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420 (cannabis culture)

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Number referring to cannabis

420
originally "4:20 Louis"
Statue ofLouis Pasteur atSan Rafael High School, byBenny Bufano (1940),[1][2] site of the earliest 4:20 gatherings in 1971
Observed byCannabiscounterculture,legal reformers,entheogenic spiritualists, and general users of cannabis
TypeSecular
SignificanceTime/date to celebrate cannabis
ObservancesCannabis consumption, traditionallycannabis smoking,dispensary discounts
Date4:20 p.m./April 20
FrequencyDaily, annually
"Four twenty" redirects here. For the number, see420 (number).

420,4:20 or4/20 (pronouncedfour-twenty) iscannabis culture slang forcannabis consumption, especiallysmoking around the time 4:20 p.m. (16:20). It also refers tocannabis-oriented celebrations that take place annually on April 20 (4/20 inU.S. date form).[3][4]

Origins

[edit]

Five high school students inSan Rafael, California,[5][6] coined the term as part of their 1971 search for an abandoned cannabis crop, based on atreasure map made by the grower.[7][8] Calling themselves the Waldos,[9][10] because their typical hang-out spot "was a wall outside the school",[11] the five students—Steve Capper, Dave Reddix, Jeffrey Noel, Larry Schwartz, and Mark Gravich[12]—designated theLouis Pasteur statue[13] on the grounds ofSan Rafael High School as their meeting place, and 4:20 p.m. as their meeting time.[11] The Waldos referred to this plan with the phrase "4:20 Louis". After several failed attempts to find the crop, the group eventually shortened their phrase to "4:20", which ultimately evolved into a code-word the teens used to refer to consuming cannabis.[7]

Steven Hager ofHigh Times popularized the story of the Waldos.[14] The firstHigh Times mention of 4:20 smoking and a 4/20 holiday appeared in May 1991[15] and erroneously attributed the origin of the term to a police code; this and other spurious origin stories became common.[16] The connection to the Waldos appeared in December 1998. Hager attributed the early spread of the phrase toGrateful Dead followers[17]—after "Waldo" Reddix became aroadie for theGrateful Dead bassist,Phil Lesh[12]—and called for 4:20 p.m. to be the socially accepted time of the day to consume cannabis.[17]

Another San Rafael group claims to have originated the term before the Waldos.[18]

International observance of April 20

[edit]
Vancouver, April 20, 2012

April 20 has become an internationalcountercultureholiday based on the celebration and consumption of cannabis.[3][19][20] Events typically advocate for cannabisliberalization andlegalization.Vivian McPeak, a founder of Seattle'sHempfest, states that 4/20 is "half celebration and half call to action".[21] Paul Birch calls it a global movement and suggests that one cannot stop events like these.[22]

Many marijuana users protest incivil disobedience bygathering in public to smoke at 4:20 p.m.[23]

In 2017, while marijuana legalization was expanding rapidly in the US,[24] cannabis activistSteve DeAngelo notes that "even if our activist work were complete, 420 morphs from a statement of conscience to a celebration of acceptance, a celebration of victory, a celebration of our amazing connection with this plant" which "will always be worthy of celebration".[25][26]

Americas

[edit]

North American observances have been held at many locations, including:

Europe

[edit]

In theUnited Kingdom, events have been held inHyde Park inLondon.[52][53] Events have also been held inBrighton,Bristol,Durham,Glasgow,Leeds, andPlymouth. TheTeesside Cannabis Club also holds an annual event.[54][55]

InLjubljana, Slovenia, theUniversity of Ljubljana's student organization has carried out several annual cannabis-themed protests that have contributed to the debate on cannabis status in Slovenia and the subsequent legislation proposals in 2018 by gathering responses from various political parties in Slovenia and ranking them accordingly.[56][57]

InNorthern Cyprus, known for strict drug laws and intolerance to cannabis consumption,[58] the first 420 event was held in the capital cityLefkoşa in 2015. On April 20, 2017, a small group of protesters carried out an event near the parliament building and made a public statement, demanding the legalization of cannabis sale, consumption, and production with state regulations.[59]

Oceania

[edit]

Australian observances have been held at many locations, over many years, including:

Events have been held inDunedin,New Zealand, at theUniversity of Otago.[72][73][74][75][76][77]

Other effects

[edit]
Part of a series on
Cannabis
Cannabis

Traffic safety

[edit]

Despite two studies reporting a supposed increase in the risk offatal motor vehicle crashes on April 20,[78][79] further investigation and analysis found the evidence did not support such claims.[80][81][82][83]

Stolen signs

[edit]
Further information:Street sign theft

In the US, signs bearing the number 420 have been frequently stolen. In Colorado, theColorado Department of Transportation replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign onI-70 east of Denver with one reading 419.99 in an attempt to stop the thievery.[84] TheIdaho Department of Transportation (ITD) replaced the mile marker 420 sign onU.S. Highway 95, just south ofCoeur d'Alene, with mile marker 419.9.[85] TheWashington State Department of Transportation implemented similar measures,[86] but only replaced one of the two 420 signs in the state, with the remaining one being subsequently stolen.[87] According toThe Washington Post, there are eleven 420 mile markers in the US, after three replacements and one stolen and not replaced.[88] InGoodhue County, Minnesota, officials have changed "420 St" street signs to "42x St".[89] The mile marker 420 sign onU.S. Route 89, the only 420 marker in the state ofUtah, is frequently stolen.[90]

Legislation and other government recognition

[edit]

In 2003,California Senate Bill 420 was introduced to regulate medical marijuana use. An unsuccessful 2010 bill to legalizecannabis in Guam was called Bill 420.[91] A North Dakota bill to legalize cannabis was HB 1420, introduced in January 2021.[92]

The Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act (which if enacted woulddecriminalize and deschedule cannabis in the United States) was announced by Senator andSenate Minority LeaderChuck Schumer (D-New York) on April 20, 2018.[93][94] On January 9, 2019, H.R. 420 was introduced into the116th Congress by RepresentativeEarl Blumenauer (D-Oregon), named the Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act, which is designed to removecannabis from theControlled Substances Act and return regulation to the states.[95]

The State of Colorado auctioned off several cannabis-themed personalized license plates in 2021, with the bidding to be closed on April 20 (4/20). The highest bid shortly before the auction closed was over $6,500 for "ISIT420".[96]

Following the success of Washington, D.C.'sInitiative 71 to legalize cannabis in 2014, MayorMuriel Bowser grantedlicense plate number 420 to the campaign's leader,Adam Eidinger.[97]

Literature

[edit]

Severalbooks about cannabis have "420" in the title; examples include thecannabis cookbooksThe 420 Cannabis Cookbook, published bySimon & Schuster,[98] andThe 420 Gourmet published in 2016 byHarperCollins.[99][100]

Commerce

[edit]

Some American restaurants offer"420" themed promotions to coincide with April 20.

Tesla CEOElon Musk tweeted in 2018 about taking his company private at $420 a share. Musk testified during a trial that any associations with cannabis were coincidental;[101][102] however, in the SEC filing, he admitted that he had recently discovered the number's importance within the cannabis culture and thought his girlfriend would find it funny.[103] Musk purchased Twitter in 2022 at $54.20 per share and the financing documents were signed on April 20, acknowledging the reference to marijuana culture both in the last three digits of the price and in the date.[103] Musk continued making 420 references in June 2025 whenTesla Robotaxi service was launched inAustin, Texas where a flat fee of $4.20 was introduced, regardless of the distance travelled.[104]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^Chronicle, San Francisco (1962).The San Francisco Chronicle Reader. McGraw-Hill. RetrievedApril 22, 2017.
  3. ^abKing, Matt (April 24, 2007)."Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday".Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived fromthe original on April 26, 2007.
  4. ^McCoy, Terrence (April 18, 2014)."The strange story of how the pot holiday '4/20' got its name".The Washington Post. RetrievedApril 18, 2020.
  5. ^"Stoner Chic Traces Origin To San Rafael – Snickering high schoolers brought '420' into lexicon".San Francisco Chronicle. April 20, 2000. RetrievedApril 4, 2012.
  6. ^abMcKinley, Jesse (April 19, 2009)."Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change".The New York Times.Archived from the original on December 18, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2011.
  7. ^abGrim, Ryan (April 20, 2010)."420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'".The Huffington Post. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2011.
  8. ^Alyssa Pereira (April 20, 2016)."Local originators of term 420 solve 45-year-old mystery".San Francisco Chronicle.
  9. ^High Times (2012).The Official High Times Cannabis Cookbook: More Than 50 Irresistible Recipes That Will Get You High. Chronicle Books. pp. 97–.ISBN 978-1-4521-0133-0. RetrievedApril 19, 2012.
  10. ^Silverman, Rachel Emma; Dodes, Rachel (April 20, 2012)."High Expectations: Marketers Hope for Buzz on 4/20".The Wall Street Journal.
  11. ^abGrim, Ryan (April 20, 2009)."What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number".The Huffington Post. Archived fromthe original on January 30, 2014. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2011.
  12. ^abOlivia B. Waxman (April 19, 2017)."What the Guys Who Coined '420' Think About Their Place in Marijuana History".Time.Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. RetrievedApril 20, 2017.
  13. ^Statue byBeniamino Bufano,"Louis Pasteur – 1940". New Deal Art Registry. RetrievedNovember 16, 2018.
  14. ^Edison, Mike (2009).I Have Fun Everywhere I Go: Savage Tales of Pot, Porn, Punk Rock, Pro Wrestling, Talking Apes, Evil Bosses, Dirty Blues, American Heroes, and the Most Notorious Magazines in the World. Faber & Faber. pp. 207–.ISBN 978-0-86547-903-6. RetrievedApril 20, 2013.
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  50. ^"#Plantón420 Has Been Camping Outside the Mexican Senate For a Month". March 6, 2020.
  51. ^David Carson; Christine Tannous (April 20, 2023)."Photos: St. Louis celebrates first '4/20 Day' since recreational marijuana became legal in Missouri".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  52. ^Gayle, Damien (April 21, 2016)."Police make 20 arrests at cannabis picnic in London's Hyde Park".The Guardian. RetrievedMay 5, 2016.
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  68. ^"A Public Cannabis Nursery Appears in Kings Cross".Broadsheet. RetrievedOctober 23, 2019.
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