| 46th Infantry Division | |
|---|---|
 Formation sign of the 46th Infantry Division | |
| Active | 1939–1947 |
| Branch |  Territorial Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Infantry |
| Size | War establishment strength: 13,863–18,347 men[a] |
| Nickname | Oak Tree Division[2][3] |
| Engagements | St Omer-La Bassée El Kouriza Tunis Italian Campaign: *Salerno landings *Naples *Volturno Line *Monte Camino *Gothic Line **Coriano **Romini Line **Lamone Crossing |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Henry Curtis Harold Freeman-Attwood John Hawkesworth Stephen Weir |
The46th Infantry Division was aBritish Armyinfantrydivision formed during theSecond World War that fought during theBattle of France, theTunisian Campaign, and theItalian Campaign. In March 1939, after Germany re-emerged as a significant military power and occupied Czechoslovakia, the British Army increased the number of divisions in theTerritorial Army (TA) by duplicating existing units. The 46th Infantry Division was formed in October 1939, as a second-line duplicate of the49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. The division's battalions were drawn largely from men living in the EnglishNorth Midlands.
It was intended that the division would remain in theUnited Kingdom to complete training and preparation, before being deployed to France within twelve months of war breaking out. However, in April 1940, the division was sent to join theBritish Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France, leaving behind most of its administration,logistical units, heavy weapons, and artillery. The men were assigned to labouring duties. Following the German invasion of France, the division, only partly trained and ill-equipped, was ordered to the frontline. It was mauled in a series of engagements, before it was evacuated from France during theDunkirk evacuation and in the subsequent evacuation codenamedOperation Aerial. Back in the United Kingdom, the division was rebuilt and trained extensively.
In December 1942, it departed for North Africa and fought in the campaign in Tunisia. In 1943, it landed atSalerno and fought in Italy through 1943 and into 1944. The division was then given a three-month respite in Africa and the Middle East before it returned to fight in Italy during the campaign to break through theGothic Line. At the end of 1944, the division was dispatched to Greece after thesecond stage of the country's civil war broke out. It fought several skirmishes with communist partisans and assisted the Greek Government in restoring order. In 1945, the division returned to Italy just after theSpring 1945 offensive in Italy began. The division did not arrive at the forward area until after the campaign, and the war in Europe had ended. It then marched into Austria to form part of the occupation force. There, the division took part inOperation Keelhaul, which included the forcedrepatriation of Cossacks to theSoviet Union, some of whom were later executed. The division was disbanded in Austria in 1947 as part of Britain'spost-war demobilisation.
During the 1930s,tensions increased betweenGermany and the United Kingdom and itsallies.[4] In late 1937 and throughout 1938, German demands for theannexation of theSudetenland inCzechoslovakia led to aninternational crisis. To avoid war, the Britishprime ministerNeville Chamberlain met with GermanchancellorAdolf Hitler in September and brokered theMunich Agreement. It averted a war and allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.[5] Although Chamberlain had intended the agreement to lead to further peaceful resolution of issues, relations between the two countries soon deteriorated.[6] On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupyingthe remnants of the Czech state.[7]
On 29 March,Leslie Hore-Belisha, thesecretary of state for war, announced Britain's plans to increase theTerritorial Army (TA) from 130,000 to 340,000 men and double the number of TA divisions.[8][b] The plan was for existing TA divisions, referred to as the first-line, to recruit over their establishments (aided by an increase in pay for Territorials, the removal of restrictions on promotion which had hindered recruiting, construction of better-quality barracks, and an increase in supper rations) and then form a new division, known as the second-line, fromcadres around which the new divisions could be expanded.[8][12] This process was dubbed "duplicating". The49th (West Riding) Infantry Division provided cadres to create a second-line "duplicate" formation, which became the 46th Infantry Division.[13] Despite the intention for the army to grow, a lack of central guidance on the expansion and duplication process, and a lack of facilities, equipment, and instructors complicated the programme.[8][14] In April 1939, 34,500 men, all aged 20, wereconscripted into the regular army, initially to be trained for six months before being deployed to the forming second-line units.[13][15] The War Office had envisioned that the duplication process, and recruiting the required numbers of men, would take no more than six months. The process varied widely between the TA divisions. Some were ready in weeks while others had made little progress by the time theSecond World War began on 1 September.[14][16]
On 2 October 1939, the 46th Infantry Division became active. The division took control of the137th, the138th, and the139th InfantryBrigades, in addition to supporting divisional units, which had been administered by the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division.[17]Major-GeneralAlgernon Ransome, who was called out of retirement and had previously commanded a brigade in theBritish Indian Army during the mid-1930s, was made thegeneral officer commanding (GOC).[18][19] The 137th Brigade had been created as the second-line duplicate of the147th Infantry Brigade, and comprised the 2/5th Battalion,West Yorkshire Regiment; the 2/6th Battalion,Duke of Wellington's Regiment (2/6DWR); and the 2/7DWR.[20] The 138th Brigade was raised as the duplicate of the146th Infantry Brigade and consisted of the 6th Battalion,Lincolnshire Regiment; the 2/4th Battalion,King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (2/4KOYLI); and the 6th Battalion,York and Lancaster Regiment.[21] The 139th Infantry Brigade was the second-line duplicate of the148th Infantry Brigade, and on formation comprised the 2/5th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment (2/5LR); the 2/5th Battalion,Sherwood Foresters; and the 9th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters.[22]
Because of the lack of official guidance, the newly formed units were at liberty to choose numbers, styles, and titles. The division adopted the number of their First World War counterpart, the46th (North Midland) Division, but did not include a county within the name of the division.[14][23][c] The division'sbattalions were drawn largely from the EnglishNorth Midlands. To denote the association of the division with this area, aSherwood Forest oak tree was chosen as thedivisional insignia. TheImperial War Museum wrote that, "in addition, the oak was seen as an emblem of strength and reliability".[23]
The war deployment plan for the TA envisioned its divisions being sent overseas, as equipment became available, to reinforce theBritish Expeditionary Force (BEF) that had been already dispatched to Europe. The TA would join regular army divisions in waves as its divisions completed their training, the final divisions deploying a year after the war began.[25] However, there was a need for men to guard strategically important locations, known as vulnerable points, and the division was primarily assigned to this duty until December 1939. This impacted training and spread the division out over a wide geographical area. While the division was ill-equipped and lacked transportation, it was assigned to anti-invasion duties in Yorkshire after the end of its guard-duty detail.[26][27] On 5 December 1939, Major-GeneralHenry Curtis took over command of the division; Curtis had previously commanded an infantry brigade within the BEF.[28] At this point, the division was allocated a role within the defensive anti-invasion plan, codenamed Julius Caesar.[26][d] Divisions assigned to this role, were tasked with launching an immediate attack on Germanparachutists. If that was not possible, the division was to cordon off and immobilise any German invasion effort until relieved by forces capable of launching a majorcounter-attack to defeat the Germans.[30]
As 1939 turned into 1940, the division became caught up in an effort to address manpower shortages among the BEF's rear-echelon units.[e] More men were needed to work along theline of communication, and the army had estimated that by mid-1940 it would need at least 60,000pioneers.[32] The lack of such men had taxed theRoyal Engineers andAuxiliary Military Pioneer Corps, and had also impacted frontline units that had to divert men from training to help construct defensive positions along the Franco-Belgian border.[33][34] To address this issue, it was decided to deploy untrained territorial units as an unskilled workforce, thereby alleviating the strain on the existing pioneer units and freeing up regular units to complete their training.[35][36] As a result, the decision was made to deploy the12th (Eastern),23rd (Northumbrian), and the 46th Infantry Divisions to France. Each division would leave their heavy equipment and most of theirlogistical, administrative, and support units behind. In total, the elements of the three divisions transported to France amounted to 18,347 men.[37] The 46th Division was deployed toBrittany. The 137th Brigade was sent to aid in the unloading of supplies atSaint-Nazaire andNantes, as well as helping construct railway sidings in that area. The other two brigades were deployed toRennes to assist in railway construction and aid the transportation of ammunition supplies.[26][38] The intent was that by August their job would be completed and they could return to the United Kingdom to resume training before being redeployed to France as front-line soldiers.[39] The Army believed that this diversion from guard duty would also raise morale.[34]Lionel Ellis, the author of the British official history of the BEF in France, wrote that while the divisions "were neither fully trained nor equipped for fighting ... a balanced programme of training was carried out so far as time permitted".[40] Historian Tim Lynch commented the deployment also had a political dimension, allowing "British politicians to tell their French counterparts that Britain had supplied three more infantry divisions towards the promised nineteen by the end of the year."[36]
GeneralEdmund Ironside,chief of the imperial general staff, was opposed to such a use of these divisions. He reluctantly caved to the political pressure to release the divisions, having been assured by GeneralLord Gort (commander of the BEF) that the troops would not be used as frontline combat formations.[41] The 46th Division departedSouthampton on 28 April and arrived atCherbourg the following day. Each of the division's nine battalions were equipped with four2 inches (51 millimetres) mortars, 18 Bren light machine guns, 10 Boys anti-tank rifles and 12 trucks.[26] This placed the division below its establishment of 108 two-inch mortars, 361 anti-tank rifles, and 810 trucks for transporting troops; but over the required establishment of 28 Bren guns.[42]
On 10 May 1940, thePhoney War—the period of inactivity on theWestern Front since the start of the conflict—ended as the German militaryinvaded Belgium andthe Netherlands.[43] As a result, most of the BEF along with the bestFrench armies and their strategic reservesmoved forward to assist the Belgian and Dutch armies.[44] While these forces attempted to stem the tide of the German advance, the main German assault pushed through theArdennes Forest and crossed theRiver Meuse. This initiated theBattle of Sedan and threatened to split the Allied armies in two, separating those in Belgium from the rest of the French military along the Franco-German border.[45] The 46th Division was ordered to concentrate on the Belgian border, to act as a reserve to the BEF.[46] As the German threat developed, Gort created an ad hoc force known as Macforce. This force was to protect the BEF's right-rear flank andlines of communication, and prevent the Germans from crossing theRiver Scarpe.[47][f]
On 15 May, the 138th and the 139th Brigades boarded trains and moved east. The men expected to be assigned to rear-area duties, such as clearing supply lines of refugees. However, once they arrived the next day, they were assigned to Macforce, and ordered to take up defensive positions along the Scarpe. These positions were occupied on 20 May, and the river was found to be less than 3 feet (0.91 metres) deep and not a defensible position.[48] The 137th Brigade and the divisional headquarters arrived in theSeclin area, on the outskirts ofLille, on 20 May. There, the division took command of the25th Infantry Brigade and other assets assigned by Gort, and were dubbed Polforce (after the town ofSt Pol where the units were waiting). These two brigades were assigned to defend theLa Bassée Canal betweenAire andCarvin, a front of 28 miles (45 kilometres), on the flank of Macforce. With insufficient forces to cover the entire area, they had to defend and prepare to destroy 44 bridges.[48][49] The stream of refugees moving through the area impeded this duty.[46] The water obstacles posed the only natural barrier between the advancing German armour forces and the rear of the BEF, and potential catastrophic defeat.[50]
With assets being moved between Polforce and Macforce, the division was unable to fight as a cohesive entity. The divisional history, written by division staff, stated the brigades fought "confused, independent and one-sided" battles. Most notably, they record the 137th Brigade suffering "grievous casualties" when German forces broke through their positions on the La Bassée Canal.[46][49] Meanwhile, with the BEF surrounded and the military situation inFlanders having deteriorated, the decision was made toevacuate the BEF from Dunkirk, the only remaining port in British hands.[51] The remnants of the division's brigades retreated north towards the port. On 29 May, the division was assigned to defensive positions along theCanal de Bergues andNieuwpoort-Dunkirk Canal, on the Dunkirk perimeter.[46] On 1 June, the division faced a major German attack, which involved bitter fighting, artillery barrages and heavy casualties.[52] During the day, the division withdrew into Dunkirk and was subsequently evacuated via themole orfrom the beaches. The 2/4KOYLI, the 2/6DWR, and the 2/7DWR had become separated from the division during the move from Rennes and were located on the southern side of the German advance into France. As they were unable to retreat towards or evacuate from Dunkirk, these battalions retreated west across France, with the 2/4KOYLI being heavily engaged in the defence of bridges crossing theSeine atPont-de-l'Arche. These battalions eventually reached Cherbourg and Saint-Nazaire, and were evacuated as part ofOperation Aerial.[46]
After returning to the United Kingdom, the division moved toManchester, and the process of rebuilding it began. Curtis was reassigned to the 49th Division, and replaced by Major-GeneralDesmond Anderson (previously the GOC of the45th Infantry Division) on 5 July.[53][54] In late July, the division relocated toScotland and was placed under the authority ofScottish Command. TheRoyal Artillery field regiments from the 49th Division were then assigned to the division, replacing those that were detached prior to the 46th Division's departure to France. This was followed by the engineer, signal, and other support units being brought up to full strength.[53][55][56] The divisional history claims, "within little more than a month of Dunkirk", the division "was better equipped than it had ever been in the dark days in France".[53] On 27 July,Lieutenant-GeneralAlan Brooke, thecommander-in-chief, Home Forces, visited the division. He recorded in his diary that he found the division "in a lamentably backward state of training, barely fit to doplatoon training and deficient of officers".[57]
The division was based initially along theFife coastline, to prevent any potentialGerman landings, before it moved toDumfries. There the division trained for the remainder of 1940.[53][58] On 14 December, Anderson was promoted to lieutenant-general and replaced by Major-GeneralCharles Edward Hudson as GOC; Hudson was a distinguishedFirst World War veteran and a recipient of theVictoria Cross (VC), who had previously commanded the2nd Infantry Brigade during the fighting in France.[59][60] In January 1941, the division left Scotland and travelled toCambridgeshire.[53] Subsequently, it moved toNorfolk where it undertook varying duties alongside training; anti-invasion duties that included manning coastal defences, airfield defence, and trainingHome Guard battalions. The division also conducted fieldexercises acrossEast Anglia.[53]
On 22 May, Major-GeneralDouglas Wimberley briefly took command of the division, after Hudson was demoted on the grounds of being unfit for command of a division.[18][g] In June, Major-GeneralMiles Dempsey replaced Wimberley, who was reassigned to command the51st (Highland) Infantry Division. On 24 June, Brooke inspected the division again and noted the improvement in the soldiers' training since his last visit.[62] At the end of October, Dempsey was assigned to the42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division to lead it during its conversion into an armoured division.[63] Dempsey was replaced by Major-GeneralHarold Freeman-Attwood, and the division moved to Kent in November.[17][53] In Kent, the division established a 'Battle School', and spent the remainder of 1941 and the majority of 1942 training and undertaking exercises. During this period, the division was brought up to full strength. Notably, the division conducted an exercise onLewes Downs that was watched byLieutenant GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower.[53][h] On 19 July, the 137th Brigade left, temporarily reducing the division to two brigades. The128th Infantry Brigade replaced it on 15 August.[58] This brigade was composed of the 1/4th Battalion,Hampshire Regiment (1/4HR), the 2/4HR, and the 5HR.[66]
During late 1941 and through into 1942, British military planners considered a landing inFrench North Africa and subsequent advance intoTunisia. After various inceptions,Operation Torch was crafted and the BritishFirst Army formed. On 24 August, the division was assigned to the First Army, but was not allocated to the initial invasion.[58][67] Instead, the division remained in the United Kingdom. It assembled atAldershot in December, and was also inspected by KingGeorge VI.[53]
On 24 December 1942, 4,000 men of the 139th Infantry Brigade and supporting forces[i] departed fromLiverpool. The convoy arrived inAlgiers,French Algeria, on 3 January 1943, followed by a 500-mile (800 km) road and rail journey to the frontline near Sedjenane,French Tunisia.[68] Meanwhile, on 6 January, the 128th Brigade departed fromGourock, Scotland, and the 138th Brigade departed from Liverpool. They arrived in Algeria on 17 January. While the 138th moved across land, the 128th Brigade re-boarded ships and were transported further down the Algerian coast toBône. During this move, an Axis air attack resulted in one ship being sunk and the loss ofmateriel. Both brigades moved up to the front during February.[69]
On 10 January, the 139th Infantry Brigade launched a minor attack upon Italian positions, but an Axis offensive postponed further efforts. The Italian-German forces struck at Allied positions in western Tunisia to gain more favourable defensive positions from which to contend with the expected Allied offensive. This offensive began with theBattle of Sidi Bou Zid, aimed at largely American positions.[70][71] The Axis offensive expanded with theBattle of Kasserine Pass. In response, the 2/5LR, along with anti-tank guns and artillery pieces from the 139th Brigade, were moved 150 miles (240 km) south toThala to bolster Allied positions. Once there, they covered the withdrawal of American and British forces, repulsed a German tank attack late on 20 February after heavy fighting that saw German units penetrate their position and aided in the subsequent defence of the town. The fighting cost these units over 400 casualties.[70][72] To the north, patrols from the 5HR (128th Infantry Brigade) clashed with their German counterparts nearSidi Nsir.[73]
On 26 February, the 5HR became embroiled in the opening moves ofOperation Ochsenkopf, another major German attack. Ochsenkopf aimed to capture the town ofBéja. After a 24-hour battle, which included three German tanks being disabled, the battalion was reduced to 120 men and forced back. The following day, the Germans attacked towards Hunt's Gap where the reinforced 128th Brigade (including theChurchill tank-equippedNorth Irish Horse) was concentrated. Fighting raged until 3 March, by which time the brigade had halted the German effort to capture Béja and destroyed at least 11 tanks.[73][74] At the same time, on 26 February, Axis forces advanced into the Sedjenane valley, held by the 139th Brigade, initiating theBattle of Sedjenane. Notably, on 2 March, the 16th Durham Light Infantry (16DLI) launched a counterattack that failed with heavy casualties. By 4 March, the brigade had been forced to withdraw. During the following two weeks, the brigade launched local counterattacks and engaged in further back-and-forth fighting in isolated company and battalion actions.[75] Starting on 27 March, the division launched larger counterattacks to regain the Sedjenane valley. During this, the division took temporary command of the1st Parachute and the38th (Irish) Brigades. They, alongside the 138th Brigade, retook all the territory that had been lost by 1 April, as well around 1,000 prisoners.[76][77]
On 2 April, the 128th Brigade moved 100 miles (160 km) south to assist in an attack towards Pichon, nearKairouan. This was part of a larger effort to intercept Axis forces retreating north, from the south of Tunisia where they were being chased by the BritishEighth Army. The resulting fighting was a success for the brigade who took 150 prisoners, but the overall attack failed to trap Axis forces. They marched north to rejoin the main body of the division on 14 April.[78][79] The division was next tasked with capturing hills northeast ofBou Arada to open the way for an armoured advance towardsTunis. On 21 April, Axis forces launched a minor spoiling attack that was repelled before the division attacked. Over the next two days, in heavy fighting, the division took its objectives. Further back-and-forth fighting followed as the division was called upon to clear additional Axis positions. Fighting ended on 27 April and so did the division's role in the campaign. On 20 May, elements of the 46th took part in the victory parade in Tunis.[80]
The division was not allocated to theAllied invasion of Sicily and remained in Tunisia. In June, the division took part in Exercise Conqueror, a training exercise, where it opposed an amphibious landing conducted by the United States1st Infantry Division. This was followed by the 46th conducting amphibious landing training, as it was assigned toOperation Buttress, a proposed landing across theStrait of Messina on mainland Italy. This operation did not occur, and the division was allotted toOperation Avalanche; the Allied invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno. In August, the division undertook Exercise Dryshod as a final rehearsal for this landing. During the exercise, a truck containingland mines exploded, killing 15 men and injuring around 30 more.[81] On 25 August, Major-GeneralJohn Hawkesworth took command.[18]
The division embarked and sailed from Africa on 7 September, assigned to the BritishX Corps, part of the USFifth Army. The division was to land nearSalerno and capture it and then assist in the capture of the port ofNaples. En route, theLuftwaffe attacked the convoy, with one ship hit. The next day, theArmistice of Cassibile, the Italian surrender, was announced. As the ships neared shore, they were engaged by German artillery. Supported by a naval bombardment, the division landed under the cover of dark with at least one battalion landed in the wrong area. Mines and German resistance impeded the advance from the beach, and during the day the16th Panzer Division launched counterattacks with tanks and self-propelled guns. By the end of the day, Salerno had been captured, and the division had suffered 350 casualties.[83][84][j] Over the next two weeks, fierce fighting occurred as the Germans launched a major counterattack by six divisions against the various Allied landing zones. In the 46th Division's sector, the counterattack was conducted by theHermann Göring Panzer Division, the3rd Panzergrenadier Division, and the15th Panzergrenadier Division. The fighting saw ongoing artillery fire on the 46th's landing zone and support ships,Royal Navy shell fire against German positions, tank attacks, back-and-forth fighting, hand-to-hand combat and bayonet charges. In places, the division was forced back, but Salerno was held throughout. By 13 September, the ongoing heavy fighting made the Allied commanders consider withdrawing the landed troops. Particularly heavy fighting occurred for a hill near Salerno dubbed White Cross Hill. A German attack forced the division off the hill, which was followed by repeated failed counterattacks. Having only been retaken once, the Germans withdrew. Other major attacks were launched upon the division and repulsed. By 16 September, the German counterattack ended and their forces began to withdraw.[87][88]
On 22 September, the division advanced north, and captured several villages and hills after overcoming German resistance. This helped clear the way for the7th Armoured Division to be employed. They began their advance on 28 September andentered Naples on 1 October. During September, drafts were brought in to replace the 46th Division's casualties. Some of these drafts mutinied, in what became known as theSalerno mutiny, because they were not being reassigned to their former units.[89]
In October, the division attacked the GermanVolturno Line, based along theRiver Volturno.[90] An initial bridgehead was captured on 6 October, but the main attack did not occur for another six days. Hugging the coastline, the division seized additional crossings. By 15 October, it had advanced 4 miles (6.4 km) beyond the river to a series of canals that formed the main defensive position of the 15th Panzergrenadier Division. This obstacle was overcome by 18 October, and bridges were constructed. Due to the success achieved by the56th (London) Infantry Division, nearCapua, the 46th Division was moved further inland. They launched new attacks on 29 October, which breached theBarbara Line.Sessa was taken on 1 November, and they reached theGarigliano River the next day.[91] On 1 December, the divisionlaunched its first attack on theBernhardt Line. This attack was diversionary, to assist the 56th Division in their main effort, and involved a failed attempt to take the village ofCalabritto. German troops, dug-in around the village, repulsed the division, and it was not until the 56th Division cleared the nearby high ground that the 46th was able to capture the village on 6 December.[92]
The next series of battles were efforts to breach theWinter Line and became part of the opening phase of theBattle of Monte Cassino. On 19 January 1944, the division made three attempts to cross the Garigliano, at the confluence of the riversLiri andGari. The swift current and German resistance defeated these efforts.DUKWs, which had been available, had been withdrawn for training exercises to prepare for the upcominglanding at Anzio and were sorely missed. While the division's attack failed, it helped in drawing vital German reinforcements towards it and away from theAnzio area. The failed attack potentially hindered an American attack that occurred the next day, during theBattle of Rapido River, as the 46th had not captured vital terrain on the American southern flank.[93][94] The 56th (London) Infantry Division, to the 46th's south, had secured a bridgehead across the Garigliano and the 46th Division crossed the river. On the night of 26/27 January, the division launched an attack into theAurunci Mountains nearCastelforte. The fighting continued until 10 February, by which point the division had captured a series of hilltops and helped push back the German94th Infantry Division.[95]
On 16 March, the division left Italy and arrived six days later in Egypt. At the end of the month, the division moved toPalestine, where it remained until June. During this time, the division refitted, rested, trained and took on almost 3,000 replacements, replacing the casualties it had suffered.[58][96]
The division left Palestine on 17 June 1944 and returned to Egypt to board ships for Italy. The division landed in Italy on 3 July and was assigned to theV Corps of the British Eighth Army.[58] It then took up position nearBevagna.[97] In August, the Eighth Army developed Operation Olive, which called for the army to break through theGothic Line and enter thePo Valley.[98]
On 25 August, the division (along with the majority of the Eighth Army) attacked. After steady progress, the division captured a series of villages and hills aroundMontegridolfo on 31 August.[99] On the final day of the fighting,LieutenantGerard Norton eliminated two German positions by himself and was subsequently awarded the VC.[100] On 2 September, the division repulsed a German armoured counterattack. Over the following days, the division mopped up the area and fended off further German counterattacks. By 4 September, the division had advanced and seized bridgeheads and nearby high ground across theRiver Conca. This allowed other elements of V Corps to advance forward, and division was allowed a period of rest.[101][102]
On 10 September, the division attacked to clear the high ground on the Eighth Army's western flank. This fighting included a two-day battle forGemmano, which changed hands several times.Monte Colombo was captured soon after. On 15 September, the division made at least three assaults onMontescudo, with the village falling only after the Germans withdrew.[103][104] Over the following days, the divisionpushed forward and cleared various ridges and villages held by German forces. They then brushed passed the border of theRepublic of San Marino and capturedVerucchio on 21 September.[105][106] During the rest of September, the division continued its advance and fought a heavily contested battle to seize a ridge beyond theRiver Marecchia. Weather then impeded progress, causing a one day delay in the crossing a river on 29 September, and then a six-day delay in the crossing of theFiumicino.[107][108] Throughout October, the division fought a series of river-crossing actions that also required the ridges and hills beyond to be captured. During this period, the division was opposed by the114th Jäger Division. On 20 October,Cesena was captured, and the division linked up with theItalian resistance movement. The division was then rested. After an advance of 60 miles (97 km) since 25 August, the division had crossed ten rivers and had taken 2,000 prisoners.[109]
On 6 November 1944, Major-GeneralStephen Weir, aNew Zealand Military Forces officer who had commanded the2nd New Zealand Division previously, became GOC.[18][110][k] The division returned to action the next day and helped clear the outskirts ofForlì. Faced by the26th Panzer and the356th Infantry Divisions, the 46th fought another series of river-crossing actions through 20 November.[112] On 3 December, after several days of preparation, the division advanced across theRiver Lamone and battled with the German305th Infantry Division over the following four days. Under the cover of dark, on 9 December, the German90th Panzergrenadier Division launched a counterattack. Heavy fighting would rage through to the next day before the German attack was repulsed. During this counterattack,CaptainJohn Brunt conducted an aggressive defence during two actions and helped retrieve wounded men who had been stranded between the lines. These actions resulted in him posthumously earning the VC, as he was killed the following day.[113][114] From the landing at Salerno to the end of the campaign against the Gothic Line, the division suffered a total of 9,880 casualties. This included 1,447 killed, 6,476 wounded, and 1,957 missing. Between the two campaigns, the division captured 4,507 German soldiers.[115]
At the end of August 1944, the majority of German military units in Greece began withdrawing because of theSoviet Union'soffensive into Romania and the latter changing sides. This was followed shortly after byBulgaria entering the war against Germany and theYugoslav Partisans attacking German lines of communication.[116] With German formations remaining only on a handful of Greek islands, the British moved forward with their plan to reoccupy the country. On 18 October, supported by British forces, theGreek government-in-exile returned toAthens; this was part of a larger geopolitical move to install a British-friendly, non-communist government in Greece.[117] During the occupation, Britain had provided military support to theNational Liberation Front (EAM), a combination of five socialist and communist parties, which controlled the largeGreek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). In early 1944, theGreek Civil War broke out between the EAM's forces and the non-communist partisan movements, such as theNational Republican Greek League (EDES).[118] After the re-establishment of theGovernment of Greece, tensions rose, culminating with the EAMattempting to seize power in December and the British military becoming involved within the second phase of the Greek Civil War.[119]
On 28 November, the 46th Division's 139th Brigade was pulled off the frontline in Italy, and dispatched to Greece to replace the2nd Parachute Brigade that was due to move to Italy. The Brigade landed atPiraeus on 4 December and immediately secured the town's police stations. Over the following days, as the rest of the brigade landed, it secured the area and contended with snipers, small skirmishes, house-to-house searches, and a prolonged battle to secure therailway station.[120] On 2 December, the 139th Brigade's 5th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters was airlifted toSedes Air Base. They enteredSalonika and guarded vulnerable points, includingRed Cross supply depots; no fighting occurred.[121] As fighting increased in Athens, Lieutenant-GeneralRonald Scobie, commander of British forces in Greece, requested the rest of the 46th Division be dispatched to help restore order.[122] The 139th Brigade was transported toPatras and landed on 10 January 1945. The ELAS forces in the city were ordered to withdraw, which they did, allowing the 139th Brigade to secure the area without bloodshed.[123] Two days later, the brigade secured nearbyAraxos airfield after an artillery demonstration against lingering ELAS forces.[124] On 15 January, a ceasefire was announced that ended the second phase of fighting.[125]
On 6 January, the remainder of the 46th Division arrived atTaranto, Italy. Over the next eight weeks, the division was transported piecemeal to Greece. On 18 January, the divisional reconnaissance regiment, supported by engineers and two infantry companies from the 128th Brigade, moved toCorinth and then on toArgos andNauplion. The rest of the brigade arrived in the easternPeloponnese towards the end of January and were made responsible for theArgolis and Corinthia Prefecture. At the end of January, the 138th Brigade arrived in Patras to relieve the 139th Brigade, who moved to the outskirts of Athens. On 8 February, the Foresters moved from Salonika to Athens. In addition to guard and security duties, the division seized weapons from ELAS caches, assisted in transporting disbanded ELAS troops home, and trained. In March, the division expanded its operations into the rest of the Peloponnese peninsula,Ithaca, andEpirus. Most of the division's activities during this period were peaceful, with a notable exception being a skirmish at Corinth, when ELAS members were found attempting to smuggle weapons towards Athens. On 5 April, the division was relieved by the23rd Armoured Brigade and began the return to Italy on 7 April although it took to the middle of the month until the entire division was available.[126][127]
By the time the division arrived, the AlliedSpring 1945 offensive in Italy had already begun. The division was not expected to be ready for action until 13 May. On 2 May, Axis forces in Italy surrendered.[128] Six days later, the war in Europe ended. The division then moved intoAustria as part of theAllied occupation force. One of the division's first duties, during May and June, was to assist in the repatriation ofYugoslav nationals who had served in the German military to Yugoslavia to be tried. The division was then assigned to the province ofStyria and arrived in July following the withdrawal of Soviet forces.[129] Some elements of the division, such as the 16DLI, advanced into the Austrian capital ofVienna.[130] In the coming months, elements of the division were disbanded. For example, the 16DLI was stood down over January and February 1946.[130]
During 1946, the division took part inOperation Keelhaul, which included the forcedrepatriation of Cossacks to the Soviet Union.[131] The author Ian Mitchell wrote the division was ordered, on 26 May, "to provide 'static picquets' along the route the Cossacks were to travel". Mitchell stated the 138th Brigade was informed that "the return of the Cossacks to Russia is part of an international agreement", many were wanted for war crimes, and "any Cossack who escapes will be a menace to British troops stationed in the area". The men of the division were ordered "to capture or shoot any Cossack" who attempted escape, but were to avoid any potential mass shootings.[131] The historian and writerGiles MacDonogh wrote the division, along with the 78th, were engaged in "some ugly scenes" once the Cossacks and their families realised what was happening; "Tommies used rifles, bayonets and pickaxe handles to convince them to board the lorries that would take them to the frontier." These efforts resulted in 900 German officers being turned over to the Soviets, among themHelmuth von Pannwitz who was later executed for the many war crimes committed by the Cossacks under his command.[132]
In 1947, the division was disbanded as part of thedemobilisation of the British army.[133] The TA was reformed that year, on a much smaller scale of nine divisions, which did not include the 46th Infantry Division.[134][l]
The division had the following GOCs during the Second World War:
| Appointed | General officer commanding |
|---|---|
| 2 October 1939 | Major-GeneralAlgernon Ransome[18] |
| 5 December 1939 | Major-GeneralHenry O. Curtis[18] |
| 5 June 1940 | Brigadier John Gawthorpe (Acting)[18] |
| 5 July 1940 | Major-GeneralDesmond Anderson[18] |
| 14 December 1940 | Major-GeneralCharles Edward Hudson[18] |
| 22 May 1941 | Major-GeneralDouglas Wimberley[18] |
| 15 June 1941 | Major-GeneralMiles Dempsey[18] |
| 28 October 1941 | Brigadier Thomas Daly (Acting)[18] |
| 3 November 1941 | Major-GeneralHarold Freeman-Attwood[18] |
| 25 August 1943 | Major-GeneralJohn Hawkesworth[18] |
| 28 April 1944 | Brigadier Geoffrey Harding (Acting)[18] |
| 29 May 1944 | Major-General John Hawkesworth[18] |
| 6 November 1944 | Major-GeneralStephen Weir[18][136] |
| 7 September 1946 | Unknown interim acting GOC |
| 8 October 1946 | Major-GeneralJohn Frederick Boyce Combe[137][138] |
| 46th Infantry Division (1939–1945)[17] | |
|---|---|
137th Infantry Brigade (until 19 July 1942)[20]
138th Infantry Brigade[21]
139th Infantry Brigade[22]
128th Infantry Brigade (from 15 August 1942)[66]
Divisional Troops
| |
Footnotes
Citations
