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5-MeO-AMT

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(Redirected from5-MeO-aMT)
Chemical compound

Pharmaceutical compound
5-MeO-AMT
Clinical data
Other names5-MeO-AMT; 5-Methoxy-α-methyltryptamine; α,O-Dimethylserotonin; α,O-DMS; Alpha-O
Routes of
administration
Oral[1]
Drug classSerotonin receptor agonist;Serotonin5-HT2A receptoragonist;Serotonergic psychedelic;Hallucinogen
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Duration of action12–18 hours[1]
Identifiers
  • 1-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChemCID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H16N2O
Molar mass204.273 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point216 to 218 °C (421 to 424 °F)
  • N[C@@H](C)CC1=CNC(C=C2)=C1C=C2OC
  • InChI=1S/C12H16N2O/c1-8(13)5-9-7-14-12-4-3-10(15-2)6-11(9)12/h3-4,6-8,14H,5,13H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:OGNJZVNNKBZFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

5-MeO-αMT, also known as5-methoxy-α-methyltryptamine or asα,O-dimethylserotonin (α,O-DMS orAlpha-O), is apsychedelic drug of thetryptamine,α-alkyltryptamine, and5-methoxytryptamine families.[1] It is aderivative ofα-methyltryptamine (αMT) and ananalogue of5-MeO-DMT.[1] The drug is said to be the mostpotent psychedelic of the simple indolealkylamines (i.e., tryptamines).[4] It is takenorally and is used at doses of 2 to 4 mg.[4][1]

Use and effects

[edit]
5-MeO-AMT blotters.
Tabs of gelatin containing 5-MeO-AMT.

In his bookTiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved),Alexander Shulgin lists the dose range of 5-MeO-AMT as 2.5 to 4.5 mg and itsduration as 12 to 18 hours.[1] However, a wider dose range of 0.5 to 15 mg has also been reported.[5][6]

5-MeO-AMT has supposedly been sold as 4 mg tablets by the street name Alpha-O and taken as arecreational drug. Since theDEA arrests of themakers of a huge percentage of the United States'LSD in 2000, 5-MeO-AMT may have occasionally been sold under the guise of LSD in liquid,sugar cube, orblotter form, though this may be due to DEA reports of finding it on sugar cubes and blotters like LSD.[7][8]

Shulgin has described the effects of 5-MeO-AMT inTiHKAL.[1]

Overdose

[edit]

If misrepresented as LSD, 5-MeO-AMT can be extremely dangerous; users may take a number of "hits" of 5-MeO-AMT, assuming that it is LSD. Unlike LSD, which is very safe in overdose, 5-MeO-AMT can be very harmful or fatal. Particularly sensitive individuals can experience symptoms of overdose at dosages in the normal (for most users) range — as low as 20 mg. This has led to at least a few hospitalizations and possibly more than one death.[9][10] It is likely that the overdose potential of the compound is due to itssympathomimetic effects, as the side effects noted in overdose cases includecardiac arrhythmia andseizure. It also seems that oral consumption is safer thaninsufflation.[citation needed]

Gloria Discerni, 18, died after overdosing on a drug initially believed to be LSD. Authorities learned months later that the drug wasn't LSD but a "designer drug" identified as 5-MeO-AMT.[11]

Interactions

[edit]
See also:Psychedelic drug § Interactions, andTrip killer § Serotonergic psychedelic antidotes

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
5-MeO-AMT activities
TargetAffinity (Ki, nM)
5-HT1A46–194 (Ki)
680 (EC50Tooltip Half-maximal effective concentration)
101% (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy)
5-HT1B417 (rat)
5-HT2A3.1–34 (Ki)
2–8.4 (EC50)
84% (
Emax)
5-HT2B4 (EC50)
5-HT2C90
α1A>12,000
α2A11,000
D1>25,000
D2>25,000
D3>25,000
H1>25,000
TAAR11,100 (Ki) (rat)
4,800 (Ki) (mouse)
>10,000 (EC50) (human)
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter8,270–12,000 (Ki)
1,980–17,000 (IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration)
460 (EC50)
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter>22,000 (Ki)
37,000–78,000 (IC50)
8,900 (
EC50)
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter>26,000 (Ki)
2,690–43,000 (IC50)
1,500 (
EC50)
MAO-ATooltip Monoamine oxidase A31,000 (IC50)
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. All proteins are human unless otherwise specified.Refs:[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

5-MeO-AMT acts as anon-selectiveserotonin receptor agonist, including of theserotonin5-HT1A,5-HT2A, and5-HT2B receptors, among others.[14][13] ItsEC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor has been found to be 2 to 8.4 nM.[14][13] In relation to this, it is an extremelypotent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptorin vitro, showing the highest potency of any other tryptamine assessed in one study.[13] Its potency in activating the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor was 38-fold higher than that ofdimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 361-fold higher than that ofpsilocin in the same study.[13] It is also a highly potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor, with anEC50 of 4 nM.[13]

Whereastryptamine,serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), and αMT show potent activity asmonoamine releasing agents, including ofserotonin,norepinephrine, and/ordopamine, the monoamine-releasing activity of 5-methoxylated tryptamine derivatives, like5-methoxytryptamine,5-MeO-NMT, and5-MeO-DMT among others, is dramatically reduced or abolished.[19][20][21][15][14] Accordingly, whereas theEC50 values of αMT for induction of monoamine release are 22 to 68 nM for serotonin, 79 to 112 nM for norepinephrine, and 79 to 180 nM for dopamine, theEC50 values in the case of 5-MeO-AMT are 460 nM for serotonin, 8,900 nM for norepinephrine, and 1,500 nM for dopamine.[15][20][13] Similarly, it is of very low potency as amonoamine reuptake inhibitor (IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration values >1,000 nM).[15][13] Considering the very high potency of 5-MeO-AMT in activating the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, its weak activities as a monoamine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor are of questionable significance.[15][20][13][14]

5-MeO-AMT is a weakmonoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)inhibitor, with anIC50 of 31,000 nM.[22][17] For comparison, theIC50 of AMT for MAO-A inhibition was 380 nM (~82-fold more potent than 5-MeO-AMT)[22][17] and theIC50 values ofamphetamine (and itsenantiomers) for MAO-A inhibition have been reported to be 11,000 to 70,000 nM.[22]

5-MeO-AMT produces thehead-twitch response, a behavioral proxy ofpsychedelic effects, in rodents, and this is reversed by the serotonin 5-HT2A receptorantagonistketanserin.[23][6][24] It substitutes for other psychedelics such asDOM andLSD in animaldrug discrimination tests, but does not substitute forentactogens likeMDMA orpsychostimulants likedextromethamphetamine orcocaine.[25][14] In contrast to other psychedelics, 5-MeO-AMT has been found to not fully substitute for other psychedelics including DOM, LSD, anddimethyltryptamine (DMT), but did partially generalize to LSD (67% responding).[14] This is analogous to findings with5-MeO-DMT, which has a major serotonin 5-HT2A receptor-mediated component to its discriminative stimulus properties.[26][27][28] 5-MeO-AMT does not producelocomotor hyperactivity,behavioral sensitization,conditioned place preference, orself-administration, further indicating a lack of psychostimulant-like effects as well asmisuse potential.[14][23] Instead, 5-MeO-AMT produceshypolocomotion.[14] 5-MeO-AMT is known to producesympathomimetic effects, but these effects likely depend on serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation rather than on monoamine release or reuptake inhibition.[13] Other serotonergic psychedelics are also well known to produce sympathomimetic effects.[29][30][31]

Chemistry

[edit]

5-MeO-AMT, also known as 5-methoxy-α-methyltryptamine, is asubstituted tryptaminederivative. It is a derivative oftryptamine (T),5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-T or 5-MT), andα-methyltryptamine (AMT or αMT) and is ananalogue of other tryptamines likeα-methylserotonin (5-HO-AMT) and5-MeO-DMT. Some derivatives of 5-MeO-AMT includeα,N-dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-α-Me-NMT or α,N,O-TMS) andα,N,N-trimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-α-Me-DMT or α,N,N,O-TMS). As noted byAlexander Shulgin, the α-methylatedtryptamines can be seen at as the tryptamine homologues of theamphetamines (α-methylated phenethylamines).

Properties

[edit]

5-MeO-AMT issoluble inwater andethanol but not inether.[32]

Synthesis

[edit]

Thechemical synthesis of 5-MeO-AMT has been described.[1]

History

[edit]

5-MeO-AMT was firstsynthesized and described in thescientific literature in 1958.[33][32][34] Its psychedelic effects in humans were first observed in 1976 and were described byAlexander Shulgin andDavid E. Nichols and colleagues by 1978.[33][32][35]

Society and culture

[edit]

Legal status

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

5-MeO-AMT is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under thePoisons Standard (October 2015).[36] A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.[36]

Finland

[edit]

5-MeO-AMT is scheduled in the "government decree on psychoactive substances banned from the consumer market".[37]

Sweden

[edit]

Sveriges riksdags health ministryStatens folkhälsoinstitut classified 5-MeO-αMT as "health hazard" under the actLagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (translatedAct on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health) as of Oct 1, 2004, in their regulation SFS 2004:696 listed as 5-metoxi-alfametyltryptamin (5-MeO-AMT), making it illegal to sell or possess.[38]

United Kingdom

[edit]

5-MeO-αMT was made illegal in the United Kingdom as of 7 January 2015, along with 5-MeO-DALT. This was following the events of 10 June 2014 when the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs recommended that 5-MeO-αMT be scheduled as a class A drug by updating the blanket ban clause on tryptamines.

United States

[edit]

5-MeO-AMT is unscheduled at the federal level in theUnited States.[39] However, the DEA considers the chemical a controlled substance analogue.[2] The agency's opinion on this matter may change at any time.

Florida
[edit]

5-MeO-AMT is aSchedule I controlled substance in the state ofFlorida, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess.[40]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghShulgin A,Shulgin A (September 1997).TiHKAL: The Continuation.Berkeley, California:Transform Press.ISBN 0-9630096-9-9.OCLC 38503252.
  2. ^ab"5-MeO-AMT; Fast Facts".National Drug Intelligence Center. January 1, 2006.Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. RetrievedJuly 5, 2023.
  3. ^Anvisa (2023-07-24)."RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25).Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved2023-08-27.
  4. ^abVangveravong S (1994)."Synthesis of trans-2-(indol-3-yl)cyclopropylamines: Rigid tryptamine analogues".ProQuest.ProQuest 304131663. Retrieved22 March 2025.Figure 5. Rigid Serotonin Receptor Ligands [...]
  5. ^Luethi D, Liechti ME (October 2018)."Monoamine Transporter and Receptor Interaction Profiles in Vitro Predict Reported Human Doses of Novel Psychoactive Stimulants and Psychedelics".Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.21 (10):926–931.doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyy047.PMC 6165951.PMID 29850881.
  6. ^abHalberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, Wallach J, Brandt SD (May 2020)."Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species"(PDF).Neuropharmacology.167 107933.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933.PMC 9191653.PMID 31917152.Table 4 Human potency data for selected hallucinogens. [...]
  7. ^Zimmerman MM (January–June 2003)."The Identification of 5-Methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT)".Microgram Journal.1.Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived fromthe original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved2011-09-16.
  8. ^"Police Reports of 5-MeO-AMT".Erowid Vault.
  9. ^"Reported LSD-Related death was not LSD".Erowid Vault. July 2007.
  10. ^"5-MeO-AMT Hospitalizations & Possible Deaths".Erowid Vault. January 2007.
  11. ^Brodwater T (13 December 2006)."Charges dropped in drug death".The Spokesman-Review.
  12. ^Liu T (1988)."BindingDB BDBM50227458 CHEMBL2093088".Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.31 (7):1406–1412.doi:10.1021/jm00402a026.PMID 3385733. Retrieved29 November 2024.
  13. ^abcdefghijRickli A, Moning OD, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (August 2016)."Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens"(PDF).European Neuropsychopharmacology.26 (8):1327–1337.doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001.PMID 27216487.S2CID 6685927.
  14. ^abcdefghiGatch MB, Forster MJ, Janowsky A, Eshleman AJ (July 2011)."Abuse liability profile of three substituted tryptamines".J Pharmacol Exp Ther.338 (1):280–289.doi:10.1124/jpet.111.179705.PMC 3126641.PMID 21474568.
  15. ^abcdeNagai F, Nonaka R, Satoh Hisashi Kamimura K (March 2007). "The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain".European Journal of Pharmacology.559 (2–3):132–137.doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.075.PMID 17223101.
  16. ^Wang S, Zhu A, Paudel S, Jang CG, Lee YS, Kim KM (March 2023)."Structure-Activity Relationship and Evaluation of Phenethylamine and Tryptamine Derivatives for Affinity towards 5-Hydroxytryptamine Type 2A Receptor".Biomol Ther (Seoul).31 (2):176–182.doi:10.4062/biomolther.2022.096.PMC 9970836.PMID 36224112.
  17. ^abcWagmann L, Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Maurer HH, Meyer MR (April 2017)."In vitro monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of alpha-methyltryptamine analog new psychoactive substances for assessing possible toxic risks"(PDF).Toxicol Lett.272:84–93.doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.007.PMID 28302559.
  18. ^Simmler LD, Buchy D, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (April 2016)."In Vitro Characterization of Psychoactive Substances at Rat, Mouse, and Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1"(PDF).J Pharmacol Exp Ther.357 (1):134–144.doi:10.1124/jpet.115.229765.PMID 26791601. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 May 2025.
  19. ^Blough BE, Landavazo A, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB (October 2014)."Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes".Psychopharmacology (Berl).231 (21):4135–4144.doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7.PMC 4194234.PMID 24800892.
  20. ^abcBlough BE, Landavazo A, Partilla JS, Decker AM, Page KM, Baumann MH, et al. (October 2014)."Alpha-ethyltryptamines as dual dopamine-serotonin releasers".Bioorg Med Chem Lett.24 (19):4754–4758.doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.062.PMC 4211607.PMID 25193229.
  21. ^Rothman RB, Baumann MH (2006). "Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates".Curr Top Med Chem.6 (17):1845–1859.doi:10.2174/156802606778249766.PMID 17017961.
  22. ^abcReyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Cassels BK (2019)."Amphetamine Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors".Front Pharmacol.10 1590.doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01590.PMC 6989591.PMID 32038257.
  23. ^abAbiero A, Botanas CJ, Sayson LV, Custodio RJ, de la Peña JB, Kim M, et al. (February 2019). "5-Methoxy-α-methyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT), a tryptamine derivative, induces head-twitch responses in mice through the activation of serotonin receptor 2a in the prefrontal cortex".Behav Brain Res.359:828–835.doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.020.PMID 30053461.
  24. ^May JA, Dantanarayana AP, Zinke PW, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA (January 2006). "1-((S)-2-aminopropyl)-1H-indazol-6-ol: a potent peripherally acting 5-HT2 receptor agonist with ocular hypotensive activity".J Med Chem.49 (1):318–328.doi:10.1021/jm050663x.PMID 16392816.
  25. ^Glennon RA, Jacyno JM, Young R (April 1983). "A comparison of the behavioral properties of (+/-)-, (-)-, and (+)-5-methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine".Biol Psychiatry.18 (4):493–498.PMID 6860723.
  26. ^Ermakova AO, Dunbar F, Rucker J, Johnson MW (March 2022)."A narrative synthesis of research with 5-MeO-DMT".J Psychopharmacol.36 (3):273–294.doi:10.1177/02698811211050543.PMC 8902691.PMID 34666554.
  27. ^Shen HW, Jiang XL, Winter JC, Yu AM (October 2010)."Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions".Curr Drug Metab.11 (8):659–666.doi:10.2174/138920010794233495.PMC 3028383.PMID 20942780.
  28. ^Winter JC, Filipink RA, Timineri D, Helsley SE, Rabin RA (January 2000). "The paradox of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: an indoleamine hallucinogen that induces stimulus control via 5-HT1A receptors".Pharmacol Biochem Behav.65 (1):75–82.doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00178-1.PMID 10638639.
  29. ^Wsół A (December 2023)."Cardiovascular safety of psychedelic medicine: current status and future directions".Pharmacol Rep.75 (6):1362–1380.doi:10.1007/s43440-023-00539-4.PMC 10661823.PMID 37874530.
  30. ^Neumann J, Dhein S, Kirchhefer U, Hofmann B, Gergs U (2024)."Effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the human heart".Front Pharmacol.15 1334218.doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1334218.PMC 10869618.PMID 38370480.
  31. ^Ley L, Holze F, Arikci D, Becker AM, Straumann I, Klaiber A, et al. (October 2023)."Comparative acute effects of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy participants".Neuropsychopharmacology.48 (11):1659–1667.doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01607-2.PMC 10517157.PMID 37231080.
  32. ^abcShulgin AT (1979)."Profiles of Psychedelic Drugs: α-O-DMS".Journal of Psychedelic Drugs.11 (3): 247.doi:10.1080/02791072.1979.10472112.ISSN 0022-393X.
  33. ^abShulgin AT, Nichols DE (1978)."Characterization of Three New Psychotomimetics".The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens. Elsevier. pp. 74–83.doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021938-7.50010-2.ISBN 978-0-08-021938-7.
  34. ^Pietra S, Tacconi G (1958). "Derivati indolici. III. Preparazione di alpha-alchil e alpha-ariltriptamine" [Indole derivatives. III. The preparation of alpha-alkyl and of alpha-aryltryptamines].Farmaco Sci (in Italian).13 (12):893–910.PMID 13619730.
  35. ^Kantor RE, Dudlettes SD, Shulgin AT (April 1980)."5-Methoxy-α-Methyltryptamine (α,O-Dimethylserotonin), A Hallucinogenic Homolog of Serotonin".Biol Psychiatry.15 (2):349–352.PMID 7417623.
  36. ^ab"Poisons Standard".Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. October 2015.
  37. ^"Valtioneuvoston asetus kuluttajamarkkinoilta kielletyistä psykoaktiivisista aineista | 1130/2014 | Lainsäädäntö | Finlex".
  38. ^"Förordning om ändring i förordningen (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor" [Ordinance amending the ordinance (1999: 58) on the prohibition of certain dangerous goods;](PDF).Swedish Code of Statutes (in Swedish). 19 August 2004. SFS 2004:696.
  39. ^"§1308.11 Schedule I."Diversion Control Division. Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. Archived fromthe original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved2014-12-17.
  40. ^"Chapter 893 - Drug Abuse Prevention and Control".Florida Statutes.

External links

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