 9780275958237.
^Graff 2002, p. 198.
^Kieschnick, John (2003). "The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture".Princeton University Press, p. 258.ISBN 0-691-09676-7
^^a ^b"List of Rulers of Korea".www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved21 April 2019.
^Kirby 2000, p. 45.
^Muir 1898, p. 205, Chapter XXVIII, "Caliphate of Othman".
^Paulo Alberto, ed. (2005).Corpus Christianorum, volume 114. Brepols. p. 16.
^"649 – the year China first invaded India – the Acorn".
^"The Mystery of the Red Queen of Palenque".Uncovered History. 2015-12-22. Retrieved2019-01-21.
^Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011).The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. p. 5.ISBN 978-0-19-969305-4.^{[full citation needed]}
^Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221.ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
^Alban Butler; Paul Burns (1 January 1999).Butler's Lives of the Saints: April. A&C Black. p. 187.ISBN 978-0-86012-253-1.
^The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998. p. 935.ISBN 978-0-85229-663-9.
^Charles George Herbermann (1913).The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Universal Knowledge Foundation. p. 333.
^Teule, Herman G. B. (2011)."Yuḥanon of the Sedre". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts;George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.).Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Retrieved8 July 2020.

Sources

[edit]

Bede."Book III".Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Internet History Sourcebooks Project.
Graff, David (2002).Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900. London: Routledge. pp. 197–198.ISBN 0-415-23955-9. Retrieved2016-11-03.
Kirby, D. P. (2000).The Earliest English Kings (revised ed.). Routledge.ISBN 0-415-24211-8.
Muir, William (1898).The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall, from Original Sources (3rd ed.). London: Smith, Elder.

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