 Final logo as 4Kids Entertainment, used from 2005 to 2012 | |
| Formerly | Leisure Concepts (1970–95) 4Kids Entertainment (1995–2012) 4Licensing Corporation (2012–17) |
|---|---|
| Company type | Public |
| NYSE: KDE OTCBB: KIDE OTCQB: FOUR | |
| Industry | Licensing |
| Genre | Anime |
| Founded | April 28, 1970; 55 years ago (1970-04-28) (as Leisure Concepts, Inc.) |
| Founders | Mike Germakian Stan Weston |
| Defunct | February 7, 2017; 8 years ago (2017-02-07) |
| Fate | Closed |
| Successor | Konami Cross Media NY Kidtagious Entertainment |
| Headquarters | , U.S. |
Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Fox Box/4Kids TV The CW4Kids/Toonzai |
Number of employees | 16 (2013) |
| Subsidiaries | 4Kids Entertainment International Limited 4Kids Entertainment Licensing, Inc. 4Kids Entertainment Home Video, Inc. 4Kids Productions, Inc. 4Kids Ad Sales, Inc. The Summit Media Group, Inc. 4Kids Technology, Inc. Websites 4 Kids, Inc. 4Kids Entertainment Music, Inc. |
| Website | https://www.4kidsentertainmentinc.com/ |
| Footnotes / references [1][2] | |
4Kids Entertainment, Inc. (formerly known asLeisure Concepts, Inc. and later known as4Licensing Corporation; stylized as4K!DS ENTERTAINMENT) was an Americanlicensing company. The company was previously also a film and television production company that produced English-dubbed Japaneseanime through its subsidiary4Kids Productions between 1992 and 2012; it specialized in the acquisition, production and licensing of children's entertainment around the United States. The first anime that4Kids Productions dubbed was the first eight seasons ofPokémon that originally began airing infirst run syndication, and then it later moved to exclusively air onKids' WB! in the United States. The company is most well-known for its range of television licenses, which has included the multibillion-dollarPokémon andYu-Gi-Oh! Japanese anime franchises. They also ran two program blocks:Toonzai (originally The CW4Kids) onThe CW, and4Kids TV (originally FoxBox) onFox, both aimed at children.[3] The 4KidsTV block ended on December 27, 2008, while its Toonzai block ended on August 18, 2012, which was replaced bySaban'sVortexx, which in itself was succeeded by theOne Magnificent Morning block by Litton Entertainment (now known asHearst Media Production Group) in 2014.
4Licensing Corporation had its world headquarters onThird Avenue inNew York City, its former subsidiary,4Kids Productions, had its headquarters in a separate building in Manhattan. TheNew York Stock Exchange delisted 4Kids (NYSE:KDE) on June 1, 2010. On April 6, 2011, it filed forChapter 11 bankruptcy protection following a lawsuit concerning theYu-Gi-Oh! franchise. On December 13, 2012, the company announced that it had emerged from bankruptcy.[4] On September 21, 2016, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection once again and shut down operations one year later.[5] 4Kids' former CEO,Alfred R. Kahn, founded a successor company called Kidtagious Entertainment in 2019.[6][7]
Leisure Concepts was co-founded on April 28, 1970,[8][9] by Mike Germakian (later who would be known as one of the creators ofThunderCats) andStan Weston (the creator ofG.I. Joe andCaptain Action),[10][11] as an independent licensing agency inNew York City. Mike Germakian was the secretary of LCI, while Stan Weston was initially the President and later the Chairman of Leisure Concepts.[9][12][13] Weston was also theTreasurer of the company.[14]
In the beginning, the company pitched toy and cartoon ideas to various companies, as well as formed partnerships with companies such asRankin/Bass, among others.[12]
LCI began making news in the 1980s through licensing actual people, a variety of products, and even concepts. The company also had a growing number of deals with television producers and toy manufacturers. Among the company's licenses at the time wereFarrah Fawcett of Charlie's Angels fame,Charlie Chan,James Bond 007, a wide array of Nintendo characters and products,the Hulk,Buck Rogers in the 25th Century TV Series[15] and many others.[16]
LCI is credited in its assistance in the initial development of the "ThunderCats" concept and acted on behalf ofLorimar-Telepictures Corp as an exclusive worldwide licensing agent for products based on "Thundercats",[17][18][19][20] an agreement that was signed between the two parties on June 15, 1984.[21]
During the mid-1980s,Ted Wolf came up with the idea of a race of catlike humanoid superheroes. He shared his vision with his friend Stan Weston, who in turn, through LCI, pitched it toRankin/Bass Animated Entertainment. BothArthur Rankin Jr andJules Bass were impressed with the idea and the potential that it had of becoming an instant success. They approved of it and "ThunderCats" went into production.
During the early development stage, Mike Germakian designed much of the ThunderCats' characters, vehicles and locations. He was also responsible for creating the now iconic ThunderCats logo, featuring a stylized black panther head on a red circle. Germakian's designs were then sent to Pacific Animation Corporation in Japan to be adapted into cartoon format. After completing work on ThunderCats, Germakian went on to design characters forSilverHawks andThe Comic Strip, both Rankin/Bass shows.
In July 1987,Alfred Kahn, former Executive Vice President of Marketing[22] atColeco, who was credited for bringing theCabbage Patch Kids to the Mainstream, joined the company as vice chairman and a member of the board of directors.[23]
On December 17, 1987,[23] LCI signed a licensing deal withNintendo of America, Inc. to market the software products that went along with its increasingly popular gaming systems. Nintendo had already introducedThe Legend of Zelda for its home video game system, a software product that went on to sell more than one million copies during the year.[16] Some time in 1986, the company also signed a licensing deal to marketStar Wars.[24]
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In the early 1990s, LCI expanded its operations and began television production in 1992. This would include English-dubbing Japaneseanime through its subsidiary4Kids Productions, which the company would be mostly known for.
In 1987,Bobby Kotick (former President and CEO ofActivision Blizzard) tried to acquireCommodore International. When Kotick was unsuccessful, he instead purchased a controlling stake in LCI, thus also becoming LCI's CEO and chairman in June 1990.[25][26] Kotick later traded out of his stake in LCI and bought a 25% stake inActivision in December 1990. In March 1991, Kotick became CEO atActivision.[27]
The company did $6 million in sales in 1989 and employed 14 people by 1990.[28]
On March 12, 1991, LCI appointedAlfred Kahn as its chairman and CEO.[23]
In 1992, two subsidiaries were established by the company:The Summit Media Group, Inc. and4Kids Productions.[16]
The company changed its name from Leisure Concepts Inc. to 4Kids Entertainment Inc. on November 16, 1995.[23] Although the company changed its name, "Leisure Concepts" still operated as a separate subsidiary of the company,[23] meaning the company may have decided to use the "Leisure Concepts" name for branding purposes.
By 1999, 4Kids Entertainment employed 50 people.[29]
The new century found 4Kids Entertainment Inc., switching from theNASDAQ market and joining the New York Stock Exchange on September 20, 2000.[16][30][31] The firm's new ticker symbol was KDE, and the company was riding high during the continuing success ofPokémon when it earned Fortune's top slot on its 100 Fastest Growing Companies for 2000.[32][33][34] The company was also listed on the Frankfurt Exchange earlier in the year.[35]
In February 2000, the company announced the production of two original properties, entitledThe Adventures of Flamehead[36] (which would never come into fruition) andCubix.[37] They also secured the licensing rights outside Japan to Sony Creative Products'Tama & Friends, its second anime property.[38] On April 5, 4Kids andMattel signed a licensing agreement to createHot Wheels die-cast cars and racing sets featuring the PACE Motor Sports line of monster trucks. The license included rights to the monster truckGrave Digger, and a new line ofWorld Championship Wrestling vehicles designed after their star wrestlers such asGoldberg,Sting andBret Hart. The PACE Motor Sports and World Championship Wrestling line of Hot Wheels vehicles have been available nationally at mass-market retailers beginning in the summer of that year.[39]
In 2001, 4Kids Entertainment obtained the merchandising and television rights to the seriesYu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters[40] from Nihon Ad Systems, producing an English-language version which aired in North America on Kids' WB from September 29, 2001, to June 10, 2006.
On October 10, 2001, 4Kids announced a new five-year agreement with their long-term partnerNintendo of America where they would secure exclusive merchandising rights to Nintendo properties outside Japan, as well as theRight of first refusal for media rights to any Nintendo property. This deal replaced their previous long-term deal dating back to the 1980s, and would be separate from its existingPokémon agreement throughPokémon USA, Inc.,[41] itself being renewed by 4Kids for the same period, of which they acquired a 3% stake in its parentThe Pokémon Company in a move to benefit indirectly from Pokémon's success inAsia, and from worldwide sales of Pokémon electronic cards and video games.[42][43]
In late January 2002, after engaging in a bidding war withDIC Entertainment, 4Kids Entertainment signed a four-year, US$100 million deal with theFox Broadcasting Company to program its Saturday morning lineup.[44] 4Kids Entertainment was wholly responsible for the content of the block and collected all advertising revenues from it.[45] In May 2002, 4Kids Entertainment launched a home video division called 4Kids Entertainment Home Video and appointedFUNimation Productions as the exclusive distributor for theirYu-Gi-Oh!,Cubix,Cabbage Patch Kids andTama and Friends properties.[46] By 2002, 4Kids got $140 million inPokémon revenue.[47][48] 4Kids' new Saturday-Morning cartoon block on Fox premiered on September 14, 2002, as "FoxBox".[49] FoxBox rebranded to "4Kids TV" in January 2005.[50]
On October 10, 2005, 4Kids Entertainment sold its 3% stake in The Pokémon Company for US$960,000, to the three parties owning the rights to Pokémon (Nintendo,Creatures andGame Freak).[51]
On December 23, 2005, the company announced that it would not renew the Pokémon representation agreement that was set to expire on December 31, 2005. And that beginning in 2006, Pokémon USA, Inc.'s in-house licensing group would handle all Pokémon licensing outside of Asia. However, the company would continue to receive commissions for the next several years, on payments made under existing Pokémon license agreements whose term expired after December 31, 2005.[52][53]
On January 17, 2006, 4Kids andMicrosoft signed a deal to license children's video games exclusively for theXbox 360 gaming system, in an effort to put more child-oriented games on the system, whose gaming library was at the time dominated by games targeted toward the 12-and-up market.[54] One of the first titles announced wasViva Piñata which would be developed byRare. On June 10, 2006, 4Kids licensed the sequel series to Yu-Gi-Oh,Yu-Gi-Oh GX, for release in North America.[55]
On April 18, 2006, 4Kids launched a new subsidiary entitled 4Sight Licensing Solutions Inc.,[56] which licenses and markets brands aimed at adults, teenagers and pre-teens. "We have built an impressive roster of captivating and successful children's entertainment properties," saidAlfred Kahn.[56] "Given the increased number of brands that we are representing that focus on an older audience, we felt it would be beneficial to organize a new subsidiary primarily devoted to the marketing and licensing of these brands. We believe that we can successfully utilize our marketing and licensing expertise to build brand value for properties targeting an older consumer that are not necessarily media or character driven."[56]
On December 11, 2006, 4Kids Entertainment announced the formation of two subsidiaries, TC Digital Games, LLC, a trading card company, and TC Websites, LLC, an online multi-platform game company. "The formation of TC Digital Games and TC Websites represent a significant enhancement of our business strategy," said Alfred R. Kahn, chairman and CEO of 4Kids Entertainment.[57] TC Digital Games LLC and TC Websites LLC were shut down in 2010, due to continued lack of profitability.
On October 2, 2007,Warner Bros. andCBS announced that theKids' WB programming block on their co-owned network,The CW, would be ending in 2008, and no longer be marketed and produced in-house, due to factors including cable competition. Rights for the five-hour Saturday morning block were bought by 4Kids, and they began to program the time with their own programming (mixed in with three former Kids' WB originals) in September 2008.[58] Because of this additional deal, 4Kids provided programming for both The CW andFox in the 2008–09 season giving 4Kids nine hours of combined children's programming on two broadcast networks, as 4KidsTV ran until December 27, 2008. The new block,The CW4Kids, started May 24, 2008. The CW4Kids was renamed toToonzai starting on August 14, 2010, featuringMagical DoReMi,Cubix: Robots for Everyone,Dinosaur King,Yu-Gi-Oh!,Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's,Sonic X andDragon Ball Z Kai. Even though4Kids TV was discontinued as it was online only, this programming block continued to use the CW4Kids name, to reflect to the network it airs on. 4Kids also indicated that it retainedYu-Gi-Oh! andSonic X in its lineup. In addition to that, Toonzai also airedDragon Ball Z Kai. The Toonzai block ended on August 18, 2012. A week later, the block was replaced byVortexx, which ran as a final Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW from August 25, 2012, to September 27, 2014, before being replaced byOne Magnificent Morning on October 4, 2014.
On November 10, 2008, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it would exit its contract with Fox and terminate its Fox programming block by the end of 2008.[59][60] The final broadcast of 4Kids TV on Fox was on December 27, 2008.[61]
On December 17, 2008, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it was laying off about 15% of its workforce due to the2008 financial crisis.[62]
On May 28, 2010, the company announced that New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) trading in its common stock would be suspended prior to the opening of trading on Tuesday, June 1, 2010, thus effectively delisting the company from theNew York Stock Exchange. Beginning June 1, 2010, the company began trading under the new stock symbol "KIDE" on the OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB) market.[63]
On January 11, 2011, the company announced thatAlfred Kahn, the CEO and Chairman of the Company since March 1991, had left the company. Michael Goldstein, a member of the company's Board of Directors since March 2003, was appointed interim chairman, while the company was conducting a search for a new CEO.[64]
On March 29, 2011,TV Tokyo andNihon Ad Systems (NAS) sued 4Kids Entertainment, alleging that the company entered into illegal agreements with other companies, includingFunimation Entertainment andMajesco Entertainment, regarding theYu-Gi-Oh! anime franchise. TV Tokyo claimed that those agreements allowed 4Kids to collect royalties without paying a portion of those royalties to TV Tokyo, which violates their original agreement. The companies are seeking almost $5 million in "underpayments, wrongful deductions, and unmet obligations." As part of the suit, the companies terminated theYu-Gi-Oh! license from 4Kids. Neither Funimation nor Majesco are listed as defendants in the case.[65]
4Kids Entertainment informed the licensors on March 27, 2011, that their termination letter was "wrongful and devoid of any factual and legal basis," and that they had not given 4Kids 10 days' notice as required. 4Kids further revealed that they had made a good-faith payment of $1 million and agreed to a March 18 meeting in lieu of a lawsuit, which TV Tokyo and NAS nevertheless decided to go ahead with. The company also stated that even if the termination is found to be valid, the company is prepared to do whatever it takes to stay in business. 4Kids filed forChapter 11 bankruptcy protection as of April 6, 2011.[66][67] 4Kids requested that the court suspend co-licensorAsatsu DK's attempts to exercise control of theYu-Gi-Oh! franchise in the United States, particularly in terms of selling the rights to the latest anime series,Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, which was due to be pitched at the Licensing International Expo on June 14.[68][69] However, on June 2, 2011, bankruptcy judge Shelley Chapman issued acourt order on TV Tokyo and NAS for an automatic stay on the U.S.Yu-Gi-Oh! license and said that the trial will proceed in two phases. The first phase is whether the contractual termination was valid, and the second is how much money 4Kids would owe the companies. The first phase of the trial began on August 29, 2011.[70]
On October 27, 2011, 4Kids and the executives of former financial companyLehman Brothers reached a deal, after Lehman had improperly invested most of 4Kids funds inauction rate securities. 4Kids received $500,000 from the deal.[71] Chapman later ruled that theYu-Gi-Oh! license is still in effect due to TV Tokyo, NAS and ADK not terminating the agreement properly.[72] On February 29, 2012, there was an amicable settlement of the lawsuit between 4Kids Entertainment and Asatsu-DK (ADK) and TV Tokyo over the license of the Yu-Gi-Oh! property.[73]
On May 1, 2012, Kidsco Media Ventures LLC, an affiliate ofSaban Capital Group, placed a bid to acquire some of 4Kids' assets, including the US rights to theYu-Gi-Oh! franchise andThe CW4Kids block, for $10 million.[74] On June 5, 2012, 4Kids commenced an auction between Kidsco and 4K Acquisition which was then adjourned so 4Kids, Kidsco, and 4K Acquisition could consider an alternative transaction.[75][76][77] On June 15, 2012, 4Kids filed a notice outlining a proposed deal in which its assets would be divided between Kidsco and 4K Acquisition which was finalized on June 26, 2012. The deal saw 4K Acquisition acquire the US rights to theYu-Gi-Oh! franchise and KidsCo acquire 4Kids' other assets including the agreements forDragon Ball Z,Sonic X,Cubix and The CW Network's Toonzai Saturday morning programming block.[78][79]
On August 14, 2012, it was announced through a quarterly report that 4Kids Entertainment had discontinued operations of four operating divisions: 4Kids Ad Sales Inc.,4Kids Productions Inc., 4Kids Entertainment Music Inc., and 4Kids Entertainment Home Video, Inc. due to their continued lack of profitability. On September 13, 2012, it was revealed through a quarterly report that on August 16, 2012, the Board of Directors of 4Kids Entertainment determined to discontinue the operations of its UK subsidiary, 4Kids Entertainment International Ltd., which became effective on September 30, 2012.[80] On December 5, 2012, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it had ended a dispute (over the so-calledPokémon agreement) with The Pokémon Company International under which TPCi will get a $1 million general unsecured claim against the debtor.[81]
A meeting was scheduled on December 13, 2012, to confirm 4Kids' plan to exit bankruptcy.[82] The same day, the New York bankruptcy judge sent 4Kids Entertainment Inc. on its way out of Chapter 11 protection Thursday, overruling an objection by the American Kennel Club Inc. over a licensing agreement and approving its reorganization plan, which calls for the full payment of claims.
On December 21, 2012, 4Kids Entertainment was renamed 4Licensing Corporation.[82]
On September 21, 2016, 4Licensing Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy;[5] the bankruptcy plan became effective on February 7, 2017, and the company immediately ceased operations thereafter.[83][84]
4Kids Entertainment licensed a wide variety of media products, ranging fromvideo games and television programs to toy lines featuring theRoyal Air Force. 4Kids focused on licensing content for the children's market.[85] including content for both boys and girls.[86] Many of its licenses came fromdubs of Japanese anime, includingFighting Foodons, andShaman King, while others areWestern animations or properties likeChaotic orBack to the Future: The Animated Series.
Most programs were either licensed out to local stations, or broadcast on their dedicated programming block4Kids TV. Typically, 4Kids would retain several properties on hiatus (such asYu-Gi-Oh! GX), or in production to allow for turnover of their existing products. 4Kids also licensed, and merchandised, a number of non-animation based products, such as calendars likeThe Dog, and toys likeCabbage Patch Kids.
This is a list ofChief Executive Officers that ran 4Kids Entertainment.
During its operation as 4Kids Entertainment, the company faced intense criticism from viewers over the company's extensive editing and localization of theanime and other non-American series they licensed. Practices like censorship, story editing, music editing, and their "Americanization" of Japanese culture references, were changed to be more American. One example included characters eatingOnigiri commenting that they were eatingjelly doughnuts in their dub of the originalPokémon anime.[90]
At the 2019 Fan Expo Canada,Eric Stuart, who was the voice of Brock and James in the 4Kids dub ofPokémon, the voice of Seto Kaiba in the English dub ofYu-Gi-Oh!, and who was also part of the production side, mentioned why 4Kids' dubs had this censorship. He explained that American culture has a different sensitivity to certain content compared to Japanese culture, and networks on Saturday mornings had standards that would forbid certain inappropriate content like firearms, sexual references, religious references, display or mention of death, alcohol, cigarettes, and other content that is considered offensive to American audiences. As the censorship is dictated by the networks and not the production company itself, 4Kids would submit the scripts and footage of their dubs to the networks their dubs air on, and then the executives of those networks would review them. Then after they reviewed it, they would tell 4Kids to cut out certain scenes and edit inappropriate content to something particular like changing Sanji's cigarette to alollipop inOne Piece, or changing a stone that looks like across to something non-religious for their dubs to pass the network's standards. Stuart also pointed out thatPokémon, and anime as a whole, wouldn't be as wildly popular as it is today if companies like 4Kids didn't air it on network television instead of being in the back of a video store.[91]
At the 2016 Metrocon, Eric Stuart also explained the "Americanization" in 4Kids' dubs. He stated that those edits were international edits. When companies like 4Kids purchase the licensing to Japanese anime, the anime not only was redubbed into English but also redubbed into multiple languages because companies like 4Kids were used to distribute the anime to other countries by using their dubs and licensing them to other countries to have their dubs be used to distribute the anime. The Japanese food products being changed, and Japanese references being removed were requested by those Japanese anime companies because they wanted their anime to be distributed worldwide and wanted international audiences to relate to their products much easier. So, while the Japanese anime companies remove the Japanese text on signs, 4Kids removed the scenes involving Japanese references and changed the names of the Japanese food products like rice balls to something more international like donuts while only occasionally changing the animation to the foods since making animation changes causes a rise in production costs and they already have to make plenty of animation changes in their dubs. This in retrospect made no sense, seeing as donuts are not 'uniquely international' anymore than sushi is. This was also done during a time where older post WWII Japanese corporate entities still believed that they must follow under the footsteps of assimilation and anything "American" is the way to go, contrary to now where it is normalized to be proud to be Japanese.[92]
A March 2006 study by theParents Television Council, a conservative advocacy group, on violence in children's television programs claimed that the 4Kids dub ofShaman King was still too violent for children.[93]
During Pokémon: Advanced Challenge and Pokémon: Advanced Battle, 4Kids added a commercial break segment known as Pokémon Trainer’s Choice. This segment most commonly asked viewers to select which one from a selection of three Pokémon would be the best choice to battle a given other Pokémon. Several segments contained errors, such as saying that the Normal-type Exploud was the best choice among itself, Sealeo (incorrectly labeled as Nuzleaf), and Dustox to battle the Fighting-type Tyrogue, despite Normal being weak to Fighting.[94]
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This article contains quotations fromLeisure Concepts and fromMike Germakian at the ThunderCats wiki, which is available under aAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) license.| International | |
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